THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE 4.0

Transcription

1 DKE STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE 4.0 Version 1.0 (Issue date )

2 Published by VDE ASSOCIATION FOR ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES as the umbrella organization of DKE German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE Stresemannallee 15 D Frankfurt Phone: Fax: Internet: Issue date: STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

3 CONTENTS Contents Executive summary Introduction Future project Industrie Objectives of Industrie The system of systems Challenges for technology and standardization Aspects of implementation Objectives of the standardization roadmap Industrie The current standardization environment Standardization as a driving force for innovation Cooperation between the standardization committees The national standardization landscape in automation The international standardization landscape in automation Standardization in information technology Subject areas with a need for standardization for Industrie Subject area SA: System architecture Subject area UC: Use cases Subject area GL: Fundamentals Subject area NE: Non-functional properties Subject area RT: Reference models of the technical systems and processes Subject area RL: Reference models of the instrumentation and control functions Subject area RB: Reference models of the technical and organizational processes Subject area human beings: Reference models of the functions and roles of human beings in Industrie Subject area EW: Development Subject area RE: Engineering Subject area SB: Standard libraries Subject area TL: Technologies and solutions THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE 4.0 3

4 6 Recommendations for action in the standardization of Industrie General recommendations (AE) Recommendations on standardization strategy (NoS) Recommendations on the area of system architecture (SA) Recommendations on the area of use cases (UC) Recommendations on the area of fundamentals (GL) Recommendations on the area of non-functional properties (NE) Recommendations on the area of reference models (RM) Recommendations on the area of development and engineering (RE) Recommendations on the area of technologies and solutions (TL) Links Relevant standards and specifications ISO / CEN / DIN IEC / CENELEC / DKE VDI/VDE Consortium specifications Abbreviations Working group Standardization concept for industrie 4.0 in division 9 of the DKE Image directory Figure 1 Communication between CPSs (Source: Fraunhofer IAO) Figure 2 The four life cycles in industrial manufacturing (Source: ARC, with additions by Fraunhofer IPA) Figure 3 Innovation from standardization Figure 4 From the need for standardization to the standard STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In industrial automation, it is essential for extremely divergent systems from various manufacturers to interact reliably and efficiently. The users, operating globally, expect to be able to source their accustomed products and systems everywhere in the world. In order to ensure this global usability and cross-system consistency, international standardization in industrial automation has always been regarded as especially important and pursued as a matter of priority. Nowadays, standards are available or at least being drafted to cover important issues in industrial automation, but new technologies and new requirements repeatedly create a new demand for standardization. The aim of the future initiative Industrie 4.0 is to exploit the potential resulting from the extensive use of the internet, the integration of technical processes and business processes, the digital mapping and virtualization of the real world, and the opportunity to create smart products. This requires the development of a host of new concepts and technologies. It will however only be possible to implement these new concepts and technologies in industrial practice if they are backed up by standards based on consensus, as only such standards are able to create the necessary security for investments and confidence among manufacturers and users. In order to address the standardization issues at an early stage, a standardization roadmap has been compiled by the Working Group Standardization Concept for Industrie 4.0 of the DKE Process measurement and control technologies division (FB 9). The objective of the roadmap, now available in an initial version, is to provide all those involved with an overview of the relevant existing standards in the ambit of Industrie 4.0 and the need for standardization which is already discernible today. This version is regarded as an initial draft. Discussions and proposals aimed at fleshing out and firming up the issues will be taken into account in updates of this standardization roadmap. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE 4.0 5

6 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Future project Industrie 4.0 Germany has one of the most competitive manufacturing industries in the world and is a global leader in the manufacturing equipment sector. This is in no small measure due to Germany s specialization in research, development and production of innovative manufacturing technologies and the management of complex industrial processes. These introductory sentences from the implementation recommendations of the Industrie 4.0 working group formed by the Industry and Science Research Union (see chapter 7) accurately reflect the importance of this field of industry to the Federal Republic. They apply equally to many other industrial regions in Europe. The outstanding quality of manufacturing industry is also essentially based on highquality production technology. It is necessary to defend and build upon that position within the context of international competition. The future project Industrie 4.0 presented by the German Federal Government is intended to reflect the importance of manufacturing technology and the ICT sector which supports it. The Federal Ministries of Education and Research (BMBF) and Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) are coordinating their funding activities in this regard. These are supported and monitored by the Industrie 4.0 platform established by the associations ZVEI, VDMA and BITKOM, and the Scientific Advisory Board. From the point of view of manufacturing, i.e. of the users of the new technologies, it is still by no means sure whether this will be a further revolution or rather an evolution of the existing concepts. It is however generally recognized that the introduction of the new technologies and corresponding new concepts is necessary if the increasing complexity and granularity with rising demands for quality and flexibility are to be mastered in the environment of volatile markets. 2.2 Objectives of Industrie 4.0 The fundamental objective is to utilize the progress achieved in information and communications technologies and that expected in the near future for the benefit of manufacturing enterprises. Preparation therefore has to be made for the increasing and consistent embedding of those technologies in production systems and that in ever smaller partial systems and components. Additional communications capability and (partial) autonomy in reactions to external influences and internally stored specifications are transforming mechatronic systems into Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). The objectives derived from that transformation are developments and adjustments in ICT for manufacturing applications: robustness, resilience, information security and real time capability. 6 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

7 In addition, it is aimed to achieve an increasing improvement in energy and resource efficiency, and the adjustment of industry to accommodate the social demands arising from demographic change. 2.3 The system of systems Challenges for technology and standardization Industrie 4.0 describes a new, emerging structure in which manufacturing and logistics systems in the form of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) intensively use the globally available information and communications network for an extensively automated exchange of information and in which production and business processes are matched. In such a broad environment, a large number of models, systems and concepts from an extremely wide range of domains play an important part in shaping that structure. They are not however the heart of the Industrie 4.0 concept itself. Industrie 4.0 can be regarded as an additional level of integration on the basis of the existing structures, which, however, is itself the basis of the newly emerging structure and thus creates the new quality. Furthermore, increasing networking of previously extensively autonomous systems, for instance in the fields of production, logistics, power supply 1 and building management, is expected in the course of Industrie 4.0. What is created is a system of systems. A special difficulty arises here for terminology and standardization. Basically, it would be sufficient only to define the additional level of integration and its emergent behaviour. But to do that, the existing system landscape would first have to be coherently and completely defined in a globally standardized manner. This is not always the case. Against this background, the relevant models of the classical architecture require integration and rounding off in addition to Industrie 4.0 itself 1 For instance IEC/TC 65/WG 17, System interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE 4.0 7

8 2.4 Aspects of implementation The semi-finished products and parts involved in the manufacturing process are to possess artificial intelligence, or at least information on themselves and suitable means of communication, and therefore themselves constitute cyber-physical systems. These smart products are to be embedded in the process as a whole and in extreme cases control not only their own logistical path through production, but rather the entire production workflow that concerns them. Decentralization of the digitally stored information will consequently be followed by a decentralization of control systems. Today s bit by bit programming will no longer be practicable with the further increase in complexity. Current production systems are already pushing against the limits of programmability. The taking into account of sensor information, available in increasing quantities and resolutions, and the reliable coordination of several actuators in real time can no longer be tested in all function sequences. The variety of tests can be further increased in simulations, but it has already become necessary to abandon absolute control. Programming will in future be replaced by a system of rules which the partial systems will follow flexibly within the limits specified for them and the current situations signalled by the other partial systems. As a further highly important aspect, it is to be remembered that, in contrast to the early concepts of automation, human beings are not to be optimized out of the production processes, but rather to be given an increasingly important role: The CPPSs are to supply them with compressed information suitably derived from the complex interrelationships and communicated in a personalized manner as the basis for their intervention in the process. In this way, not only a new form of cooperation between machines and parts of machines, but also one of cooperation between machines and human beings arises. Figure 1 shows an example of a situation with various contributions between (partly) autonomous CPSs (mechatronic and human) which are to be controlled by the system as a whole in real time by the application of rules. Figure 1 Communication between CPSs (Source: Fraunhofer IAO) I ll top up the magazine. Sorry, I can t work on Saturday. Magazine empty. Please fill it! Customer order: 50 gearboxes by Monday Switch me off! Booked up to capacity until Friday! I can work this Saturday. I ve got to be in the shipping area in 2 hours! 8 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

9 Not only on the factory floor, though, but also in the added value networks, the CPSs and CPPSs will contribute to an automation of the partial processes. This will support both shortterm flexibility and medium-term transformability in the reaction to the increasingly shorter and more severe external influences, and thus improve the resilience of production. According to the recommendations of the Industrie 4.0 working group of the Industry and Science Research Union, Industrie 4.0 is to be implemented in a dual strategy: Existing basic technologies and experience are to be adapted to meet the special requirements of manufacturing technology, and research and development work is to be conducted into solutions for new production locations and new markets. In that context, attention is to focus on three characteristics: Horizontal integration: Ad-hoc added value networks optimized in real time Vertical integration: Business processes and technical processes Continuity of engineering throughout the life cycle Figure 2 shows the four dimensions of the added value process: the product, factory and technology life cycles and the business process. All four are interlinked by the concrete time at which the product is manufactured. All four are at present controlled by a multitude of digital tools. The three focal points identified above are aimed at seamless integration of those tools. CAI PDM Order CRM ERP Figure 2 The four life cycles in industrial manufacturing (Source: ARC, with additions by Fraunhofer IPA) Product SCM CAx Factory Simulation MES Production CAx PLM QMS/ CRM Technology THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE 4.0 9

10 As a result of the large number of IT solutions now available, many sectors of industry have experienced a serious problem of constantly rising costs, often difficult to justify in commercial terms, for maintenance, updating, modifications and new implementations. Tools with a wide range of data models, countless interface protocols and versions necessarily lead to a lack of transparency and thus to greater and greater problems with the stability of the systems as a whole. It cannot of course be the solution to prescribe a uniform global data model or harmonized interfaces. A solution has to be developed which on the one hand ensures the greatest possible room for development and on the other hand alleviates the problems described above. One promising concept for this is service-oriented architecture, in which the above-mentioned rule-based and situation-controlled cooperation between machines and human beings is organized. 10 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

11 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE Objectives The aim behind this document was to draw up a strategic, technically oriented roadmap which, taking special account of the recommendations from the Industry and Science Research Union and the corresponding assistance from the BMWi and BMBF, presents the requirements for standards and specifications for Industrie 4.0, identifies areas where action is necessary and issues corresponding recommendations. In addition, it provides an overview of the existing standards and specifications in this context. In accordance with the German standardization strategy 2, standardization is understood as being the fully consensual establishment by a recognized organization of regulations, guidelines and criteria for activities, for general or recurrent application. The de jure standards produced in this way are accompanied by specifications in various forms, such as the VDE Codes of Practice or DIN Specifications (DIN SPEC), PAS (Publicly Available Specifications), Technical Specifications (TS), Industry Technical Agreements (ITA) or Technical Reports (TR). The standardization roadmap is intended as a stock-taking and a means of communication between the parties involved from various technological sectors such as automation, information and communications technology and manufacturing technology. The three following chapters build upon each other and present a description of the current status in standardization for Industrie 4.0 (chapter 4), an analysis of the currently identifiable need for standardization (chapter 5) and firm recommendations for action in the development of further standards in the individual fields (chapter 6). The standardization roadmap is to be regularly revised and amended on the basis of new findings for example from research projects and the work in the standardization committees. Even after its publication, therefore, there is still an opportunity to take part in this process by submitting comments and working on standards. 2 The German Standardization Strategy: msrubid=57563&level=tpl-rubrik&menurubricid=57563&menuid=47563&languageid=en&cmsareaid=47563 THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

12 4 THE CURRENT STANDARDIZATION ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Standardization as a driving force for innovation Standards create a secure basis for technical procurement, ensure interoperability in applications, protect the environment, plant and equipment and consumers by means of uniform safety rules, provide a future-proof foundation for product development and assist in communication between all those involved by means of standardized terms and definitions. Standardization is of central importance for the success of the future project Industrie 4.0. Industrie 4.0 requires an unprecedented degree of system integration across domain borders, hierarchy borders and life cycle phases. This is only possible if it proceeds from standards and specifications based on consensus. Close cooperation between researchers, industry and the standardization bodies is required to create the necessary conditions for sweeping innovation: methodical soundness and functionality, stability and security of investments, practicability and market relevance. Figure 3 Innovation from standardization Industrial support Methodology Practical relevance Market Research Innovation Functionality Stability Security of investment Standardization A prompt firming-up of concepts by a standardization process based on consensus and accompanying research is also essential for rapid implementation in industrial practice. 12 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

13 4.2 Cooperation between the standardization committees The stipulation of technical requirements in globally valid standardization systems is of especial importance to export-oriented German industry with its global operations. The aim must be to anchor all stipulations essential for a uniform technical function and usability in international standards step by step. The major relevant target standardization bodies are the IEC and ISO. For information technology, the globally accepted standards of the W3C consortium play a central role. Consensus-based standards can be established in different ways. Figure 4 presents a diagram of the typical procedures. The starting point is the identification of a particular need for standardization. This results from feedback from practical applications, from the creation of new technologies, from the results of research or from new regulations. Considering the path leading to an international standard (ISO 3, IEC 4 ), distinctions can be made between three typical routes: 1. Direct stipulation within the responsible standardization committees. In this case, the stipulations to be standardized are compiled and developed within the responsible international committee and its national mirror committees. One example is the development of IEC , Programmable controllers in IEC/SC 65B/WG 7 and in Germany in the Working Group DKE/AK , SPC languages. 2. Direct adoption of consortium specifications. In this case, the specification is compiled within a consortium and then adopted essentially unchanged as a standard. Examples include the adoption of the batch control specification ISA S 88 (ISA) in IEC 61512, the OPC UA specification in IEC and the Prolist specification in IEC Consensus-based development in national committees with subsequent further development in the responsible standardization committees. In this case, the fundamental stipulations are prepared within professional associations and published as guidelines or national specifications and then, in a second step, developed into international standards by the responsible standardization committees. 3 ISO International Organization for Standardization 4 IEC International Electrotechnical Commission THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

14 The alternative routes are shown in figure % of national standards in the field of electrical engineering are now based on international standards from IEC. IEC standards are agreed in parallel during the compilation process on the European level (CENELEC 5 ) and on the international level, and then adopted nationally in Germany as DIN standards (Dresden Agreement 6 ). There is a comparable procedure at ISO and CEN 7 under the terms of the Vienna Agreement 8. Figure 4 From the need for standardization to the standard Environment (e.g. laws) Technological development Technological development Research, strategic projects Need for standardization National adoption DIN, DKE European adoption CEN, CENELEC ETSI International standardization IEC, ISO, ITU (DKE, DIN) Consortium standardization (Consortiums) Consensus-based standardization (Associations) DIN standards EN standards ISO, IEC standards Consortium standard National standard Development of products and services Application in practice It has become apparent in recent years that the development and elaboration of proposals for and contents of standards by the responsible standardization committees themselves is increasingly meeting its limits. In many cases, the time available to the voluntary members of the committees is insufficient. For that reason, the alternative route of extensive preparation of standards by consortiums and professional associations has become established in many areas. As a result, the committees responsible for standardization are more and more taking on the functions of reviewing, facilitation, support, consultation and integration. They ensure that the interested groups are informed of the contents and the planned procedures, and that the standardization process is based on consensus. Together with these functions and the day to day administrative and editorial tasks, standardization committees are increasingly taking on an important role in analysing the existing standardization landscape and initiating and coordinating standardization projects in strategically important areas. 5 CENELEC Comité Européen de Normalisation Électrotechnique, European Committee for electronic Standardization 6 Dresden Agreement: See CENELEC Guide 13, 7 CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation, European Committee for Standardization 8 Vienna Agreement: 14 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

15 Comparing the objectives of consortiums and professional associations in standardization, one fundamental difference can be found: Consortiums attempt in their stipulations to define a complete solution, while professional associations aim to compile guidelines or to standardize individual aspects of a solution. Both directions will be required in the ambit of Industrie 4.0; it must be noted that the work of the associations will be especially important. Within Germany, there are a number of relevant professional associations which publish corresponding stipulations and specifications. In many cases, the associations are so broadly based and organized internally to reach and reflect a consensus that their publications can be regarded as the common opinion of the relevant professional community and thus constitute a particularly stable and reliable basis both for the further standardization process and for immediate industrial use. A procedure may be termed consensus-based in this context when the following conditions are fulfilled: The specifications are compiled in committees which any professional can join. Membership in an organization is not required. If the number of members has to be limited, selection is made by a transparent and non-discriminatory procedure. The results of the committee s work are published at an early stage as a draft for comment. They can be obtained and commented on by anyone, irrespective of membership in an organization. Prior to publication as a specification, there is an objections procedure in which anyone can raise an objection. The committee decides in open discussion on acceptance of the objection. When adopted, the specification is published and is available to all those interested, irrespective of membership in any organization. With consensus-based specifications, then, a sound standardization foundation can be initially created on a national basis in the short term for the development processes within companies. These specifications then provide a good point of departure for international standardization. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

16 4.3 The national standardization landscape in automation The important associations and standardization bodies involved in the compilation of standards in the national German environment include the following: VDI/VDE guidelines (GMA) NAMUR recommendations (NAMUR) VDMA standard sheets (VDMA) Preliminary DIN standards (DIN and DKE) Technical reports (DIN and DKE) In addition, the standardization organizations VDE/DKE and DIN provide opportunities to make specifications available to the market rapidly in the form of a DIN SPEC or VDE code of practice. For questions of procedure and organizational arrangements, guidelines such as BITKOM guidelines (BITKOM) ZVEI guidelines (ZVEI) The professional groups behind these bodies are staffed with experienced teams of experts who ensure rapid development of high-quality specifications and standards. Typically, the amount of free time available to the experienced experts who work voluntarily on the committees is limited. The projects should therefore be prioritized and organized up to the time at which they go forward for international standardization. GMY: VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automatic Control NAMUR: International User Association in Process Industries VDMA: German Engineering Federation DIN: German Institute for Standardization DKE: German Comission for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies of DIN and VDE BITKOM: Federal Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media ZVEI: Central Association of the Electrical and Electronics Industry 16 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

17 4.4 The international standardization landscape in automation The topics of automation technology are extensively covered by the fields of activity of the international standardization committees. The following committees are involved with the especially interesting system topics of Industrie 4.0: IEC/TC 65, Industrial-process measurement, control and automation, with its sub-committees SC 65A System Aspects SC 65B Measurement and control devices SC 65C Industrial networks SC 65E Devices and integration in enterprise systems ISO/TC 184, Automation Systems and Integration, with its sub-committees SC 1 Physical device control SC 2 Robots and robot devices SC 4 Industrial data SC 5 Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and automation applications IEC/TC 65 is mirrored nationally in Germany by the DKE in the Process measurement and control technologies division (FB 9), and ISO/TC 184 by the Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee (NAM / VDMA). In addition, there are a number of other committees in ISO and IEC which deal with related and adjacent matters. Practically all the important topics of systemoriented automation technology from the field level through the process control and production control levels to the MES level and the interface with the ERP level are however covered by the fields of activity of IEC/TC 65 and ISO/TC 184. The extensive series of standards created in recent years have already achieved a high degree of maturity and are being further extended step by step. All in all, the structure required to organize the additions resulting from the Industrie 4.0 initiative is in place. One essential challenge will be to ensure interoperability above and beyond domain boundaries, i.e. between the systems and concepts of process technology, manufacturing technology, logistics, mechanical engineering and information technology. This will require close cooperation between the standardization committees across the boundaries of their organizations. For that reason, a joint coordination committee for the standardization of Industrie 4.0 is in preparation at DKE and DIN. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

18 4.5 Standardization in information technology In the IT world, specifications are typically developed and pursued by open communities which act internationally. One example is the W3C Consortium. In spite of their worldwide acceptance and importance, these specifications are not always adopted as de jure standards. When they are, this is often done by the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee JTC 1, Information Technology. That committee deals with a large number of standardization topics in information technology: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Information Technology JTC 1/WG 7 Sensor networks JTC 1/SWG 5 Internet of Things (IoT) JTC 1/WG 8 Governance of IT JTC 1/SC 2 Coded character sets JTC 1/SC 6 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems JTC 1/SC 7 Software and systems engineering JTC 1/SC 17 Cards and personal identification JTC 1/SC 22 Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces JTC 1/SC 23 Digitally Recorded Media for Information Interchange and Storage JTC 1/SC 24 Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation JTC 1/ SC 25 Interconnection of information technology equipment JTC 1/ SC 27 IT security techniques JTC 1/ SC 28 Office equipment JTC 1/ SC 29 Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information JTC 1/ SC 31 Automatic identification and data capture techniques JTC 1/ SC 32 Data management and interchange JTC 1/ SC 34 Document description and processing languages JTC 1/ SC 35 User interfaces JTC 1/ SC 36 Information technology for learning, education and training JTC 1/ SC 37 Biometrics JTC 1/ SC 38 Distributed application platforms and services (DAPS) JTC 1/ SC 39 Sustainability for and by Information Technology 18 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

19 ISO/IEC JTC 1 is mirrored nationally in Germany by the Information Technology and selected IT Applications Standards Committee (NIA/DIN). ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) On the European level, ETSI is also worthy of mention, and is mirrored in the DKE. Specifications from consortiums Specifications from the IT environment are published, for example, by the following organizations: W3C IEEE OASIS OMG 3GPP (e.g. UMTS) One M2M (with involvement by ETSI and further global partners) THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

20 5 OBJECT AREAS WITH A NEED FOR STANDARDIZATION FOR INDUSTRIE Subject area SA: System architecture Overall architecture As discussed above, the relevant models of classical architecture are to be integrated and rounded off for Industrie 4.0. A reference model for the overall architecture is first to be developed. Architecture models to date, where developed in partial areas, are mostly function and technology-driven. An architecture which is neutral in terms of technology is however required for such an extensive concept as Industrie 4.0. With today s highly advanced state of the art, it can be assumed that the necessary technologies for implementation of the architecture concept are available. The new architectural approach focuses on service-orientation, autonomy, adaptivity and cooperativity. As standardization has also up to now been extensively technology-driven, the standardization processes themselves are also to be adapted to take account of this new procedure. Owing to its fundamental importance, system architecture is to be regarded as a subject area in its own right with a special need for standardization. 5.2 Subject area UC: Use cases Use cases For clarification of the domain-specific need for development and standardization, Use cases from which the characteristic demands of the fourth stage of industry on the existing system landscape are to be identified. Consensus among all those involved on the relevance and representativeness of the identified use cases is of decisive importance. For that reason, the use cases themselves should be developed and published in the course of a consensus-based standardization process. Industrial automation is characterized by the endeavour to achieve commercially justifiable quantities of automation components by covering as much of the various industries as possible. On the one hand, this requires compromises, and on the other hand variable options, which, however, often lead to a number of adjustable or changeable parameters which customers find overwhelming. With regard to the hardware of such components, the customer requirements range from the greatest possible degree of robustness ( military quality ) and the lowest possible price ( consumer price ). At the development stage it is often difficult to combine the two, but this is made easier by the application of standards. The use cases are to be compiled against this background. For the reasons stated, there also cannot be any closed collection of use cases, as the variety of sectors precludes any blanket automation of industry. The use cases therefore have to be limited to generic types, but can form the basis of implementation for specific technologies and specific projects. 20 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

21 5.3 Subject area GL: Fundamentals Terms Core models Modelling and description techniques One essential aid in the development of a consistent standardization landscape is the use of common terms and basic concepts. A common terminological basis is available in the form of the IEV (IEC series). This will have to be expanded and supplemented for the new topics raised by Industrie 4.0. Core models describe important basic concepts which are capable of receiving general consensus and are regarded in the long term as neutral in terms of technology, stable and immutable. These have been relatively neglected in the past as a result of the solution orientation of the standards, but will attain considerable importance in the environment of Industrie 4.0. A further important basis is the use of common modelling and description techniques. A range of existing modelling methods and language conventions is available from the application domains and information science, but these do not meet the new requirements in many cases. There is in particular a lack of concepts for mitigation of the omnipresent interface problem, and of solutions for the formal description of product characteristics and for mastery of the variety of versions. Descriptive languages are too specific (i.e. software-oriented) and too detailed. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

22 5.4 Subject area NE: Non-functional properties 9 The target systems of Industrie 4.0 are industrial production systems. In addition to their actual function, these have to possess a series of non-functional properties to fulfil the operational requirements for efficient, safe and robust production. Non-functional properties are typically cross-cutting properties. Both the individual elements and the nature of their interaction in the interconnected system as a whole contribute to their fulfilment. The non-functional properties are already an important area for standardization. This concerns the definition and demarcation of the property itself, and the stipulation of quantitative limits for uniform classification and of methods to ensure that those limits are actually maintained. It is a necessity and an objective for the systemic and systematic consideration of the non-functional properties also to be applied to the new concepts of Industrie 4.0. The integral involvement of the worldwide information network, the cross-domain consideration of production chains and the inclusion of the business process level in that consideration result in a new system architecture (subject area SA), which has to be aligned with the concepts of the non-functional properties. This is an essential condition for implementation in operational practice. 9 Each functional unit not only has the capability of performing its primary useful function (functional properties), but also other administrative and workflow-related properties. In automation technology, these are termed nonfunctional properties. 22 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

23 5.5 Subject area RT: Reference models of the technical systems and processes Reference models for product identification, product tracing and life cycle documentation Reference models for integrative description of production and business processes Reference models for description of systems and production networks Reference models for description of technical processes Reference models for description of technical equipment A reference model is a model which coherently describes an aspect which plays an important role in the systems of an area of application. Reference models take account of organizational and technological circumstances, and observe the system to be modelled from a particular point of view. They are therefore not without alternatives, but do, in the opinion of the professional experts, accurately describe the situation. Different groups of experts may of course arrive at different reference models. This is undesirable, but in many cases unavoidable. Reference models are metamodels. They are the basis of common understanding in the expert groups, they describe the structure of the models in a use case, and are the point of departure for the tools developed from them. The availability of standardized reference models in all areas is a decisive precondition for Industrie 4.0. The cross-domain view gives additional importance to an explicit, unambiguous and clear presentation of the situations in reference models. The existing domainspecific models are to be added to, extended and harmonized to achieve this aim. A further challenge consists in the fact that the reference models are often not explicit and delimited, but are rather described in a variety of technical standards. This leads to multiple, unclear, inconsistent and unreferenceable description, and to difficulties in the integration of components in an overall system. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

24 5.6 Subject area RL: Reference models of the instrumentation and control functions Control Signalling Alarms Archiving Monitoring The I&C functions are a core area of automation technology. The corresponding terms are standardized in the IEV. They are elaborated by the manufacturers of the control systems, who supply the I&C functions as system services. They are therefore only partly standardized, as this was not necessary in the context of practical use of the control systems. In an extended consideration of the systems, the I&C functions are however not only interesting on the process control level, but can be made available in a generalized form to all participants on all levels as uniform system functions. For that purpose, they are to be explicitly described as reference models and standardized. 5.7 Subject area RB: Reference models of the technical and organizational processes Diagnosis Maintenance Life cycle management System migration Optimization Coexistence management of wireless applications Security management The structuring and organization of the technical and organizational business processes has up to now been the domain of the users, application suppliers and tool manufacturers. Accompanying the procedures stipulated by the tools, the user organizations and enterprises have developed codes, regulations and best practice rules, etc., to make these processes efficient. In order to secure this knowledge and make it available to users in a concentrated form for integration in the general business processes, it appears appropriate to group the essential elements of the technical and organizational business processes together in standards. 24 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

25 5.8 Subject area human beings: Reference models of the functions and roles of human beings in Industrie 4.0 Human-machine interfaces Communication processes and technologies Attention has been drawn to the important role of the human factor. Accordingly, user interfaces will acquire new functions and roles in the context of Industrie 4.0, both in the interaction between human beings and technology and between human actors. 5.9 Subject area EW: Development Development of products Development of functional elements (functional, software-based, mechatronic...) Modelling and simulation in the course of development Consistency of development in product families and variant management Verification and quality assurance for the components developed Service engineering A highly diverse range of components and systems are to be developed in the environment of Industrie 4.0. The extent to which development processes and indicators can be standardized (and the extent to which this would be useful at all) is not currently foreseeable Subject area RE: Engineering Product development and system planning in the digital factory Simulation in advance of physical implementation, and virtual commissioning Simulation during operation for optimization planning and adaptability Consistency of development and engineering throughout the life cycle (of both the products and the production systems and factories) Construction and commissioning The digital factory is an important topic within Industrie 4.0. In that context, development, engineering and construction are especially worthy of mention as difficult synthetic processes which require a multitude of auxiliary and ancillary processes (artificial intelligence, simulation, verification, etc.). The resulting requirements for system architecture have to be taken into account in the Industrie 4.0 concepts. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

26 5.11 Subject area SB: Standard libraries Characteristics Element libraries Services libraries The detailed stipulation of terminology and syntax is a basic requirement for interoperability. The success of Industrie 4.0 will essentially depend on the availability of standardized characteristic libraries, element libraries or descriptive languages for equipment and functional modules, and services libraries Subject area TL: Technologies and solutions Communications platform Service systems Workflow systems Programming languages On fundamental aspect of standardization is the stipulation of the actual mapping of the individual concepts to the available technologies. This is the basis of products and industrial solutions. These standards require constant further development and adaptation to reflect the technical background conditions. Many of the existing standards combine the conceptual findings with the mapping to technological solutions (OPC-UA, SOA, PROFIBUS, FDI...). 26 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP

27 6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF INDUSTRIE 4.0 The development of consensus-based standards is supported sustainably and in the long term by the responsible organizations. These are in particular DKE and DIN in Germany, ETSI, CENELEC and CEN in Europe, and IEC and ISO on the international level. Together with these mandated standardization bodies, the consensus-based standardization committees in particular (see figure 4) provide impetus to standardization work by developing specifications and proposals for standards. On the national level in Germany, one such body is the VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automatic Control (GMA). The established cooperation between these different bodies is to be continued in the usual manner. Industrie 4.0, however, shifts the focus to new subject areas and in particular to a system-oriented procedure. Cross-level and cross-domain strategies have to be developed and standardized. It is not sufficient in this context merely to include a higher level; on the contrary, an all-encompassing approach is required. If development work is to be efficiently supported by specifications and standards, efforts which go beyond the normal work of the committees will be required. The following sections list recommendations for the implementation of these requirements and outline what they involve. 6.1 General recommendations (AE) Recommendation AE-1: Use of uniform standards as the basis for the Industrie 4.0 landscape One of the central requirements of Industrie 4.0 is the broad support of technical and organizational processes in process engineering, manufacturing and logistical environments, accompanying the entire life cycle of systems, products and series in units distributed both spatially and organizationally. This is only possible with consensus-based standardization, involving the professional groups and stakeholders concerned. Recommendation AE-2: Integration of the national developments in international standardization Integration includes on the one hand use of the existing standardization landscape as a stable, tried and tested basis for further development, and on the other hand active contribution of the concepts newly established or further developed in the context of the Industrie 4.0 strategy to the international standardization process, preferably in existing standardization committees with which an intensive exchange of information is already practised. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP INDUSTRIE

28 In the field of industrial automation, there are a large number of existing standards which have proven their worth in practice. The new requirements of the Industrie 4.0 landscape are however expected to make extensions and upgrading necessary. In many cases, substantive reorganization may also be required to make the standards landscape more compact, more robust and freer from overlaps. In any case, the existing international standards will form the central reference point for development. Recommendation AE-3: Support for the established standardization committees by additional experts If they are to be familiar with and influence the relevant core standards in IEC and ISO, the existing technical committees and national mirror committees in DKE and DIN must be staffed by the leading experts and be endowed with sufficient resources. Only in that way will it also be possible for the German experts, manufacturers and users to contribute their knowledge and raise their concerns in the international standardization work of ISO and IEC. An appeal is therefore made to German industry to facilitate participation by its experts in national and international committees, to support them and to document their requirements for standards. The standardization committees should also be used to provide support for the implementation of the standards and specifications in practice across industry and internationally. Recommendation AE-4: Training The contents of the existing standards cannot be grasped intuitively. Training courses are an appropriate method of providing an efficient introduction to the existing concepts and solutions, especially for young people in research, industry and the committees. A first step would be the compilation of training documents on the individual standards. The overviews produced, for example, on IEC 62264, Enterprise-control system integration are a good example to be followed in that respect. Recommendation AE-5: Research and development requirements for emergent systems The fundamental drafting of system standards which, for example, describe the development of procedures and specifically their chronological dynamics, should be prepared for and supported by research and development projects. 28 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP