COOLING TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
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1 PAPER NO: CATEGORY: TP15-22 WATER TREATMENT COOLING TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE CONTROLLED HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION FOR COOLING TOWER WATER TREATMENT DAVID BURGE ECOWATER CHC The studies and conclusions reported in this paper are the results of the author s own work. CTI has not investigated, and CTI expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data, editorial material, or advertisement in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guarantee by CTI of any product, service process, procedure, design, or the like. CTI does not warranty that the information in this publication is free of errors, and CTI does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The user assumes the entire risk of the use of any information in this publication. Copyright All rights reserved. Presented at the 2015 Cooling Technology Institute Annual Conference New Orleans, Louisiana - February 9-12,
2 Controlled)Hydrodynamic)Cavitation)for)Cooling)Tower)Water)Treatment) CTI,%New%Orleans,%LA,%February%10,%2015,%9:30%am%to%10:00%am% CliffAshbrookcreatedournon6chemicalControlledHydrodynamicCavitation(CHC) technology.mr.ashbrookconceivedthechcconceptwhileobservingbulletsbeingshot intowater.henoticedawhitetrailthatfollowedthebulletspath.asascientist,he understoodthewhitetrailwascalciumcarbonate(caco3)precipitatingfromthewater causedbythebullet srotationalcavitation.mr.ashbrookwentontodevelopthechc technology.intheearly1990 s,helicensedthechctechnologytothelancercorporation. OurCHCtechnologyfallsinthemechanicalenergydevicecategoryofNon6chemical Devices(NCD s),asthesystemreliesonkineticenergythroughcontrolledhydrodynamic Cavitation(CHC)inadditiontochemicalequilibriumtocontrolscale,corrosion,andbio6 foulingwithouttheissuesassociatedwithchemicaltreatment. AddingafiltrationcomponenttotheCHCtechnologyforCaCO3removalcompletesthe solution.coolingtowers,inadditiontotheirprimaryheatrejectionpurpose,arealso massiveairwashersthetwostagefiltrationsystemhelpsremovetheingested environmentaldirtanddebrisfromthewaterthatisoftenassociatedwithcoolingtower inefficiencyinadditiontotheprecipitatedcaco2. TheremovaloftheprecipitatedCaCO3fromthewaterbyfiltrationallowsforanincreasein thecyclesofconcentration(coc),theratioofmake6upwaterintoblowdownwaterout. WithahigherCoCratio,makeupwaterconsumption(In)andtheblowdownrate(Out)are lowered.theconceptisbrilliantinitssimplicity,butcanbedifficulttounderstandwhen CaCO3isremoved.Thegoalistoclarifythisunderstanding. TheCHCtechnologyhasevolvedovertheensuingyears.WhiletheCHCchamberhas remainedvirtuallyunchanged,thesystemhasseencontinuousupgrades.systemsarenow builtinourfactoryasaunifiedpackagethatis plugandplay.webuildtheskidpackage andtestitbeforeshipmenttothecustomer.onceitarrives,theunitissetinlocation,and theexternalplumbingandelectricalisinstalled.thishasreducedinstallationtostartup fromweekstodays. Theotherkeyimprovementovertheyearshasbeenthefiltrationpackage.Intheearly days,thesystemusedbagandcartridgefiltersthatrequiredfrequentchangingbytheend user.today,ourdualstagefiltrationpackageisplccontrolledandfullyautomated. MarmonWater,aBerkshireHathawaycompany,acquiredthebusinessassetsincludingthe significantintellectualpropertyportfolioin2014. ThecavitationchamberasshowninFigure1isasetofopposingnozzlesoptimally configuredtogeneratethecavitation cloud.thefollowingprocessesoccurinsidethe CHCunit: Waterfromthesumpisfirstpumpedintothechamberunderpressure. 2
3 5 TherearehundredsofCHCtechnologysystemsoperatingthroughouttheworld.Thedata infigure8showsthreeexamplesofrealworldwaterandsewersavingsfrom1millionto over10milliongallonsperyear. BACTERIACONTROLANDLEGIONELLA Theword Legionella cameintoourvernacularwhentheamericanlegionopenedits annualthree6dayconventionatthebellevue6stratfordhotelinphiladelphia,pennsylvania onjuly21,1976.morethan2,000legionnaires,mostlymen,attendedtheconvention.the totalnumberofcasesreached221,andofthose,34haddied. InJanuary1977,theLegionellabacteriumwasfinallyidentified.Thebacteriumisolated wasfoundtobebreedinginthecoolingtowerofthehotel sairconditioningsystem,which thenspreaditthroughthebuilding.thisfindingpromptednewregulationsworldwide forclimatecontrolsystems. InApril1985,175patientswereadmittedtotheDistrictofKingsmeadStaffordHospital withchestinfections.atotalof28peopledied.medicaldiagnosisshowedthat Legionnaires diseasewasresponsibleandtheimmediateepidemiologicalinvestigation tracedthesourceoftheinfectiontotheairconditioningcoolingtowerontheroofofthe StaffordDistrictHospital. AstheworldrecognizedthesourceandthethreatofLegionnella,theUKHealthandSafety Executive(HSE)publishedtheirfirstApprovedCodeofPractice(ACOP)for TheControlof LegionellaBacteriainCoolingTowers in1991. TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)statedintheirMMWRreport (Legionellosis%AAA%United%States,% %MMWR%Morb%Mortal%Wkly%Rep.% 2011;60(32):1083A86)thatbetween2000and2009caseshavetripled.Duringthisperiod therewere22,418reportedcasesoflegionellawithanaverageof8%resultingindeath. CHCtechnologywasintroducedtotheUKin2007.Anindependentanalysisofthe effectivenessofchcasameansofcontrollinglegionellawascarriedoutin2008by representativesfrommericansciences,jusherandg.hatchhroftandprincipleconsultant AlanEdwardsC.ChemMRSCfromAlanEdwardsandPartnerswhoactedinconsultation withthehseintheproductionoftheacopl8document. TheGraphicaldatashowninFigure8conclusivelydemonstratesthattheCHCtechnology hastheabilitytoreducethenumberoflegionella%pneumophilaserogroup1from concentrationsof1x10 7 cfu/litreto0cfu/litrewithin5passesofoperationoftheunit. TheCHCcavitationzoneisextremelyefficientincontrollingoreveneliminatingall microorganisms.thisisachievedbyimpactinghighvelocityrotatingstreamsofwater together.thetremendouslocalizedtemperaturesandextremefluctuationsinfluid pressurewithinthechcchambercausescellwallsofmicroorganismstorupture. Alan Edwards
4 Today,theUnitedKingdomhasthestrictestLegionellaregulationsontheplanetcalledL8. Failingtomeettheircriteriaismorethanaciviloffense...offendershavegonetojail. Basedontheirsurveyofcoolingtowersoveratwelvemonthperiod,theUKHSEhas validatedandrecommendscavitationtechnologyasaviablenon6chemicalsolutionfor controllinglegionella. TheL8regulationsaregoingtoeventuallybeembracedbytherestoftheworldinthe future.quebec,canadahasrecentlyadoptedtheirversionofl8imposingverystrict regulationsforthecontroloflegionella. IntheUnitedStates,ASHRAEhaspreparedtheirStandard188forLegionellacontrol.At thispointintime,thestandardisonlyasuggestionanddoesnothaveanylegalpower. VALUEPROPOSITION TheuseofNCD sdirectlyreducesthecostandlowerstheenvironmentalimpactofthe chemicaltreatmentcurrentlyusedtodaytomanagecoolingtowerwaterquality.thechc technologypackageoffersacompletesolutionthatdoesanexceptionaljobofcontrolling scale,biological,andcorrosioninthewater.thechcsystemalsofiltersthewaterto provideacleanandefficientoperation. Thevaluetotheuseris: 1. Makeupwateruseisreducedonaverageby20%savingthecostofwaterand preservingournaturalandvitalresource. 2. Blowdowntosewerisreducedonaverageby50%savingcostofsewercharges,but alsoreducingdemandonourincreasinglylimitwatertreatmentinfrastructure. 3. Eliminationofdirectchemicalcosts,handling,andenvironmentalrisk. 4. BecauseblowdownfromaCHCsystemischemicalfree,itcanbeusedforothergrey waterpurposessuchasirrigation. 5. WhiletheCHCsystempresentsanadditionalenergyload,scalereductionimproves heattransferefficiencyandwilloffsettheenergycostwithapotentialnetenergy savings. 6. Reductionintowermaintenancetocleanthesumpssaveslaborcosts. 7. CHCqualifiesforUSGBCLEED6NC(NewConstruction)InnovationandDesign(ID) Credit1.1.Anadditionalpointmaybeearned(WaterEfficiency1.2)byusing coolingtowerblowdownforlandscapeirrigation. CONCLUSION ThekeydesignprinciplesandperformanceoftheCHCnon6chemicalwatertreatment systemforcoolingtowersallowsustofocusonservingtheneedsofourcustomersand conservingwaterresources.withcoolingtowerscollectivelyconsumingbillionsofgallons ofourpotablewatersupplyperyear,waterconservation usingwaterefficientlyand avoidingwaste isfundamentaltoensuringwateravailabilityinthefuture. 6
5 Inthisdayandage, Green historicallyhasmeantenvironmentallyfriendly,butmaynot workquiteaswellandbemoreexpensive.chcisaproventechnologythatdeliversvery highqualitytowerwatertreatmentthatisequalorbetterthantheuseofchemicals,hasa lowercostofoperation,savingmoney,andalsohappenstobe Green. Figure1 InsidetheCHCCavitationChamber 7
6 Figure2 Aragonite Figure3 Calcite 8
7 Figure4 TraditionalMassBalance 9
8 Figure5 MassBalancewithCHC 10
9 Figure6 MassBalanceshowingincreasedCoC 11
10 Figure7 CoCSummary 12
11 Figure8 ExamplesofWaterSavings 13
12 Figure9 LegionellaCountsversuspassesthroughCHCchamber Effect)of)CHC)on)Numbers)of)Legionella)Pneumophilia )Initial)dose)=)10,000,000)cfu/litre DatafromMericanSciences,JUsherandG.HatchhroftandPrincipleConsultantAlan EdwardsC.ChemMRSCfromAlanEdwardsandPartners,UK
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