Catalysts for Change p. 1 Introduction p. 2 Milestones in Computing p. 6 Mechanical Adding Machines p. 6 The Analytical Engine p.

Transcription

1 Preface p. xix Catalysts for Change p. 1 Introduction p. 2 Milestones in Computing p. 6 Mechanical Adding Machines p. 6 The Analytical Engine p. 9 Boolean Algebra p. 10 Zuse's Z Series p. 11 Harvard Mark 1 p. 12 Colossus p. 13 The Atanasoff-Berry Computer p. 13 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) p. 13 Small-Scale Experimental Machine p. 14 First Commerical Computers p. 15 Transistor p. 17 Integrated Circuit p. 18 IBM System/360 p. 19 Microprocessor p. 20 Milestones in Networking p. 22 Electricity and Electromagnetism p. 22 Telegraph p. 23 Telephone p. 24 Typewriter and Teletype p. 25 Radio p. 26 Television p. 27 Remote Computing p. 28 ARPANET p. 28 p. 29 Internet p. 29 NSFNET p. 31 Broadband p. 31 Milestones in Information Storage and Retrieval p. 31 Codex p. 31 Gutenberg's Printing Press p. 32 Newspapers p. 32 Hypertext p. 33 Personal Computers p. 34 Single-Computer Hypertext Systems p. 36 Networked Hypertext: World Wide Web p. 36 Search Engines p. 38 Information Technology Issues p. 39

2 Summary p. 40 Review Questions p. 42 Discussion Questions p. 46 In-Class Exercises p. 46 Further Reading p. 47 References p. 48 An Interview with Douglas Engelbart p. 51 Introduction to Ethics p. 53 Introduction p. 53 Defining Terms p. 54 Four Scenarios p. 55 Overview of Ethical Theories p. 59 Subjective Relativism p. 60 The Case for Subjective Relativism p. 60 The Case against Subjective Relativism p. 61 Cultural Relativism p. 62 The Case for Cultural Relativism p. 63 The Case against Cultural Relativism p. 64 Divine Command Theory p. 66 The Case for the Divine Command Theory p. 66 The Case against the Divine Command Theory p. 67 Kantianism p. 69 Good Will and the Categorical Imperative p. 69 Evaluating a Scenario Using Kantianism p. 71 The Case for Kantianism p. 72 The Case against Kantianism p. 73 Act Utilitarianism p. 74 Principle of Utility p. 74 Evaluating a Scenario Using Act Utilitarianism p. 75 The Case for Act Utilitarianism p. 76 The Case against Act Utilitarianism p. 77 Rule Utilitarianism p. 79 Basis of Rule Utilitarianism p. 79 Evaluating a Scenario Using Rule Utilitarianism p. 79 The Case for Rule Utilitarianism p. 80 The Case against Utilitarianism in General p. 81 Social Contract Theory p. 82 The Social Contract p. 82 Rawls's Theory of Justice p. 84 Evaluating a Scenario Using Social Contract Theory p. 87 The Case for Social Contract Theory p. 87

3 The Case against Social Contract Theory p. 89 Comparing Workable Ethical Theories p. 90 Morality of Breaking the Law p. 91 Social Contract Theory Perspective p. 91 Kantian Perspective p. 91 Rule Utilitarian Perspective p. 92 Act Utilitarian Perspective p. 93 Conclusion p. 93 Summary p. 94 Review Questions p. 95 Discussion Questions p. 97 In-Class Exercises p. 98 Further Reading p. 99 References p. 99 An Interview with James Moor p. 103 Networking p. 107 Introduction p and Spam p. 109 How Works p. 109 The Spam Epidemic p. 110 Ethical Evaluations of Spamming p. 112 Fighting Spam p. 115 Mail Abuse Prevention System p. 115 Ethical Evaluations of Blacklisting by MAPS p. 116 Proposed Solutions to the Spam Epidemic p. 117 CAN SPAM Act of 2003 p. 118 Emergence of "Spim" p. 120 The World Wide Web p. 120 Attributes of the Web p. 120 How We Use the Web p. 121 Too Much Control or Too Little? p. 123 Ethical Perspectives on Pornography p. 124 Analyses Concluding Pornography Is Immoral p. 124 Analyses Concluding Adult Pornography Is Moral p. 125 Commentary p. 125 Summary p. 125 Censorship p. 126 Direct Censorship p. 126 Self-Censorship p. 127 Challenges Posed by the Internet p. 127 Ethical Perspectives on Censorship p. 128

4 Freedom of Expression p. 129 History p. 129 Freedom of Expression Not an Absolute Right p. 130 FCC v. Pacifica Foundation et al. p. 131 Children and the Web p. 132 Web Filters p. 132 Child Internet Protection Act p. 133 Ethical Evaluations of CIPA p. 133 Breaking Trust on the Internet p. 135 Identity Theft p. 135 Chat-Room Predators p. 137 Ethical Evaluations of Police "Sting" Operations p. 138 False Information p. 139 Internet Addiction p. 140 Is Internet Addiction Real? p. 140 Contributing Factors p. 142 Ethical Evaluation of Internet Addiction p. 143 Summary p. 144 Review Questions p. 145 Discussion Questions p. 146 In-Class Exercises p. 147 Further Reading p. 148 References p. 148 An Interview with Jennifer Preece p. 153 Intellectual Property p. 155 Introduction p. 155 Intellectual Property Rights p. 157 What Is Intellectual Property? p. 157 Property Rights p. 157 Extending the Argument to Intellectual Property p. 159 Benefits of Intellectual Property Protection p. 161 Limits to Intellectual Property Protection p. 161 Protecting Intellectual Property p. 163 Trade Secrets p. 163 Trademarks and Service Marks p. 164 Patents p. 165 Copyrights p. 165 Fair Use p. 169 Sony v. Universal City Studios p. 170 RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc. p. 171 Digital Technology and Fair Use p. 173

5 New Restrictions on Use p. 174 Digital Millennium Copyright Act p. 174 Digital Rights Management p. 175 Secure Digital Music Initiative p. 175 Encrypting DVDs p. 176 Making CDs Copyproof p. 177 Criticisms of Digital Rights Management p. 177 Peer-to-Peer Networks p. 178 Napster p. 179 FastTrack p. 179 BitTorrent p. 180 RIAA Lawsuits p. 180 MP3 Spoofing p. 181 Universities Caught in the Middle p. 182 MGM v. Grokster p. 183 Legal Music Services on the Internet p. 184 Protections for Software p. 184 Software Copyrights p. 185 Violations of Software Copyrights p. 185 Software Patents p. 186 Safe Software Development p. 187 Open-Source Software p. 188 Consequences of Proprietary Software p. 188 Open-Source Definition p. 189 Beneficial Consequences of Open-Source Software p. 189 Examples of Open-Source Software p. 190 The GNU Project and Linux p. 191 Impact of Open-Source Software p. 192 Critique of the Open-Source Software Movement p. 192 Legitimacy of Intellectual Property Protection for Software p. 193 Rights-Based Analysis p. 193 Utilitarian Analysis p. 194 Conclusion p. 196 Creative Commons p. 196 Summary p. 198 Review Questions p. 202 Discussion Questions p. 203 In-Class Exercises p. 204 Further Reading p. 204 References p. 205 An Interview with Wendy Seltzer p. 209

6 Privacy p. 211 Introduction p. 211 Perspectives on Privacy p. 213 Defining Privacy p. 213 Harms and Benefits of Privacy p. 214 Is There a Natural Right to Privacy? p. 217 Privacy and Trust p. 220 Disclosing Information p. 221 Public Information p. 223 Rewards or Loyalty Programs p. 223 Body Scanners p. 224 Digital Video Recorders p. 224 Automobile "Black Boxes" p. 225 Enhanced 911 Service p. 225 RFIDs p. 226 Implanted Chips p. 227 Cookies p. 227 Spyware p. 228 U.S. Legislation p. 228 Fair Credit Reporting Act p. 228 The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act p. 229 Video Privacy Protection Act p. 229 Financial Services Modernization Act p. 229 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act p. 229 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act p. 230 Public Records p. 230 Census Records p. 230 Internal Revenue Service Records p. 231 FBI National Crime Information Center 2000 p. 231 Privacy Act of 1974 p. 232 Covert Government Surveillance p. 234 Wiretaps and Bugs p. 235 Operation Shamrock p. 237 U.S. Legislation Authorizing Wiretapping p. 238 Title III p. 239 Electronic Communications Privacy Act p. 239 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act p. 239 USA PATRIOT Act p. 240 Data Mining p. 244 Marketplace: Households p. 246 IRS Audits p. 246

7 Syndromic Surveillance System p. 246 Total Information Awareness p. 247 Criticisms of the TIA Program p. 247 Who Should Own Information about a Transaction? p. 248 Opt-in Versus Opt-out p. 248 Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) p. 249 Identity Theft p. 249 Background p. 249 History and Role of the Social Security Number p. 251 Debate over a National ID Card p. 252 The REAL ID Act p. 253 Encryption p. 254 Symmetric Encryption p. 254 Public-Key Cryptography p. 255 Pretty Good Privacy p. 255 Clipper Chip p. 258 Effects of U.S. Export Restrictions p. 258 Digital Cash p. 259 Summary p. 262 Review Questions p. 264 Discussion Questions p. 266 In-class Exercises p. 268 Further Reading p. 269 References p. 269 An Interview with Ann Cavoukian p. 275 Computer and Network Security p. 279 Introduction p. 279 Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses p. 280 Viruses p. 280 Worms p. 283 The Internet Worm p. 286 Trojan Horses p. 290 Defensive Measures p. 291 Phreaks and Hackers p. 292 Hackers p. 292 Phone Phreaking p. 296 The Cuckoo's Egg p. 297 Legion of Doom p. 297 Fry Guy p. 298 U.S. v. Riggs p. 299 Steve Jackson Games p. 300

8 Retrospective p. 301 Penalties for Hacking p. 302 Recent Incidents p. 303 Denial-of-Service Attacks p. 304 Attacks that Consume Scarce Resources p. 304 Defensive Measures p. 307 Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks p. 307 SATAN p. 308 Online Voting p. 308 Motivation for Online Voting p. 308 Proposals p. 309 Ethical Evaluation p. 310 Summary p. 313 Review Questions p. 314 Discussion Questions p. 315 In-Class Exercises p. 316 Further Reading p. 317 References p. 318 An Interview with Matt Bishop p. 321 Computer Reliability p. 325 Introduction p. 325 Data-Entry or Data-Retrieval Errors p. 326 Disfranchised Voters p. 326 False Arrests p. 327 Analysis: Accuracy of NCIC Records p. 327 Software and Billing Errors p. 328 Errors Leading to System Malfunctions p. 328 Errors Leading to System Failures p. 329 Analysis: E-Retailer Posts Wrong Price, Refuses to Deliver p. 329 Notable Software System Failures p. 330 Patriot Missile p. 331 Ariane 5 p. 332 AT&T; Long-Distance Network p. 333 Robot Missions to Mars p. 333 Denver International Airport p. 335 Therac-25 p. 336 Genesis of the Therac-25 p. 337 Chronology of Accidents and AECL Responses p. 337 Software Errors p. 340 Post Mortem p. 342 Moral Responsibility of the Therac-25 Team p. 343

9 Computer Simulations p. 344 Uses of Simulation p. 344 Validating Simulations p. 345 Software Engineering p. 347 Specification p. 347 Development p. 348 Validation p. 349 Software Quality Is Improving p. 350 Software Warranties p. 350 Shrinkwrap Warranties p. 351 Are Software Warranties Enforceable? p. 352 Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act p. 355 Moral Responsibility of Software Manufacturers p. 357 Summary p. 359 Review Questions p. 361 Discussion Questions p. 363 In-class Exercises p. 364 Further Reading p. 365 References p. 365 Work and Wealth p. 369 Introduction p. 369 Automation and Unemployment p. 370 Automation and Job Destruction p. 371 Automation and Job Creation p. 372 Effects of Increase in Productivity p. 375 Rise of the Robots? p. 376 Workplace Changes p. 379 Organizational Changes p. 379 Telework p. 381 Temporary Work p. 383 Monitoring p. 383 Multinational Teams p. 384 Globalization p. 385 Arguments for Globalization p. 385 Arguments against Globalization p. 387 Dot-Com Bust Increases IT Sector Unemployment p. 387 Foreign Workers in the American IT Industry p. 388 Foreign Competition p. 389 The Digital Divide p. 389 Evidence of the Digital Divide p. 390 Models of Technological Diffusion p. 391

10 Critiques of the Digital Divide p. 392 The "Winner-Take-All Society" p. 394 The Winner-Take-All Phenomenon p. 394 Harmful Effects of Winner-Take-All p. 395 Reducing Winner-Take-All Effects p. 397 Access to Public Colleges p. 397 Effects of Tuition Increases p. 397 Ethical Analysis p. 398 Summary p. 401 Review Questions p. 403 Discussion Questions p. 403 In-class Exercises p. 404 Further Reading p. 406 References p. 406 An Interview with Jerry Berman p. 411 Professional Ethics p. 415 Introduction p. 415 Is Software Engineering a Profession? p. 416 Characteristics of a Profession p. 416 Certified Public Accountants p. 417 Software Engineers p. 418 Software Engineering Code of Ethics p. 419 Preamble p. 420 Principles p. 421 Analysis of the Code p. 428 Preamble p. 428 Virtue Ethics p. 429 Alternative List of Fundamental Principles p. 432 Case Studies p. 433 Software Recommendation p. 434 Child Pornography p. 435 Anti-Worm p. 436 Whistleblowing p. 438 Morton Thiokol/NASA p. 439 Hughes Aircraft p. 441 Morality of Whistleblowing p. 443 Summary p. 446 Review Questions p. 448 Discussion Questions p. 449 In-class Exercises p. 450 Further Reading p. 451

11 References p. 451 An Interview with Paul Axtell p. 455 Plagiarism p. 459 Consequences of Plagiarism p. 459 Types of Plagiarism p. 459 Guidelines for Citing Sources p. 460 How to Avoid Plagiarism p. 460 Misuse of Sources p. 460 Additional Information p. 461 References p. 461 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.