2) Software piracy is bad for business. 2) Answer: True False

Transcription

1 Exam Name TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Advances in data storage have made routine violation of individual privacy more difficult. 1) 2) Software piracy is bad for business. 2) 3) Most companies in North America have computer usage policies that tell employees to use only software that has been properly leased or purchased. 4) In today s new economic environment, managers who violate the law and are convicted will most likely spend time in prison. 5) Ethical issues in information systems have been given new urgency by the rise of the Internet and electronic commerce. 3) 4) 5) 6) Ethical, social, and legal or political issues are not linked. 6) 7) The major ethical, social, and political issues raised by information systems include property rights and obligations. 8) The major ethical, social, and political issues raised by information systems include accountability and control. 9) Professionals take on special rights and obligations because of their special claims to knowledge, wisdom, and respect. 10) The major ethical, social, and political issues raised by information systems include informed consent. 11) One of the four key technological trends responsible for ethical stresses is that computing power doubles every 18 months. 12) One of the four key technological trends responsible for ethical stresses is networking advances and the Internet. 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) One of the four key technological trends responsible for ethical stresses are the use of iphones. 13)

2 14) The use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals is called spoofing. 15) Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA) is technology that can find obscure hidden connections between people or other entities by analyzing information from many different sources to correlate relationships. 16) Ethics are principles of right and wrong that can be used by individuals acting as free moral agents to make choices to guide their behaviour. 14) 15) 16) 17) Responsibility is a very minor element of ethical action. 17) 18) Privacy is the right to be left alone when you want to be, without surveillance or interference from other individuals or organizations. 18) 19) Liability extends the concept of responsibility further to the area of laws. 19) 20) Golden Rule Ethical principle states Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. 20) 21) Descartes rule of change categorical imperative is a principle that states that if an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. 22) Risk aversion principle states that one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost. 23) Many companies monitor what their employees are doing on the Internet to prevent them from wasting company resources on nonbusiness activities. 24) The claim to privacy is protected in the Canadian, U.S., and German constitutions in a in exactly the same way and in other countries through various statutes. 25) Right now Quebec, Ontario and Alberta are the only provinces with privacy laws for the private sector that meet European Union standards. 26) In 2000, Parliament passed the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), Canada s modern privacy law. 27) In Europe, privacy protection is much more accommodating than in many non-european countries. 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27)

3 28) A safe harbour is a private, self-regulating policy and enforcement mechanism that meets the objectives of government regulators and legislation but does not involve government regulation or enforcement. 28) 29) Web sites use "cookies" in order to obtain the names and addresses of their visitors. 29) 30) A cookie is a small file containing information about you and your Web activities that is deposited on your hard disk by a Web site. 31) Spyware is software that comes hidden in downloaded applications and can track your online movements. 30) 31) 32) Most Internet businesses do very little to protect the privacy of their customers. 32) 33) P3P encrypts or scrambles or data so that it cannot be read illicitly. 33) 34) Protection for trade secrets is enforced at the federal level. 34) 35) Copyright is the legal protection afforded intellectual property, such as a song, book, or video game. 35) 36) The Copyright Office began registering software programs in the 1990s. 36) 37) The drawback to copyright protection is that the underlying ideas behind the work are not protected, only their manifestation in a product. 38) According to the courts, in the creation of software, unique concepts, general functional features, and even colours are protectable by copyright law. 39) The key concepts in patent law's determination of nonobviousness are originality, novelty, and value. 40) Despite the passage of several laws defining and addressing computer crime, accessing a computer system without authorization is not yet a federal crime. 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) Spam is unsolicited . 41)

4 42) The European Parliament has passed a ban on unsolicited commercial messaging. 42) 43) RSI is unavoidable for a computer keyboard worker. 43) 44) Technostress is a computer-related malady whose symptoms include fatigue. 44) 45) Radiation from computer display screens has been proved to be a factor in CVS. 45) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 46) Information systems 46) A) raise the same ethical questions created by the industrial revolution. B) pose traditional ethical situations in new manners. C) raise new ethical questions. D) raise ethical questions primarily related to information rights and obligations. 47) In today s new legal environment, managers who violate the law and are convicted will most likely A) pay a fine and get probation. B) pay a fine. C) get probation. D) spend time in prison. 48) Doors Inc. has just developed a new software that helps put in state of the art manufacturing techniques into plants. A quick search of the Internet reveals that another company in China already has a copy of their software that has not yet been put on the market. The moral dimension best described by this scenario is A) accountability and control. B) information rights and obligations. C) quality of life D) property rights and obligations. 49) Mary telecommutes with her head office in downtown Toronto. She finds that she is working longer hours at home than she did at the office. Her work day starts as soon as she gets out of bed as she checks her e-mal and responds to it. She is also finding that she stays on the computer long after supper in the evening as she ties up loose ends from the previous day's work. The moral dimension best described by this scenario is A) property rights and obligations. B) accountability and control. C) information rights and obligations. D) quality of life 50) Food Inc. operates a website for their firm. They ask visitors to the website to give information such as name, , address, DOB, etc. Food Inc has found that they can sell this information to outside marketing groups for a lot of money. They are in the process of deciding if they should sell their customers information. The moral dimension best described by this scenario is A) accountability and control. B) property rights and obligations. C) information rights and obligations. D) quality of life 47) 48) 49) 50)

5 51) "Free is Me" is a software company sells software that is a file sharing software. Once downloaded, the software customers can download movies, music, and software programs for free. If these goods were purchased at a store they would cost anywhere from ten dollars to several hundred dollars. This is great way to get all this stuff for free. The moral dimension best described by this scenario is A) property rights and obligations. B) quality of life C) information rights and obligations. D) accountability and control. 52) Mary has found a way to get access to her school's grading database. She determines that she can change her own grades to a higher level without getting caught. She decides not to because she feels she wouldn't want someone to access her information and change things without permission so she won't do that to others. The ethical principle best described by this scenario is A) the golden rule. B) the utilitarian principle. C) the Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. D) the risk aversion principle Answer: A 53) John has found a way to get access to his school's grading database. He determines that he can change his own grades to a higher level without getting caught. He decides not to because he feels this would not be right if everyone did this so it is not right that he alone should do it. The ethical principle best described by this scenario is A) the golden rule. B) the Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. C) the risk aversion principle D) the utilitarian principle. 54) Ben has found a way to get access to his school's grading database. He determines that he can change his own grades to a higher level without getting caught. He decides not to because he feels he needs to choose between earning a grades or a lesser value choice of stealing a grade or getting something for nothing. He will choose the higher value choice and not changing the grade. The ethical principle best described by this scenario is A) the golden rule. B) the risk aversion principle C) the utilitarian principle. D) the Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. 55) Fred has found a way to get access to his school's grading database. He determines that he can change his own grades to a higher level but there is a chance he might get caught. He decides not to change his grade because if he gets caught he will get kicked out of school and not be able to go to college. The ethical principle best described by this scenario is A) the Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. B) the golden rule. C) the risk aversion principle D) the utilitarian principle. 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) Right now is the only province with privacy laws for the private sector that meet Eur opean

6 Union standard s. 56) A) Ontario B) Alberta C) Nova Scotia D) Quebec 57) Barb is buying a book online. They are asking her to give them a large amount of personal information before she is able to buy the book. The book site describes what will happen with the information and they also provide a way for Barb to ask them to collect no more data on her. The principle best described by this scenario is A) liability B) safe harbor C) due process D) informed consent 58) Books Inc. sell books at their website. They have a policy towards their customer privacy of self-regulating. Their policy meets all the government regulation and legislation but does not involve government regulation or enforcement. The principle best described by this scenario is A) informed consent B) liability C) due process D) safe harbor 59) Books Inc. sell books at their website. They have a policy of putting tiny files on their clients computers to track visits to their site. This tiny program can customize the clients next visit to Books Inc. site. This tiny files is a. A) cracker B) cookie C) biscuit D) web bug 60) Orange Computers sell software at their website. They have a policy of putting secret software on their clients computers when they install the actual software which they purchase from Orange Computers. This secret software calls out to other websites to send banner ads and other unsolicited material to the user. This secret software is. A) a web bug B) illegal C) a cookie D) spyware 61) Software is protected from being stolen, replicated and sold by anyone but the owner of the software or those given his permission by what law? A) Canadian property law B) Canadian copyright law C) Canadian patent law D) there is no legal protection 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) The introduction of new information technology has a 62) A) dampening effect on the discourse of business ethics. B) ripple effect raising new ethical, social, and political issues. C) waterfall effect in raising ever more complex ethical issues. D) beneficial effect for society as a whole, while raising dilemmas for consumers. 63) In the information age, the obligations that individuals and organizations have concerning rights to intellectual property fall within the moral dimension of A) accountability and control. B) information rights and obligations. C) property rights and obligations. D) system quality. 63)

7 64) In the information age, the obligations that individuals and organizations have regarding the preservation of existing values and institutions fall within the moral dimension of A) property rights and obligations. B) family and home. C) system quality. D) quality of life. 65) The four key technical trends responsible for current ethical stresses related to information technology are (1) doubling of computer power every 18 months, (2) data analysis advances, (3) declining data storage costs, and (4). A) networking advances and the Internet B) international standards for data protection C) advances in wireless networking D) increased ease in file sharing and copying Answer: A 64) 65) 66) Advances in data storage techniques and rapidly declining storage costs have 66) A) doubled every 18 months. B) made universal access possible. C) been accompanied by relevant federal statutes protecting personal data. D) made routine violations of privacy cheap and effective. 67) The use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals is called A) targeting. B) spamming. C) phishing. D) profiling. 67) 68) NORA is a 68) A) new data analysis technology that finds hidden connections between data in disparate sources. B) profiling technology used by the EU. C) federal privacy law protecting networked data D) sentencing guideline adopted in 1987 mandating stiff sentences on business executives. Answer: A 69) Which of the five moral dimensions of the information age do the central business activities of ChoicePoint raise? A) accountability and control B) information rights and obligations C) property rights and obligations D) system quality 69) 70) Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the decisions you make is referred to as 70) A) due process. B) accountability. C) liability. D) responsibility. 71) The feature of political systems in which a body of laws is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by other actors, systems, or organizations is referred to as A) responsibility. B) due process. C) accountability. D) liability. 71)

8 72) The feature of social institutions that means mechanisms are in place to determine responsibility for an action is called A) the courts of appeal. B) due process. C) the judicial system. D) accountability. 73) The process in law-governed societies in which laws are known and understood and there is an ability to appeal to higher authorities to ensure that the laws are applied correctly is called A) due process. B) accountability. C) the courts of appeal. D) liability. Answer: A 74) Which of the following is not one of the five steps discussed in the chapter as a process for analyzing an ethical issue? A) identify the stakeholders B) identify the options you can reasonably take C) assign responsibility D) identify and clearly describe the facts 75) A colleague of yours frequently takes for his own personal use small amounts of office supplies, noting that the loss to the company is minimal. You counter that if everyone were to take the office supplies, the loss would no longer be minimal. Your rationale expresses which historical ethical principle? A) The "No free lunch" rule B) Kant's Categorical Imperative C) The Golden Rule D) The Risk Aversion Principle 76) A classic ethical dilemma is the hypothetical case of a man stealing from a grocery store in order to feed his starving family. If you used the Utilitarian Principle to evaluate this situation, you might argue that stealing the food is A) wrong, because the man would not want the grocery to steal from him. B) wrong, because if everyone were to do this, the concept of personal property is defeated. C) acceptable, because the higher value is the survival of the family. D) acceptable, because the grocer suffers the least harm. 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative states that 77) A) if an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone to take. B) one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost. C) one can put values in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action. D) if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time. Answer: A 78) The ethical "no free lunch" rule states that 78) A) if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time. B) one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost. C) everything is owned by someone else, and that the creator wants compensation for this work. D) one can put values in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action.

9 79) The ethical rules discussed in the textbook 79) A) do not allow for competing values. B) cannot be guides to actions. C) are based on political philosophies. D) cannot be applied to many e-commerce situations. 80) FIP principles are based on the notion of the 80) A) privacy of the individual. B) accountability of the record holder. C) mutuality of interest between the record holder and the individual. D) responsibility of the record holder. 81) European privacy protection is than in the United States. 81) A) less liable to laws B) less far-reaching C) much less stringent D) much more stringent 82) U.S. businesses are allowed to use personal data from EU countries if they 82) A) have informed consent. B) develop equivalent privacy protection policies. C) make their privacy protection policies publicly available. D) create a safe harbor. 83) When a cookie is created during a Web site visit, it is stored 83) A) on the visitor's computer. B) on the ISP's computer. C) in a Web directory. D) on the Web site computer. Answer: A 84) The Online Privacy Alliance 84) A) has established technical guidelines for ensuring privacy. B) is a government agency regulating the use of customer information. C) protects user privacy during interactions with Web sites. D) encourages self-regulation to develop a set of privacy guidelines for its members. 85) A(n) model of informed consent permits the collection of personal information until the consumer specifically requests that the data not be collected. A) opt-in B) PGP C) opt-out D) P3P 85) 86) P3P stands for 86) A) Platform for Privacy Preferences. B) Privacy for Personal Protection. C) Personal Privacy Protection. D) Personal Privacy Policy. Answer: A 87) The P3P standard is concerned with 87) A) blocking or limiting cookies.

10 B) allowing users to surf the Web anonymously. C) controlling pop-up ads based on user profiles and preventing ads from collecting or sending information. D) scrambling data so that it can't be read. Answer: A 88) The limitation of trade secret protection for software is that it is difficult to prevent the ideas in the work from falling into the public domain when A) the software is widely distributed. B) hackers are able to break into the source code. C) the courts become involved. D) a new version of the software is released. Answer: A 88) 89) Intellectual property can best be described as 89) A) unique creative work or ideas. B) the expression of an intangible idea. C) tangible or intangible property created from a unique idea. D) intangible property created by individuals or corporations. 90) What legal mechanism protects the owners of intellectual property from having their work copied by others? A) patent protection B) intellectual property law C) Fair Use Doctrine D) copyright law 90) 91) "Look and feel" copyright infringement lawsuits are concerned with 91) A) the distinction between tangible and intangible ideas. B) using the creative elements of another product. C) the distinction between an idea and its expression. D) using the graphical elements of another product. 92) The strength of patent protection is that it 92) A) puts the strength of law behind copyright. B) grants a monopoly on underlying concepts and ideas. C) allows protection from Internet theft of ideas put forth publicly. D) is easy to define. 93) One of the difficulties of patent protection is 93) A) that only the underlying ideas are protected. B) the years of waiting to receive it. C) preventing the ideas from falling into public domain. D) digital media cannot be patented. 94) Which of the following adjusts copyright laws to the Internet age by making it illegal to make, distribute, or use devices that circumvent technology-based protections of copyrighted materials? A) Freedom of Information Act B) Digital Millennium Copyright Act 94)

11 C) Privacy Act D) Electronic Communications Privacy Act 95) In general, it is very difficult to hold software producers liable for their software products when those products are considered to be A) services. B) artistic expressions. C) part of a machine. D) similar to books. 95) 96) are not held liable for the messages they transmit. 96) A) Private individuals B) Organizations and businesses C) Regulated common carriers D) Elected officials 97) It is not feasible for companies to produce error-free software because 97) A) any software of any complexity will have errors. B) errors can be introduced in the maintenance stage of development. C) any programming code is susceptible to error. D) it is too expensive create perfect software. 98) The most common source of business system failure is 98) A) data quality. B) hardware or facilities failures. C) software bugs. D) software errors. Answer: A 99) Which of the following is not one of the three principal sources of poor system performance? 99) A) hardware or facility failures caused by natural or other causes. B) insufficient integration with external systems. C) software bugs and errors D) poor input data quality. 100) The "do anything anywhere" computing environment can 100) A) centralize power at corporate headquarters. B) make work environments much more pleasant. C) blur the traditional boundaries between work and family time. D) create economies of efficiency. 101) The practice of spamming has been growing because 101) A) it is good advertising practice and brings in many new customers. B) it helps pay for the Internet. C) telephone solicitation is no longer legal. D) it is so inexpensive and can reach so many people. 102) The U.S. CAN-SPAM Act of ) A) has dramatically cut down spamming. B) does not override state anti-spamming laws. C) requires spammers to identify themselves. D) makes spamming illegal.

12 103) Which of the five moral dimensions of the information age does spamming raise? 103) A) accountability and control B) information rights and obligations C) quality of life D) system quality 104) Re-designing and automating business processes can be seen as a double-edged sword because 104) A) increases in efficiency may be accompanied by poor data quality. B) support for middle-management decision making may be offset by poor data quality. C) reliance on technology results in the loss of hands-on knowledge. D) increases in efficiency may be accompanied by job losses. 105) The term " divide" refers to large disparities in access to computers and the Internet among different social groups and different locations. A) computer B) electronic C) digital D) technology 105) 106) CVS refers to 106) A) carpal vision syndrome. B) wrist injuries brought about by incorrect hand position when using a keyboard. C) eyestrain related to computer display screen use. D) stress induced by technology. 107) can be induced by tens of thousands of repetitions under low-impact loads. 107) A) RSI B) technostress C) CVS D) CTS Answer: A SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 108) The principles of right and wrong that can be used by individuals acting as free moral 108) agents to make choices to guide their behaviour are called. Answer: ethics 109) issues in information systems have been given new urgency by the rise of the Internet and electronic commerce. Answer: Ethical 110) is the use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals. Answer: Profiling 111) is technology that can find obscure hidden connections between people or other entities by analyzing information from many different sources to correlate relationships. Answer: Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA) 109) 110) 111) 112) extends the concept of responsibility further to the area of laws. 112) Answer: Liability 113) The ethical principle that states Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. is the.

13 113) Answer: Golden Rule 114) "If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all " describes the ethical principal of rule of change. escartes 115) Many companies what their employees are doing on the Internet to prevent them from wasting company resources on nonbusiness activities. Answer: monitor 116) The claim to is protected in the Canadian, U.S., and German constitutions in a variety of different ways and in other countries through various statutes. Answer: privacy 117) Every Canadian province and territory has enacted parallel to the federal Privacy Act and the Access to Information Act. Answer: legislation 118) Right now is the only province with privacy laws for the private sector that meet European Union standards. Answer: Quebec 119) In Europe, privacy protection is much more than in many non-european countries. Answer: stringent 120) can be defined as consent given with knowledge of all the facts needed to make a rational decision. Answer: Informed consent 121) A is a private, self-regulating policy and enforcement mechanism that meets the objectives of government regulators and legislation but does not involve government regulation or enforcement. Answer: safe harbour 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 120) 121) 122) The Platform for Privacy Preferences, known as. 122) Answer: P3P 123) property is considered to be intangible property created by individuals or corporations. Answer: Intellectual 124) Information technology has made it difficult to protect intellectual property because computerized information can be so easily copied or distributed on. Answer: networks 125) is a statutory grant that protects creators of intellectual property from having their work copied by others for any purpose for a period of at least 50 years. opyright 123) 124) 125) 126) Copyright law in Canada is one of the principal means of protecting computer in Canada.

14 126) Answer: software 127) The Internet was designed to information freely around the world, including copyrighted information. Answer: transmit 128) services such as Napster, and later Grokster, Kazaa, and Morpheus, sprung up to help users locate and swap digital music files, including those protected by copyright. Answer: File sharing 129) Although software bugs and facility catastrophes are likely to be widely reported in the press, by far the most common source of business system failure is. Answer: data quality 130) The now-more-efficient global marketplace has reduced the normal social buffers that permitted businesses many years to adjust to. Answer: competition 131) The danger to ubiquitous computing, telecommuting, nomad computing, and the do anything anywhere computing environment is that the traditional boundaries that work from family and just plain leisure will be weakened. Answer: separate 132) Internet use, even for entertainment or recreational purposes, takes people away from their family and friends. Answer: Extensive 133) in particular has been on the rise as bullies become more creative in their use of the Internet to humiliate their peers. yberbullying 134) is the commission of illegal acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system. omputer crime 135) has mushroomed because it costs only a few cents to send thousands of messages advertising wares to Internet users. Answer: Spamming 136) The describes large disparities in access to computers and the Internet among different social groups and different locations. Answer: digital divide 137) is a type of RSI in which pressure on the median nerve through the wrist s bony carpal tunnel structure produces pain. Answer: (CTS) Carpal tunnel syndrome 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) 138) refers to any eyestrain condition related to computer display screen use. 138) omputer vision syndrome (CVS) 139) The role of from computer display screens in occupational disease has not been proved.

15 139) Answer: radiation 140) The model of informed consent permitting prohibiting an organization from collecting any personal information unless the individual specifically takes action to approve information collection and use. Answer: opt-in 141) is the commission of acts involving a computer that may not be illegal but are considered unethical. omputer abuse 142) Although some people enjoy the convenience of working at home, the do anything anywhere computing environment can blur the traditional between work and family time. Answer: boundaries 143) The development of information technology will produce for many and costs for others. Answer: benefits 144) The liberties that individuals and organizations have with respect to data pertaining to themselves describe the moral dimension of. Answer: information rights 145) Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the decisions one makes is called. Answer: responsibility 146) refers to the existence of laws that permit individuals to recover damages done to them by other actors, systems, or organizations. Answer: Liability 147) The ethical principle called states that one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost. Answer: the Risk Aversion Principle 148) is permission given with knowledge of all the facts needed to make a rational decision. Answer: Informed consent 149) A(n) is a tiny graphic file embedded in messages and Web pages that is designed to monitor online Internet user behaviour. Answer: web bug 150) The model prohibits an organization from collecting any personal information unless the individual specifically takes action to approve information collection and use. Answer: opt-in 151) A(n) grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years. Answer: patent 140) 141) 142) 143) 144) 145) 146) 147) 148) 149) 150) 151)

16 152) The commission of acts involving the computer that may not be illegal but are considered unethical is called. Answer: computer abuse 152) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 153) List and describe the five moral dimensions that are involved in political, social, and ethical issues. Which do you think will be the most difficult for society to deal with? Support your opinion. Answer: The five moral dimensions are: 1. Information rights and obligations. What rights do individuals and organizations have with respect to information pertaining to them? 2. Property rights. How can intellectual property rights be protected when it is so easy to copy digital materials? 3. Accountability and control. Who will be held accountable and liable for the harm done to individual and collective information and property rights? 4. System quality. What standards of data and system quality should we demand to protect individual rights and the safety of society? 5. Quality of life. What values should be preserved? What institutions must we protect? What cultural values can be harmed? Individual answers for determining the most difficult for society to deal with will vary. One answer might be: Quality of life issues will be most difficult for society to deal with in societies that are comprised of many different cultural and ethnic groups, such as the United States. It is difficult to regulate concerns that are based on subjective values. 154) Discuss at least three key technology trends that raise ethical issues. Give an example of an ethical or moral impact connected to each one. Answer: Key technology trends include the following: (1) Computer power doubling every 18 months: ethical impact - because more organizations depend on computer systems for critical operations, these systems are vulnerable to computer crime and computer abuse; (2) Data storage costs are rapidly declining: ethical impact - it is easy to maintain detailed databases on individuals -- who has access to and control of these databases?; (3) Data analysis advances: ethical impact - vast databases full of individual information may be used to develop detailed profiles of individual behaviour; and (5) Networking advances and the Internet: ethical impact - it is easy to copy data from one location to another. Who owns data? How can ownership be protected? 155) What are the steps in conducting an ethical analysis? Answer: The steps are: (1) Identify and describe clearly the facts; (2) define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order values involved; (3) identify the stakeholders; (4) identify the options that you can reasonably take; and (5) identify the potential consequences of your options. 156) List and define the six ethical principles discussed in your text. Answer: The six ethical principles are the Golden Rule, Kant's Categorical Imperative, Descartes' rule of change (slippery slope), the Utilitarian Principle, the Risk Aversion Principle, and the "no free lunch" rule. The Golden Rule proposes: do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative proposes, if an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. Descartes' rule of change says: If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. The Utilitarian Principle is: Take the action that achieves the higher or greater value. The Risk Aversion Principle is: Take the action that produces the least harm or the least potential cost. The ethical no free lunch rule says: Assume that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise.tangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise.

17 157) Do you believe that professional groups should be allowed to assign their own professional codes of conduct and police themselves from within? Why or why not? Answer: This is an opinion question, but anyone who aspires to management will consider himself or herself a professional and will need to have a clear understanding as to how he or she feels about this matter. With the recent scandals in large business firms, which have devastated our economy, there is likely to be a cry for legally sanctioned codes and outside regulatory agencies. 158) What are the major issues concerning privacy in the information age? Do you believe the need for a country's security should overrule some of the personal privacy and information rights we have previously taken for granted? Why or why not? Answer: One answer might be that we should depend upon the Fair Information Practice Principles and that as long as these principles are not ignored or overset, personal privacy does not conflict with homeland security. This is a weak argument. Other issues involve online privacy, employee monitoring, tradeoffs between security and privacy and good business results versus privacy. 159) How does a cookie work? Answer: A cookie works as follows: A user opens a Web browser and selects a site to visit. The user's computer sends a request for information to the computer running at the Web site. The Web site computer is called the server, since it allows the user's computer to display the Web site. At the same time it sends a cookie a data file containing information like an encrypted user ID and information about when the user visited and what he did on the site. The user's computer receives the cookie and places it in a file on the hard drive. Whenever the user goes back to the Web site, the server running the site retrieves the cookie to help identify the user. 160) Define the basic concepts of responsibility, accountability, and liability as applied to ethical decisions. How are these concepts related? Answer: Responsibility is the first key element of ethical action. Responsibility means that an individual, group, or organization accepts the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions made. Accountability is a feature of systems and social institutions. It means that mechanisms are in place to determine who took responsible action; i.e., who is responsible for the action. Liability is a feature of political systems in which a body of law is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by others. These concepts are related as follows: I will assume the blame or benefit for the actions I take (responsibility); this blame or benefit accrues to me through the requirement that I be able to explain why I have taken the actions I have (accountability) for actions traceable to me by defined mechanisms in the organization, and if those actions result in hard to another, I will be held by law to reparations for those actions (liability). 161) What do you consider to be the primary ethical, social, and political issues regarding information system quality? Answer: The central quality-related ethical issue that information systems raise is at what point should I release software or services for consumption by others? At what point can I conclude that my software or service achieves an economically and technologically adequate level of quality? What am I obligated to know about the quality of my software, its procedures for testing, and its operational characteristics? The leading quality-related social issue deals with expectations: As a society, do we want to encourage people to believe that systems are infallible, that data errors are impossible? By heightening awareness of system failure, do we inhibit the development of all systems, which in the end contribute to social well-being? The leading quality-related political issue concerns the laws of responsibility and accountability, what they should be, and how they should be applied. 162) How does the use of electronic voting machines act as a "double-edged sword?" What moral dimensions are raised by this use of information technology?

18 Answer: Electronic voting machines can be seen as beneficial by making voting easy to accomplish and tabulate. However, it may be easier to tamper with electronic voting machines than with countable paper ballots. In terms of information rights, it seems possible that methods could be set up to determine how an individual has voted and to store and disseminate this knowledge. Manufacturers of voting machines claim property rights to the voting software, which means that if the software is protected from inspection, there is no regulation in how the software operates or how accurate it is. In terms of accountability and control, if an electronic voting system malfunctions, will it be the responsibility of the government, of the company manufacturing the machines or software, or the programmers who programmed the software? The dimension of system quality raises questions of how the level of accuracy of the machines is to be judged and what level is acceptable? In terms of quality of life, while it may make voting easier and quicker, does the vulnerability to abuse of these systems pose a threat to the democratic principle of one person, one vote? 163) What is spyware? Do you think it should be illegal? Answer: Spyware is a technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. Should it be illegal -- you will get various answers for this questions. Some may feel that it is a legitimate business model for companies to collect information to better serve their customers or to lower the price of another product in which spyware is bundled. Others may feel that it is a total invasion of privacy and has the strong potential to be used for nefarious purposes. 164) What is technostress? What are the best ways in which firms can protect their employees from getting technostress? Answer: You will get various answers of ways in which to combat technostress. Technostress is stress induced by computer use; symptoms include aggravation, hostility toward humans, impatience, and enervation Perhaps firms first need to recognize the problems caused by technostress. Firms then should put policies in place which reduce the technostress such as job rotation, mandatory breaks, rules for maxim time on computer in a week etc 165) Your workplace is considering implementing major changes in their IS infrastructures. This will cause radical change in the business processes of the firm. Many tasks and jobs will change. What would you advise you firm are the benefits and costs of considering such changes? Answer: Re-engineering work is typically hailed in the information systems community as a major benefit of new information technology. It is much less frequently noted that redesigning business processes could potentially cause middle-level managers and clerical workers to lose their jobs. One economist has raised the possibility that we will create a society run by a small high tech elite of corporate professionals... in a nation of the permanently unemployed. Other economists are much more sanguine about the potential job losses. They believe relieving bright, educated workers from re-engineered jobs will result in these workers moving to better jobs in fast-growth industries. Missing from this equation are unskilled, blue-collar workers and older, less well-educated middle managers. It is not clear that these groups can be retrained easily for high-quality (high-paying) jobs. Careful planning and sensitivity to employee needs can help companies redesign work to minimize job losses.

19 1) FALSE 2) TRUE 3) TRUE 4) FALSE 5) TRUE 6) FALSE 7) TRUE 8) TRUE 9) TRUE 10) FALSE 11) TRUE 12) TRUE 13) FALSE 14) FALSE 15) TRUE 16) TRUE 17) FALSE 18) TRUE 19) TRUE 20) TRUE 21) FALSE 22) TRUE 23) TRUE 24) FALSE 25) FALSE 26) TRUE 27) FALSE 28) TRUE 29) FALSE 30) TRUE 31) TRUE 32) TRUE 33) FALSE 34) FALSE 35) TRUE 36) FALSE 37) TRUE 38) FALSE 39) FALSE 40) FALSE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) TRUE 45) FALSE 46) C 47) D 48) D 49) D 50) C 51) C

20 52) A 53) B 54) C 55) C 56) D 57) D 58) D 59) B 60) D 61) B 62) B 63) C 64) D 65) A 66) D 67) D 68) A 69) B 70) D 71) D 72) D 73) A 74) C 75) B 76) C 77) A 78) C 79) B 80) C 81) D 82) B 83) A 84) D 85) C 86) A 87) A 88) A 89) D 90) D 91) C 92) B 93) B 94) B 95) D 96) C 97) D 98) A 99) B 100) C 101) D 102) C 103) C

21 104) D 105) C 106) C 107) A 108) ethics 109) Ethical 110) Profiling 111) Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA) 112) Liability 113) Golden Rule 114) Descartes 115) monitor 116) privacy 117) legislation 118) Quebec 119) stringent 120) Informed consent 121) safe harbour 122) P3P 123) Intellectual 124) networks 125) Copyright 126) software 127) transmit 128) File sharing 129) data quality 130) competition 131) separate 132) Extensive 133) Cyberbullying 134) Computer crime 135) Spamming 136) digital divide 137) (CTS) Carpal tunnel syndrome 138) Computer vision syndrome (CVS) 139) radiation 140) opt-in 141) Computer abuse 142) boundaries 143) benefits 144) information rights 145) responsibility 146) Liability 147) the Risk Aversion Principle 148) Informed consent 149) web bug 150) opt-in 151) patent 152) computer abuse 153) The five moral dimensions are: 1. Information rights and obligations. What rights do individuals and organizations have with respect to information pertaining to them?

22 2. erty rights be protected when it is so easy to copy digital materials? Prop 3. Accountability and control. Who will be held accountable and liable for the harm done to individual and erty collective information and property rights? right 4. System quality. What standards of data and system quality should we demand to protect individual rights and s. the safety of society? How 5. Quality of life. What values should be preserved? What institutions must we protect? What cultural values can can be harmed? intell Individual answers for determining the most difficult for society to deal with will vary. One answer might be: ectua Quality of life issues will be most difficult for society to deal with in societies that are comprised of many different l cultural and ethnic groups, such as the United States. It is difficult to regulate concerns that are based on subjective prop values. 154) Key technology trends include the following: (1) Computer power doubling every 18 months: ethical impact - because more organizations depend on computer systems for critical operations, these systems are vulnerable to computer crime and computer abuse; (2) Data storage costs are rapidly declining: ethical impact - it is easy to maintain detailed databases on individuals -- who has access to and control of these databases?; (3) Data analysis advances: ethical impact - vast databases full of individual information may be used to develop detailed profiles of individual behaviour; and (5) Networking advances and the Internet: ethical impact - it is easy to copy data from one location to another. Who owns data? How can ownership be protected? 155) The steps are: (1) Identify and describe clearly the facts; (2) define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order values involved; (3) identify the stakeholders; (4) identify the options that you can reasonably take; and (5) identify the potential consequences of your options. 156) The six ethical principles are the Golden Rule, Kant's Categorical Imperative, Descartes' rule of change (slippery slope), the Utilitarian Principle, the Risk Aversion Principle, and the "no free lunch" rule. The Golden Rule proposes: do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative proposes, if an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. Descartes' rule of change says: If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. The Utilitarian Principle is: Take the action that achieves the higher or greater value. The Risk Aversion Principle is: Take the action that produces the least harm or the least potential cost. The ethical no free lunch rule says: Assume that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise.tangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise. 157) This is an opinion question, but anyone who aspires to management will consider himself or herself a professional and will need to have a clear understanding as to how he or she feels about this matter. With the recent scandals in large business firms, which have devastated our economy, there is likely to be a cry for legally sanctioned codes and outside regulatory agencies. 158) One answer might be that we should depend upon the Fair Information Practice Principles and that as long as these principles are not ignored or overset, personal privacy does not conflict with homeland security. This is a weak argument. Other issues involve online privacy, employee monitoring, tradeoffs between security and privacy and good business results versus privacy. 159) A cookie works as follows: A user opens a Web browser and selects a site to visit. The user's computer sends a request for information to the computer running at the Web site. The Web site computer is called the server, since it allows the user's computer to display the Web site. At the same time it sends a cookie a data file containing information like an encrypted user ID and information about when the user visited and what he did on the site. The user's computer receives the cookie and places it in a file on the hard drive. Whenever the user goes back to the Web site, the server running the site retrieves the cookie to help identify the user. 160) Responsibility is the first key element of ethical action. Responsibility means that an individual, group, or organization accepts the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions made. Accountability is a feature of systems and social institutions. It means that mechanisms are in place to determine who took responsible action; i.e., who is responsible for the action. Liability is a feature of political systems in which a body of law is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by others. These concepts are related as follows: I will assume the blame or benefit for the actions I take (responsibility); this blame or benefit accrues to me through the requirement that I be able to explain why I have taken the actions I have (accountability) for actions traceable to me by defined mechanisms in the organization, and if those actions result in

23 hard to another, I will be held by law to reparations for those actions (liability). 161) The central quality-related ethical issue that information systems raise is at what point should I release software or services for consumption by others? At what point can I conclude that my software or service achieves an economically and technologically adequate level of quality? What am I obligated to know about the quality of my software, its procedures for testing, and its operational characteristics? The leading quality-related social issue deals with expectations: As a society, do we want to encourage people to believe that systems are infallible, that data errors are impossible? By heightening awareness of system failure, do we inhibit the development of all systems, which in the end contribute to social well-being? The leading quality-related political issue concerns the laws of responsibility and accountability, what they should be, and how they should be applied. 162) Electronic voting machines can be seen as beneficial by making voting easy to accomplish and tabulate. However, it may be easier to tamper with electronic voting machines than with countable paper ballots. In terms of information rights, it seems possible that methods could be set up to determine how an individual has voted and to store and disseminate this knowledge. Manufacturers of voting machines claim property rights to the voting software, which means that if the software is protected from inspection, there is no regulation in how the software operates or how accurate it is. In terms of accountability and control, if an electronic voting system malfunctions, will it be the responsibility of the government, of the company manufacturing the machines or software, or the programmers who programmed the software? The dimension of system quality raises questions of how the level of accuracy of the machines is to be judged and what level is acceptable? In terms of quality of life, while it may make voting easier and quicker, does the vulnerability to abuse of these systems pose a threat to the democratic principle of one person, one vote? 163) Spyware is a technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. Should it be illegal -- you will get various answers for this questions. Some may feel that it is a legitimate business model for companies to collect information to better serve their customers or to lower the price of another product in which spyware is bundled. Others may feel that it is a total invasion of privacy and has the strong potential to be used for nefarious purposes. 164) You will get various answers of ways in which to combat technostress. Technostress is stress induced by computer use; symptoms include aggravation, hostility toward humans, impatience, and enervation Perhaps firms first need to recognize the problems caused by technostress. Firms then should put policies in place which reduce the technostress such as job rotation, mandatory breaks, rules for maxim time on computer in a week etc 165) Re-engineering work is typically hailed in the information systems community as a major benefit of new information technology. It is much less frequently noted that redesigning business processes could potentially cause middle-level managers and clerical workers to lose their jobs. One economist has raised the possibility that we will create a society run by a small high tech elite of corporate professionals... in a nation of the permanently unemployed. Other economists are much more sanguine about the potential job losses. They believe relieving bright, educated workers from re-engineered jobs will result in these workers moving to better jobs in fast-growth industries. Missing from this equation are unskilled, blue-collar workers and older, less well-educated middle managers. It is not clear that these groups can be retrained easily for high-quality (high-paying) jobs. Careful planning and sensitivity to employee needs can help companies redesign work to minimize job losses.