ArcticNet Science for Sustainable Communities and National and Global Policy and Decision Making
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1 ArcticNet Science for Sustainable Communities and National and Global Policy and Decision Making David Hik (Alberta), Chris Furgal (Trent), Stephanie Meakin (ICC Canada), Scot Nickels (ITK) and Meghan Buckham (Trent), Noor Johnson (McGill), Rachel Hirsch (York) and our other collaborators
2 Overall Objective: Identify critical policy connections or decision making relationships through which ArcticNet may best be able to fulfill its objectives of contributing to the development and dissemination of the knowledge needed to formulate adaptation strategies and local, regional, national and international policies to help Canadians face the impacts and opportunities of climate change and globalization in the Arctic. (ArcticNet Strategic Vision, 2006)
3 More specifically: to better understand and predict where science outcomes may have greatest impact and influence on the Arctic policy landscape at different levels in relation to climate change and adaptation. How is public policy informed by scientific and/or Indigenous knowledge, particularly when knowledge is conveyed in the form of synthesis tools such as integrated assessments or through the lens of knowledge translation tools, such as ArcticNet s Integrated Regional Impact Studies (IRIS)? What is the current policy and decision making context in which ArcticNet exists and how can ArcticNet best provide recommendations for future knowledge translation activities?
4 The outcomes of the project will help ArcticNet to become increasingly effective in knowledge translation and application
5 The outcomes of the project will help ArcticNet to become increasingly effective in knowledge translation and application Needs of People Northern Residents Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO
6 ANSWER EXISTS Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST QUERY KNOWLEDGE BASE?
7 ANSWER EXISTS Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST QUERY KNOWLEDGE BASE
8 Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST QUERY KNOWLEDGE New knowledge is required
9 Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST QUERY KNOWLEDGE New knowledge is required Define the question Identify resource requirement $$ People (researcher, students, technical)
10 Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST QUERY KNOWLEDGE Develop and Implement Project New knowledge is required Define the question Identify resource requirement $$ People (researcher, students, technical)
11 Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST QUERY KNOWLEDGE New knowledge is required Expertise & Capacity Recruitment Partners Training (ongoing) Infrastructure (hard/soft) Mentorship Rewards Develop and Implement Project Define the question Identify resource requirement $$ People (researcher, students, technical)
12 Communication Expertise & Capacity Interim reporting Redefining questions and needs Influencing the decision making processes Recruitment Partners Training (ongoing) Infrastructure (hard/soft) Mentorship Rewards Needs of People Ask a Question QUERY KNOWLEDGE Develop and Implement Project Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST New knowledge is required Define the question Identify resource requirement $$ People (researcher, students, technical)
13 ANSWER EXISTS Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST Communication Expertise & Capacity Interim reporting Redefining questions and needs Influencing the decision making processes Recruitment Partners Training (ongoing) Infrastructure (hard/soft) Mentorship Rewards QUERY KNOWLEDGE Develop and Implement Project New knowledge is required Define the question Identify resource requirement $$ People (researcher, students, technical)
14 Answers will: Fulfill needs Raise new questions Shape policy ANSWER EXISTS Needs of People Ask a Question Northerners Indigenous Peoples Government (scientists and decision makers) federal, territorial, local aboriginal international Private Sector Academics NGO ANSWER DOES NOT EXIST Communication Expertise & Capacity Interim reporting Redefining questions and needs Influencing the decision making processes Recruitment Partners Training (ongoing) Infrastructure (hard/soft) Mentorship Rewards QUERY KNOWLEDGE Develop and Implement Project New knowledge is required Define the question Identify resource requirement $$ People (researcher, students, technical) Science and Research Life Cycle: All of the linkages need to be intact
15 Initial Approach: Case studies 1. Assessment of the current and potential impact of ArcticNet (and broader Arctic) science (including local and Indigenous knowledge documentation) for informing policy development through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the documents linking science outcomes to policy development and orientation. Particular attention will be paid to how the science and policy questions have been framed by researchers, policy makers, northerners and Indigenous organizations, media and other users science. 2. Identify information needs of northern decision makers and leaders to assist in the development of policies, strategies and approaches to Arctic regional, or national decision making on climate change issues. 3. Describe key Arctic climate related policy issues and current Arctic policies relevant to these issues to determine what gaps exist in current policies and in the available scientific information relevant to such policies.
16 Sources of data and approach: Work conducted during Phase I (Project 4.7) of ArcticNet; Participation in ongoing IRIS process(es); Literature review and analysis; Focal interviews with key informants; Workshops; Discourse analysis of semi structured interviews to develop metrics or indicators of response between science and policy / decision making; Metrics and indicators to examine source documentation (scientific publications, newspaper articles, media press releases from all stakeholders, Parliamentary Hansard transcripts, etc) to identify the influence of various actors and sources of information in the communication of ArcticNet and other key Arctic science; Analysis of key text materials to identify cases when are strongly influenced by specific documentation.
17 Systematic Review of Science Policy Models and Survey on Factors Influencing Science Policy Process Systematic collection and review of science policy literature for climate and other issues Identification and review of common elements of science policy analysis frameworks and processes Identification of key factors influencing science policy translation process Inclusion of key factors in interviews with science policy actors in the circumpolar north at various levels of decision making re: factors and processes in science policy interface Identification of critical factors, case examples, and recommendations for science policy translation and uptake
18 A need to more effectively bridge the gap between science and policy gap is well recognized WEAK INTEGRATION scientific knowledge envelope STRONG INTEGRATION policy decision space Need to bring researchers and policy makers together early and often. But what works best? Scientific knowledge envelope = policy decision space
19 Model for co production of science and policy through integrative science (Lemos and Moorehouse, 2005) iteractivity
20 Indicators of usefulness of research for a decision arena (Jones et al., 1999)
21 What are the characteristics of a robust Science Policy linkage? Objectives Policy Formulation Policy Cycle Decision/Budget Evaluation Implementation Data analysis and reporting Data Cycle Determination of data needs Data collection Adapted from Linking Indicator Information to the Policy Process for Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned from Relevant International Examples The Strategic Information Integration Directorate, Environment Canada (2007)
22 Policy Formulation Objectives Decision/Budget Policy Cycle Enhance direct links between researchers and policy makers Evaluation Presentation to policy makers Updating, modeling and forecasting Indicator Cycle Implementation Indicator development and refinement Data analysis and reporting Data Cycle Determination of data needs Data collection Adapted from Linking Indicator Information to the Policy Process for Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned from Relevant International Examples The Strategic Information Integration Directorate, Environment Canada (2007)
23 Policy and Knowledge Given the distributed nature of knowledge, policy making is more complex and needs better evidence; What tools provide a measure of the policy and/or social benefits arising from innovative research? Recognize that there are critical gaps in publicly available data, incompatibility between databases and analysis tools, and the difficulty of including measures of traditional knowledge sources.
24 Linear Thinking
25 New Innovation Models emerging set of practices in which emphasis is put on managing partnerships within networks based on understanding that innovation cannot be planed but is often serendipitous; circular and complex knowledge models; recognition that no one entity can itself do most of the research; emphasis placed on defining benefits to society.
26 Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) facilitate networking, research excellence, and application of network funded research what is the degree of collaboration both nationally and internationally? What patterns best explain collaboration? institutional affiliation rather than geography? research quality (average number of citations) rather than quantity (number of publications)? research area; seniority? connections with northern partners?
27 Methodologies Bibliometrics/Scientometrics: 1. Collaboration Networks 2. Author Citation Networks: intellectual structure of a discipline 3. Citation Trails: track or identify seminal research publications, technologies, or policy. 4. Geographic Information Systems: track tacit knowledge flows 5. Lexicographic Analyses: flow of text between documents by tracing keywords, phrases or concepts through different forms of documents originating from different sets of actors. 6. Statistical Modeling
28 Visualization of international collaboration of stem cell network researchers Bubela et al. 2010
29 Visualization of co authorship Network From Bubela et al CSC
30 Many examples of Arctic policy, planning and related documents that make use of research results: Canada s Northern Strategy, Canada s Northern Foreign policy, and federal departmental positions on Arctic issues; Territorial and provincial research and adaptation / planning agendas; ITK and regional policy documents such as Building Inuit Nunaat: The Inuit Action Plan, ITK s proposal for a Northern Strategy, and Identifying Canada s global science advantage in addressing the grand challenges facing the Canadian Arctic : An Inuit perspective (May 2008); ICC's Utqiaġvik Declaration and ICC s Principles and Elements for a Comprehensive Arctic Policy; ICARP II, Arctic Council Assessments, SAON, ACIA, IPCC recommendations and others.
31 For Example: Climate Change Adaptation Strategies but how did the science and local knowledge feed into these plans?
32 The Role of Inuit Knowledge in Environmental Policy Development in Nunatsiavut Meghan Buckham, Trent University Chris Furgal, Trent University Tom Sheldon, Nunatsiavut Government PURPOSE OBJECTIVES Traditional Knowledge/Indigenous Knowledge (TK/IK) has been recognized by policy makers as useful in the development of environmental policies and programs There is still a lack of understanding and very few examples of how TK/IK can be effectively incorporated into environmental policy The purpose of this research is to explore the influence of TK/IK on environmental policy development in Canada Case Study: the development of environmental protection legislation and associated policies in Nunatsiavut Labrador Inuit Lands To gain a better understanding of: the policies and procedures that strengthen and/or challenge the incorporation of TK/IK into environmental policy the tools and strategies that Indigenous peoples can employ to effectively meet their environmental policy goals; where scientific and TK/IK interests converge and diverge on environmental policy issues; the role of knowledge and the knowledge transfer process between conventional science and TK/IK communities in policy development Funded by:
33 PROGRESS TO DATE Field Trip in July 2010 to build contacts, collect government/strategic documents, and sift through archives at Torngasok Cultural Centre and O.K. Radio Society September 20 24, 2010: Attended and observed Nunatsiavut Government Executive Council Meeting in Nain, Nunatsiavut October 4 7, 2010: Attended and observed Nunatsiavut Government Assembly Meeting in Hopedale, Nunatsiavut (Introduction of EPA) TIME SCHEDULE Data Collection Trip anticipated for Jan/2011 focus group interviews with Inuit Elders and Knowledge Holders semi directive interviews with individuals involved with environmental policy development in the region (over the last 15 years) M.A. Thesis to be completed by Fall 2011 Government report and presentation to be made Fall 2011 Currently conducting a literature review and analysis of research that addresses the role of TK/IK in policy development across jurisdictions and policy areas
34 GNWT Science Agenda (2009): Policy needs led process Cross cutting themes: Technology integration and use Traditional knowledge integration Climate Change
35 Integrated Regional Impacts Studies: Science outcomes led process Integrated Regional Impact Studies (IRISes) are dedicated to the consequences of change on the society and ecosystems in the coastal Canadian High Arctic, Eastern Arctic and Hudson Bay. An IRIS will summarize and combine knowledge and models of relevant aspects of the ecosystems of a region affected by change, with the objective of producing a prognosis of the magnitude and socio economic costs of the impacts of change.
36 Opportunity for understanding the Convergence of Perspectives Science perspective Permafrost Vegetation change Caribou population dynamics Hydrology Carbon budget etc Northern government perspective Resource extraction Tourism Hunting/outfitting Fishing Mining footprints Energy Community infrastructure etc
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41 How are multiple ways of knowing about climate change related food (in)security in Nunavut translated from research to policy? Rachel Hirsch, FES, York University, Toronto Gwen Healey, Qaujigiartiit Health Research Centre, Iqaluit 1. Develop a tool, with local/regional partners, based on social network and narrative analysis for tracking the exchange of different types of knowledge. 2. Collaborate with one community research group in Nunavut funded by the FNIHB HC who would like to track their findings on climate change and food security.
42 Scientific How to know about the state of the Arctic (i.e., resiliency/vulnerability)? Local Indigenous State of the Arctic Knowledge Other Policy Actions Community Health and Well being
43 Actor and Institutional Networks in Climate Knowledge and Policy Noor Johnson, McGill University, Department of Anthropology Explores the social context of climate knowledge production by examining the relationships among individual actors and institutions at different levels of scale. Conclusion: Science and IQ is most successful at the local level if it generates multiple outcomes (see Noor s poster for more details)
44 Our Overall Objective: Identify critical policy connections or decision making relationships through which ArcticNet may best be able to fulfill its objectives of contributing to the development and dissemination of the knowledge needed to formulate adaptation strategies and local, regional, national and international policies to help Canadians face the impacts and opportunities of climate change and globalization in the Arctic. (ArcticNet Strategic Vision, 2006)
45 ArcticNet Science for Sustainable Communities and National and Global Policy and Decision Making David Hik (Alberta), Chris Furgal (Trent), Stephanie Meakin (ICC Canada), Scot Nickels (ITK) and Meghan Buckham (Trent), Noor Johnson (McGill), Rachel Hirsch (York) and our other collaborators
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