About the Authors Shulamit Almog Bibi van den Berg Niels van Dijk

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1 About the Authors Shulamit Almog is a Professor of Law at the University of Haifa. Her research focuses on law and culture, law and literature, law and film and on children s rights. She has published numerous books and articles in US, Canadian, European and Israeli law reviews. Alongside her academic work, she is appearing before the Israeli Knesset, drafting sections of Israel s report to the UN on the International Convention on Children s Rights, and participating in the committee reforming Israel s Adoption Law and in the committee endowing national award for combating trafficking in persons. She is also a member of the Israeli Press Council Presidency. Bibi van den Berg has an M.A. and a Ph.D. in philosophy, both obtained from Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands. She specialises in philosophy of technology and philosophical anthropology. After completing her PhD Bibi had a postdoc position at the Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society (TILT) of Tilburg University in the Netherlands. Currently, Bibi holds a position as an assistant professor at elaw, the Centre for Law in the Information Society at Leiden University s Law School. Her research interests include (1) the regulatory effects of technologies, (2) social, legal and ethical issues in the deployment of autonomous technologies and robots, and (3) identity and privacy in online worlds. Niels van Dijk obtained a LL.M. in law and an M.A. in philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. He works as a Ph.D. researcher at the Free University of Brussels within the research project Law and Autonomic Computing: A mutual transformation process. He is currently finishing his Ph.D. thesis Grounds of the Immaterial. A Transversal Approach of a Legal Philosophy in Intellectual Rights, which is concerned with devising new empirical approaches to the theory and practice of intellectual rights and an analysis of the consequences for some of its crucial concepts. M. Hildebrandt and J. Gaakeer (eds.), Human Law and Computer Law: Comparative Perspectives, Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 25, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

2 196 About the Authors Massimo Durante is Researcher in Philosophy of Law at the Department of Law of the University of Turin and holds a Ph.D. in History of Philosophy at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Paris IV Sorbonne. His main fields of research are: Philosophy of Law, Legal Informatics and Ethics. Author of several books, he has widely published articles in Italian, English and French. He has recently edited, with Ugo Pagallo, the book: Manuale di informatica giuridica e diritto delle nuove tecnologie, Utet, Torino, Jeanne Gaakeer is endowed professor of legal theory and associate professor of jurisprudence at Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The focus of her research is on interdisciplinary developments in law and legal theory, more specifically on Law and Literature and Law and the Humanities, and their relevance to legal practice. She is co-founder, with Greta Olson (Giessen University), of the European Network for Law and Literature (www. eurnll.org). She also serves as a justice in the criminal law section of the Appellate Court of The Hague. Mireille Hildebrandt holds the Chair of Smart Environments, Data Protection and the Rule of Law at the Institute of Computing and Information Sciences (icis), Radboud University Nijmegen. She is Associate Professor of Jurisprudence at the Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam and Senior Researcher at the centre for Law, Science, Technology and Society, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. She works on the nexus of philosophy of law and philosophy of technology, combining research in positive law on privacy, data protection, liability, intellectual property, cybercrime and legal personhood for non-human agents with research into the normative impact of smart environments on the foundations and assumptions of the law. Ronald E. Leenes is full professor in regulation by technology at the Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (Tilburg University). His primary research interests are regulation by (and of) technology, specifically related to privacy and identity management. He leads different research teams in the field of privacyenhancing identity management and Online Dispute Resolution. He is also involved in research in ID fraud, biometrics and e-government. Ronald has extensive research experience in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Law, E-Government and since he joined TILT, technology (primarily ICTs) and law. Since 2012, Ronald is academic director of the Privacy & Identity lab (PI.lab), a joint venture of Tilburg University, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, TNO, and SIDN. Ugo Pagallo is Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Turin, Law School, since 2000, faculty at the Center for Transnational Legal Studies (CTLS) in London and faculty fellow at the NEXA Center for Internet and Society at the Politecnico of Turin. Chief editor of the Digitalica series published by Giappichelli in Turin and co-editor of the AICOL series by Springer, his main interests are AI & law, network theory, robotics and information technology law (specially data protection law and copyright).

3 About the Authors 197 Katja de Vries is a Ph.D. student at the Centre for Law, Science, Technology, and Society (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). Her research is focused on the collisions and interactions between legal and technological modes of thinking. More in particular she studies the differences and continuities between the role of probabilistic equality and rationality in the construction of machine learning/data mining algorithms and in the legal protection granted through the semantics of privacy, data protection and antidiscrimination law. De Vries obtained four masters degrees (Civil Law, Cognitive Psychology and Philosophy at Leiden University; Magister Juris at Oxford University).

4 Index A AA. See Artificial agents (AA) Accountability, 37 39, 41, 49 51, 53, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 168, 190 Affordances, 2, 3, 5, 14, 15, 17, 19, 70 76, 131, 160, 162, , 174, 175, 177 constraining, 73, 131, 160, 162, , 174, 175, 177 Agency, 7, 18, 19, 36 42, 51, 52, 57, 59, 61 63, 78, 91, 92, 189 AI. See Artificial intelligence (AI) Androids, 4, 54, 182, , 189, 191, 192 Anthropomorphism, 20, 69, 78 81, 83 Arti fi cial agents (AA), 4, 17 19, 36, 40, 52, 55, 56, 58 62, 166, 185 Arti fi cial intelligence (AI), 4, 17 19, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34 36, 42, 49 51, 53, 58 60, 62, 63, 80, 126, 164, 191 Artificial legal subjects, Attachment, 33, 56, 104, , , 115, 116 Auster, P.B., 7, 131, , 178 Austin, J.L., 93, 101, 104, 107 Autonomy, 4, 17, 39, 40, 43, 49, 51, 52, 59 62, 91, 131, 136, 137, 139, 142, 147, 150, 151, 154, 161, 164, 166, 173, 192 Awareness, 20, 27, 41, 71, 74, 75, 80, 81, 138, 141, 191, 192 B Blade Runner, 7, 131, 132, Blade Runner Director s Cut, 182 Bleak House, 91 Brain digital, 2, 154 reading, 2, 32 Brownsword, R., 68, 90 92, 113 C Captology, 71, 72, 74 Clef de lecture, Code as law, 6, 7, 13, 17 21, 47 49, 51, 61, 62, 92, 127, 128 region, 19, 68, 69, 83 Cogito, 188 Cognition, 2, 4, 14, 25, 30, 34 36, 41, 53, 61, 129, 142, 164, 177, 187 Computational, 3 6, 16, 17, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 42, 126, 165, The Concept of Law, 20, 91, 93, , 106, 107, 112 Constraining affordances, 73, 131, 160, 162, , 174, 175, 177 Constructionism, 162, 165, Contracts, 4, 19, 36, 38, 42, 49, 53, 54, 56 62, 93, 95, 104, 137, 145, 150 Control, 14, 16, 40, 41, 58, 74, 84, 96, 106, 126, 131, , 176, 183 Corporations, 37 41, 43, 59, 60, 93, 182, 183, 186, 190 Corpus Delicti, 7, 131, 143, 144, Council of State, 99, , 110 Culture popular, 181 representation, 25, 129, 154, 187 Cyborgs, 17, 184 M. Hildebrandt and J. Gaakeer (eds.), Human Law and Computer Law: Comparative Perspectives, Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 25, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

5 200 D Data, 4, 28 30, 34, 35, 39, 55, 57, 60, , , 142, 144, 149, 150, 153, , , data-intensive paradigm, 165, 178 Deep Blue, 18, 26 30, 37 Deleuze, G., 111, 131, 151 Demarcation, 90, 95, 97, , , 111 Design choices, 68, 74, 141 Dewey, J., 18, 37 39, 43 Dickens, C.J.H., 91 Digital habitat, Disciplinary society, 131, 151 Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, 182, 184, 186 DVD industry, 68, 83 E Eisenstein, E., 94, 96 ELIZA, Embodiment, 34 36, 90, 161 Embryo planning, 193 Emotion, 4, 34 36, 42, 51, 61, 69, 78 80, 127, 183, 184 Enunciation legal trajectory of, mode of, 106, 107, 114, 118 regime of, 96, , Epistemology, 34, 127, 129, 130, 136, , 146, 148, , 162, 165, 167 Ethnography, 95, 99, , 114 F Facts, 4 7, 15, 16, 20, 27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 48, 50, 54, 59 63, 69, 70, 74, 78 80, 82, 93, , 110, 127, , 143, 146, 150, 154, 164, 168, , 189 institutional, 93, 100, 110, 138 Felicity, , 112, 118 conditions of, , 112, 118 Files, 20, 21, 96, 97, , 114, 115, 128, 130, 144, 149, 164 Frankenstein, 126, 184, 187, 188, 190 G Gaakeer, J., 34, 48, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 135, 140 Galatea 2.2, 7, 18, Genetic engineering, 184 inferiority, 193 Greimas, A.J., 20, 21, 103 Gutwirth, S., 29, 92, 103, 104, 113, 136, 164 H Hart, H.L.A., 20, 90, 91, 93, 95, , 106, 107, 109, 112 Heidegger, M., 138, , 174 Hermeneutics, 7, 137, 139, 144 Hildebrandt, M., 1, 13, 17, 18, 23, 25, 29, 36, 42, 48, 49, 51, 62, 69, 74, 77, 84, 92 94, 113, 128, 136, 137, 139, , 166, 173, 186 Human human-like individuals, 35, 38, 40 42, 62, 70, 72, 137, 150, 154, 177, 182 new human, 182, 185 non-human, 4, 35, 37 39, 41, 42, 91, 132, 182, , 192 Human Is?, 132, 189, 190 Humanities, 3 5, 7, 16, 25 27, 29, 33, 48, 91, 126, , 136, 141, 147, , 160, 185, 186, Human rights, 149, 154, I IA. See Intelligent agents (IA) Indeterminacy, 131, Information, 2, 4, 5, 16, 17, 25, 29, 32, 48, 52, 55, 71, 90, 93, 118, 119, 128, 131, , 141, 142, 147, , , 170, , 183 revolution, 159 Inhuman, Institution, 37, 72, 93, 98, , , 127 Intelligent agents (IA), Intelligent machines, 18, 26, 37, 40 43, 49, 51 Intentional, 5, 14, 19, 37, 55, 57, 62, 68 70, 72 76, 81 84, 90, 148, 193 influencing, 68 70, 72 76, 81 K Kafka, F., 137, 146, 149, 151 L Language computer, 6 7, 13, human, 6 7, 13 15, 17, 32 Latour, B., 20, 21, 68, 91, 95 97, , Index

6 Index Law ambient, 92 as code, 6 7, 13 21, 47 49, 51, 61, 62, 92, 96, 127, 128, 150 command theory of, 48, 54, 93 computer, 1 7, 41 criminal, 18, 36, 39, 49 51, 53 55, 61 63, 146 and literature, 6, 7, 33, 48, 49, 51, 54, 64, , , 140, 141, 168, 192 passage of, , as a practice, 2, 20, 90, 91, 93 95, , 112, 129, 130, 141, 185 as a regime of reattachment, as a system of rules, 93, 97, , 109, 112, 116, 137, 138 Leenes, R., 3, 19, 20, 67 69, 83, 90, 92 Legal definition, 191 medium of, 96, 109 norms, enforcing of, 16, 68 personhood, 17, 18, 25, 26, 36 39, 41 43, 60, 61, 131, 182, , 190, 192 positivism, 93, 101, 109 practice of, 91, 95, 99, 101, 107, 109, 112, 116 rules, 3, 6, 15, 20, 36, 55, 58, 69, 82, 90, 93, 99, 100, 106, 107, 113, 152, 163, 190 status, 34 42, 61, 187 subjectivity, 17 19, Lessig, L., 7, 20, 68, 90, 92, 93, 126, 129, 153, 168, 190, 191 Lex informatica, 92 Liability, 17 19, 36 42, 49, 51 54, 56 58, 60, Limited longevity, 190 Literature alongside law paradigm, 192 M MacCormick, N., 91, 93, 95, 98, 100, 109 Machine learning, 4, 25, 29, 30, 34, 56 The Making of Law, 20, , , 112 McLuhan, M., 2, 94, 96 Media equation, 20, 79 81, 83 Mediality, 91, 96, 109 Medium, 20, 81, 90, 91, 93 97, 109, 113, 118 Methodology, 2, 38, 39, 77, 82, 98, 103, 130, 137, 139, , 153, 170 Mode of enunciation, 20, , 113, 114, 118 of existence, 107, 115 N Narration, 131, 160, , 177 Narrative knowledge, 130, , 154 layered, 192 Non-beings, 78 Normativity legal, 7, 19 21, 131, , 174, 178 technological, 19 21, 131, , 174, 178 Nudge, 69, O Oracle Night, 7, 131, P Personhood, 17, 18, 25, 26, 36 39, 41 43, 60 62, 131, 143, 154, 182, , 190, 192 Persuasion, 19, 20, 69 75, 81, 83 Poiésis, 152, 153 Postmodern, 18, 32, 131, 141, 143 Practice turn, 20, 91, 95, 101 Privacy, 36, 131, 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, R Reidenberg, J.R., 92 Replicants, Responsibility thesis, new strong, 49, thesis, new weak, 49, 53 60, 63 thesis, no new, 49 53, 63 Robots, 3, 4, 18, 19, 47 64, 71, 126, Rules incorporeal, 20, 91, 93 94, 109, 118 primary, 100 of recognition, 100, 106 secondary, 100 S Science fi ction, 3, 47 49, 51, 54, 62 64, 126, 184, 191 genre, 184 Scripts, 2, 20, 31, 76 78, 80, 81, 83, 94, 118, 119, 153, 162 Searle s Chinese room argument, 18, 26, Self-expression, 173, 177, 178 freedom of, 173, 177, 178

7 202 Semanticization of being, , 171, 174 of narratives, 160, , 174 Semiotics, 2, 20, 95, 101, , 107, 111, 127 Smart agents, Snow, B., Speed bump, 68, 83, 92, T Technè, 125, 152, 153 Techno-effects, 19, 20, Technology implicit influence of, robotics, 18, 48, 49, 52, 53 unintentional in fl uence of, 69, 70, 75 81, Techno-regulation, 5, 17, 19 21, 67 84, 90 93, 104, , Tien, L., 90, 92, 93 Turing machine, 18, 25 27, 30, 32 test, 24 27, 36 Two cultures, 25 26, 126 Index V Value object, 102, , 111, 112, 114, 115 Vismann, C., 21, 90, 94, 96, 97, 102, 128, 149 Voight-Kampff test, 183, 190 W Watson, 17, 18, 23 43, 59 Weizenbaum, 18, 26, 27, 33, Writing, 2, 15, 24, 31, 54, 84, 90, 92, 95 98, 101, 106, 110, 127, 131, Z Zeh, J., 7, 131, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146,