Jürgen Valldorf Wolfgang Gessner (Eds.) Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2005

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1 Jürgen Valldorf Wolfgang Gessner (Eds.) Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2005

2 Jürgen Valldorf Wolfgang Gessner (Eds.) Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2005 With 353 Figures 13

3 Dr. Jürgen Valldorf VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH Rheinstraße 10B D Teltow valldorf@vdivde-it.de Wolfgang Gessner VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH Rheinstraße 10B D Teltow gessner@vdivde-it.de Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media springeronline.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in The Netherlands The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Jasmin Mehrgan Cover-Design: deblik, Berlin Production: medionet AG, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 68/3020 Rw

4 Preface Since 1995 the annual international forum on Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications (AMAA) is held in Berlin. The event is offering a unique opportunity for microsystems component developers, system suppliers and car manufacturers to show and to discuss competing technological approaches of microsystems based solutions in vehicles. The event s design, character and intention remained unchanged, although becoming more mature during the last years. The AMAA facilitates technology transfer and co-operation along the automotive value chain. At the same time it is an antenna for newest tendencies and most advanced industrial developments in the area of microsystems for the automobile applications. The book accompanying the event has demonstrated to be an efficient instrument for the diffusion of new concepts and technology results. The present volume including the papers of the AMAA 2005 gives an overview on the state-of-the-art and outlines imminent and mid-term R&D perspectives. The 2005 publication reflects as in the past the current state of discussions within industry. More than the previous publications, the AMAA 2005 goes back to the technological requirements and indispensable developments for fulfilling the market needs. The large part of contributions dealing with sensors as well as sensor technologies and data fusion is exemplary for this tendency. In this context a paradigm shift can be stated. In the past development focused predominantly on the detection and processing of single parameters originating from single sensors. Today, the challenge increasingly consists in getting information of complex situations with a series of variables from different sensors and in evaluating the information. Smart integrated devices using the information deriving from the various sensor sources will be able to describe and assess a traffic situation or behaviour much faster and more reliable than a human being might be able to do. Systems integration in an enlarged sense becomes the key issue. Prof. Färber in his keynote paper gives a wonderful outline on how the understanding of biological systems can help to develop technical systems of cognitive perception and behaviour. We are particularly happy to present contributions from INTERSAFE on intersection safety issues. INTERSAFE is a subproject of the EU Commission funded Integrated Project PREVENT on active vehicle safety.

5 My explicit thanks go to the authors for their valuable contributions to this publication and to the members of the Honorary and the Steering Committee for their commitment and support. Particular thanks are also addressed to the companies providing the demonstrator vehicles: A.D.C., Aglaia, Audi, Bosch, Continental, DaimlerChrysler, IBEO, University of Ulm and Toyota. I would like to thank the European Commission, the Senate of Berlin and the Ministry of Economics Brandenburg for their financial support through the Innovation Relay Centre Northern Germany and to the numerous organisations and individuals supporting the International Forum Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2005 for their material and immaterial help. Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Innovation Relay Centre team at VDI/VDE-IT, especially Jasmin Mehrgan for preparing this book for publication, and not forgetting Jürgen Valldorf, the conference chairman and project manager of this initiative. Teltow/Berlin, March 2005 Wolfgang Gessner

6 Public Financers Berlin Senate for Economics and Technology European Commision Ministry for Economics Brandenburg Supporting Organisations Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB) State Government of Victoria, Australia mstnews ZVEI - Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie e.v. Hanser automotive electronic systems Micronews - The Yole Developpement Newsletter enablingmnt Co-Organisators European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR) European Association of Automotive Suppliers (CLEPA) Advanced driver assistance systems in Europe (ADASE)

7 Honorary Commitee Domenico Bordone Günter Hertel Rémi Kaiser Gian C. Michellone Karl-Thomas Neumann President and CEO Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Italy Vice President Research and Technology DaimlerChrysler AG, Germany Director Technology and Quality Delphi Automotive Systems Europe, France President and CEO Centro Ricerche FIAT, Italy CEO, Member of the Executive Board Continental Automotive Systems, Germany

8 Steering Commitee Dr. Giancarlo Alessandretti Alexander Bodensohn Serge Boverie Geoff Callow Bernhard Fuchsbauer Wolfgang Gessner Roger Grace Henrik Jakobsen Horst Kornemann Hannu Laatikainen Dr. Peter Lidén Dr. Torsten Mehlhorn Dr. Roland Müller-Fiedler Paul Mulvanny Dr. Andy Noble Gloria Pellischek David B. Rich Dr. Detlef E. Ricken Jean-Paul Rouet Christian Rousseau Patric Salomon Ernst Schmidt John P. Schuster Bob Sulouff Berthold Ulmer Egon Vetter Hans-Christian von der Wense Arnold van Zyl Centro Ricerche FIAT, Orbassano, Italy DaimlerChrysler AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Siemens VDO Automotive, Toulouse, France Technical & Engineering Consulting, London, UK Audi AG, Ingolstadt, Germany VDI/VDE-IT, Teltow, Germany Roger Grace Associates, San Francisco, USA SensoNor A.S., Horten, Norway Continental Automotive Systems, Frankfurt am Main, Germany VTI Technologies Oy, Vantaa, Finland AB Volvo, Göteborg, Sweden Investitionsbank Berlin, Berlin, Germany Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany QinetiQ Ltd., Farnborough, UK Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ltd., Shoreham-by-Sea, UK Clepa, Brussels, Belgium Delphi Delco Electronics Systems, Kokomo, USA Delphi Delco Electronics Europe GmbH, Rüsselsheim, Germany Johnson Controls, Pontoise, France Renault S.A., Guyancourt, France 4M2C, Berlin, Germany BMW AG, Munich, Germany Motorola Inc., Northbrook Illinois, USA Analog Devices Inc., Cambridge, USA DaimlerChrysler AG, Brussels, Belgium Ceramet Technologies, Melbourne, Australia Freescale GmbH, München, Germany EUCAR, Brussels, Belgium Conference chair: Dr. Jürgen Valldorf VDI/VDE-IT, Teltow, Germany

9 Table of Contents Introduction Biological Aspects in Technical Sensor Systems 3 Prof. Dr. G. Färber, Technical University of Munic The International Market for Automotive Microsystems, Regional Characteristics and Challenges 23 F. Solzbacher, University of Utah S. Krüger, VDIVDE-IT GmbH Status of the Inertial MEMS-based Sensors in the Automotive 43 J.C. Eloy, Dr. E. Mounier, Dr. P. Roussel, Yole Développement The Assessment of the Socio-economic Impact of the 49 Introduction of Intelligent Safety Systems in Road Vehicles Findings of the EU Funded Project SEiSS S. Krüger, J. Abele, C. Kerlen, VDI/VDE-IT H. Baum, T. Geißler, W. H. Schulz, University of Cologne Safety Special Cases of Lane Detection in Construction Areas 61 C. Rotaru, Th. Graf, Volkswagen AG J. Zhang, University of Hamburg Development of a Camera-Based Blind Spot Information System 71 L.-P. Becker, A. Debski, D. Degenhardt, M. Hillenkamp, I. Hoffmann, Aglaia Gesellschaft für Bildverarbeitung und Kommunikation mbh Predictive Safety Systems Steps Towards Collision Avoidance 85 and Collision Mitigation P. M. Knoll, B.-J. Schäfer, Robert Bosch GmbH Datafusion of Two Driver Assistance System Sensors 97 J. Thiem, M. Mühlenberg, Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.

10 Reducing Uncertainties in Precrash-Sensing with 115 Range Sensor Measurements J. Sans Sangorrin, T. Sohnke, J. Hoetzel, Robert Bosch GmbH SEE Sight Effectiveness Enhancement 129 H. Vogel, H. Schlemmer, Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH System Monitoring for Lifetime Prediction in Automotive Industry 149 A. Bodensohn, M. Haueis, R. Mäckel, M. Pulvermüller, T. Schreiber, DaimlerChrysler AG Replacing Radar by an Optical Sensor in Automotive Applications 159 I. Hoffmann, Aglaia Gesellschaft für Bildverarbeitung und Kommunikation GmbH System Design of a Situation Adaptive Lane Keeping 169 Support System, the SAFELANE System A. Polychronopoulos, Institute of Communications and Computer Systems N. Möhler, Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure System S. Ghosh, Delphi Delco Electronics Europe GmbH A. Beutner, Volvo Technology Corporation Intelligent Braking: The Seeing Car Improves Safety on the Road 185 R. Adomat, G. Geduld, M. Schamberger, A.D.C. GmbH J. Diebold, M. Klug, Continental Automotive Systems Roadway Detection and Lane Detection using 197 Multilayer Laserscanner K. Dietmayer, N. Kämpchen, University of Ulm K. Fürstenberg, J. Kibbel, W. Justus, R. Schulz, IBEO Automobile Sensor GmbH Pedestrian Safety Based on Laserscanner Data 215 K. Fürstenberg, IBEO Automobile Sensor GmbH Model-Based Digital Implementation of Automotive 227 Grade Gyro for High Stability T. Kvisterøy, N. Hedenstierna, SensoNor AS G. Andersson and P. Pelin, Imego AB Next Generation Thermal Infrared Night Vision Systems 243 A. Kormos, C. Hanson, C. Buettner, L-3 Communications Infrared Products

11 Development of Millimeter-wave Radar for Latest Vehicle Systems 257 K. Nakagawa, M. Mitsumoto, and K. Kai, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation New Inertial Sensor Cluster for Vehicle Dynamic Systems 269 J. Schier, R. Willig, Robert Bosch GmbH Powertrain Multiparameteric Oil Condition Sensor Based on the 289 Tuning Fork Technology for Automotive Applications A. Buhrdorf, H. Dobrinski, O. Lüdtke, Hella Fahrzeugkomponenten GmbH J. Bennett, L. Matsiev, M. Uhrich, O. Kolosov, Symyx Technologies Inc Automotive Pressure Sensors Based on New 299 Piezoresistive Sense Mechanism C. Ernsberger, CTS Automotive Multilayer Ceramic Amperometric (MCA) NOx-Sensors 311 Using Titration Principle B. Cramer, B. Schumann, H. Schichlein, S. Thiemann-Handler, T. Ochs, Robert Bosch GmbH Comfort and HMI Infrared Carbon Dioxide Sensor and its Applications in 323 Automotive Air-Conditioning Systems M. Arndt, M. Sauer, Robert Bosch GmbH The role of Speech Recognition in Multimodal HMIs for 335 Automotive Applications S. Goronzy, R. Holve, R. Kompe, 3SOFT GmbH Networked Vehicle Developments in Vehicle-to-vehicle Communications 353 Dr. D. D. Ward, D. A. Topham, MIRA Limited Dr. C. C. Constantinou, Dr. T. N. Arvanitis, The University of Birmingham

12 Generic Remote Software Update for Vehicle ECUs Using a 371 Telematics Device as a Gateway G. de Boer, P. Engel, W. Praefcke, Robert Bosch GmbH High Performance Fiber Optic Transceivers for Infotainment 381 Networks in Automobiles T. Wipiejewski, F. Ho, B. Lui, W. Hung, F.-W. Tong, T. Choi, S.-K. Yau, G. Egnisaban, T. Mangente, A. Ng, E. Cheung, S. Cheng, Astri Components and Generic Sensor Technologies Automotive CMOS Image Sensors 401 S. Maddalena, A. Darmont, R. Diels, Melexis Tessenderlo NV A Modular CMOS Foundry Process for Integrated Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors 413 G. Dahlmann, G. Hölzer, S. Hering, U. Schwarz, X-FAB Semiconductor Foundries AG High Dynamic Range CMOS Camera for Automotive Applications 425 W. Brockherde, C. Nitta, B.J. Hosticka, I. Krisch, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems A. Bußmann, Helion GmbH R. Wertheimer, BMW Group Research and Technology Performance of GMR-Elements in Sensors for 435 Automotive Application B. Vogelgesang, C. Bauer, R. Rettig, Robert Bosch GmbH 360-degree Rotation Angle Sensor Consisting of MRE 447 Sensors with a Membrane Coil T. Ina, K. Takeda, T. Nakamura, O. Shimomura, Nippon Soken Inc. T. Ban, T. Kawashima, Denso Corp. Low g Inertial Sensor based on High Aspect Ratio MEMS 459 M. Reze, J. Hammond, Freescale Semiconductor Realisation of Fail-safe, Cost Competitive Sensor Systems with Advanced 3D-MEMS Elements 473 J. Thurau, VTI Technologies Oy

13 Intersafe esafety for Road Transport: Investing in Preventive Safety 487 and Co-operative Systems, the EU Approach F. Minarini, European Commission A New European Approach for Intersection Safety 493 The EC-Project INTERSAFE K. Fürstenberg, IBEO Automobile Sensor GmbH B. Rüssler, Volkswagen AG Feature-Level Map Building and Object Recognition for 505 Intersection Safety Applications A. Heenan, C. Shooter, M. Tucker, TRW Conekt K. Fürstenberg, T. Kluge, IBEO Automobile Sensor GmbH Development of Advanced Assistance Systems for 521 Intersection Safety M. Hopstock, Dr. D. Ehmanns, Dr. H. Spannheimer, BMW Group Research and Technology Appendices Appendix A: List of Contributors 533 Appendix B: List of Keywords 539

14 Introduction