Is Aberration-Free Correction the Best Goal
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1 Is Aberration-Free Correction the Best Goal Stephen Burns, PhD, Jamie McLellan, Ph.D., Susana Marcos, Ph.D. The Schepens Eye Research Institute. Schepens Eye Research Institute, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School
2 Outline 1. Background - Vision in the real world 2. Chromatic Aberration The Impact of Chromatic Aberration on image quality across the spectrum The relation of chromatic aberration and depth of field 3. Calculations of how chromatic images arise with changes in depth of fied 4. Aberrations can help
3 Issues for Optimizing Vision Vision occurs in a complex world. Polychromatic Light Many distances. Many analyses of the potential for improving vision have concentrated on limited conditions
4 Take Home Message: Monochromatic wave aberrations decrease the variability in image quality across the visible spectrum caused by chromatic aberration and decrease the variation in chromatic content with distance. Aberrations may be good for vision!
5 Image Quality: Modulation Transfer Function MTF 1.0 The optics of the eye attenuate the image contrast at higher spatial frequencies. MTF Spatial Frequency (cpd( cpd)
6 A Poor MTF Produces 1 Blur
7 Retinal image quality. 1. Retinal image quality is an estimate of the information which is available to the photoreceptors. 2. This definition is NOT synonymous with image appearance. 3. For the most part we will talk about the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the eye.
8 Diffraction Limited Optics If the eye were a perfect optical system, light from a monochromatic point source would be imaged in a point at the retina. Retinal Image of Point Source 1.0 Fourier > Transform MTF 0.1 PSF Spatial Frequency (cpd( cpd)
9 The Diffraction Limited Model Eye We will use the performance of the diffraction limited eye as a standard for comparison throughout the talk. It has perfect optical properties at one wavelength (560nm), but the same material properties as real eyes.
10 Monochromatic Wave Aberrations Aberrations cause rays from a monochromatic point source entering different parts of the pupil to hit the retina at different points. 1.0 MTF 0.1 PSF Spatial Frequency (cpd( cpd)
11 Chromatic Aberrations We don t live in a monochromatic world. Real materials (in this case, water, proteins and lipids) exhibit chromatic dispersion, and because of this the optical properties of the eye vary with wavelength. How does this influence Retinal Image Quality?
12 Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration LCA Variation in refractive power with wavelength. ~ 2 Dioptres of defocus across the visible spectrum. White Light 1.0 MTF 0.1 PSF Spatial Frequency (cpd( cpd)
13 Transverse Chromatic Aberration TCA Angular displacement of retinal images of different wavelengths caused by prismatic dispersion. TCA Estimated by the difference in position of the PSFs for red and blue tests.
14 Psychophysical Method Spatially Resolved Refractometer (SRR) 37 pupil positions
15 TRANSVERSE CHROMATIC ABERRATION with the SRR with the SRR Optical TCA Magenta filter Achromatic axis Marcos, Burns,, Moreno & Navarro. Vis Res 2000
16 Variation in Wavefront with Wavelength 450 nm 490 nm 530 nm 570 nm 620 nm 650 nm Marcos, Moreno-Barriuso, Navarro and Burns Vision Research (1999)
17 Results: Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration Diopters SM JM SB Wavelength LCA is very consistent across subjects. About 2 Diopters across spectrum.
18 Results: Wave Aberrations 570 nm SM JM SB 10 0 microns RMS Error (microns) Monochromatic wavefronts vary widely across subjects. -10
19 Chromatic Aberrations limit the White Light MTF 1 Modulation Transfer 0.1 Legend 570 nm, aberrations corrected 570nm, uncorrected MTF White Light, aberrations corrected White Light, uncorrected MTF Spatial Frequency (c/deg) Marcos, Moreno-Barriuso, Navarro and Burns Vision Research (1999)
20 Results: Model Eye with LCA only 1.0 Eye focused for best performance at 550 nm. MTF nm 500 nm 550 nm 600 nm Spatial Frequency (cpd) 450 nm 550 nm
21 Results: Model Eye with LCA only 1.0 Eye focused for best performance at 550 nm. MTF x 450 nm 500 nm 550 nm 600 nm PSFs Spatial Frequency (cpd) 450 nm 550 nm
22 Results: Real Eyes with Aberrations MTF SB Eye focused for best performance at 550 nm. 450 nm 500 nm 550 nm 600 nm Spatial Frequency (cpd) PSFs 450 nm 550 nm
23 Results: Real Eyes 450 nm 500 nm 550 nm 600 nm 1.0 SM JM MTF Spatial Frequency (cpd) Spatial Frequency (cpd)
24 Depth of Focus How does retinal image quality vary with distance from the plane of best focus? For simplicity, let s consider a prebyope.
25 Monochromatic light 560 nm 8 7 Best focus, model eye 6 MTF Volume Best focus, real eye Distance in Meters
26 8 Model Eye with white light 7 6 MTF Volume Distance in Meters
27 Combing Depth of Focus with longitudinal chromatic aberration
28 Computational Methods Equal Energy White Visual Stimulus Accounting for Optics Color rendered retinal image
29 Diffraction limited at 560 nm, focused at 57 cm 80 cm
30 Diffraction limited at 560 nm, focused at 57 cm 57 cm
31 Diffraction limited at 560 nm, focused at 57 cm 50 cm
32 Diffraction limited at 560 nm, focused at 57 cm 36 cm
33 Small Text 0.5 diopters in from of best focus
34 Small Text 1.0 diopters in from of best focus
35 Model Eye, Diffraction limited at 560 nm, Effect of distance composite image 3mm pupi Distance in cm
36 Model Eye,, Spherical Aberration left in Distance in cm
37 Subject JSM,Effect of distance Jm, small psf, Distance in cm
38 36 cm jm p 075diopt
39 Results Monochromatic wavefront aberrations decrease the variability in image quality across wavelengths caused by longitudinal chromatic aberration. Monochromatic aberrations can decrease the variability in image quality over different distances from the plane of best focus. This is the flip side of the change in wavelength.
40 Conclusions 1. A simple approach to aberration free optics is liable to generate problems due to the interaction of longitudinal chromatic aberration and depth of focus. 2. Spherical aberration can decrease this interaction, by spreading out the range of wavelengths in best focus at any given distance 3. Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration is a tougher problem. LCA interacts with asymmetric aberrations, in a focus dependent manner.
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