II. Types of Waves A. Transverse waves 1. Can travel with or without matter (medium)
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1 SOL: PS. 8 & 9
2 I. Waves A. Definitionà a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space II. Types of Waves A. Transverse waves 1. Can travel with or without matter (medium)
3 2. Moves at rt. angles to the direction it travels (moves up and down as it goes) 3. Exampleà light (electromagnetic waves)
4 4. Parts of a traverse wave A. crest B. trough C. wavelength D. amplitude E. wave height F. line of origin (at rest)
5 B. Compression (Longitudinal) Wave 1. must travel with matter (medium) 2. moves in the same direction as it travels 3. Exampleà sound (caused by vibrations)
6 4. Parts of a compression wave x. compression y. Rarefaction z. wavelength
7 C. Similar Parts 1. compression à crest 2. rarefaction à trough
8 III. Wave Properties A. Amplitude measure of the amount of energy in a wave 1. Sound a. determines intensity/loudness b. units à decibel (db) c. possible hearing damage occurs at 120 db
9
10 2. Light a. the greater the amplitude the brighter the light
11 B. Frequency - measures how often waves pass a certain point 1. measured in units called hertz (Hz) 2. Sound a. Pitch the highness/lowness of sound b. Human hearing rangeà 20 Hz 20,000 Hz
12 Pitch 200 Hertz 400 Hertz 600 Hertz 800 Hertz 1,000 Hertz 5,000 Hertz 10,000 Hertz
13 3. Light a. As you move across the spectrum, wavelength decreases and frequency increases The Electromagnetic Spectrum
14 C. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? 1. If wavelength increases then frequency decreases 2. If wavelength decreases then frequency increases
15 IV. Wave Interactions/Movements A. Reflectionà when a wave bounces off a surface 1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection 2. Examples a. Sound- Echo
16 b. Light- looking in the mirror; sight
17 B. Refraction à bending of a wave as it changes speed 1. Example-a pencil in glass of water looks broken
18 2. Example- prism bends white light into the spectrum of colors (rainbow) (refraction of white light)
19 C. Diffraction à bending of a wave around an object 1. Example water waves bend around people 2. Example hear sounds from another room
20 Diffraction
21 D. Interferenceà interaction between 2 waves at the same place and time (waves combine) 1. Constructiveà makes a bigger wave; increases intensity; results in louder sound/brighter light
22 2. Destructive à makes a smaller wave; decreases intensity; results in softer sound/softer light
23 F. Resonance à object vibrate at its natural frequency; applies to sound Ex. Tuning fork, guitar strings, bridge swinging due to high winds (Tacoma Narrows Bridge)
24
25 V. Properties of Sound A. Sound Barrier 1. Definition à point when an object moves faster than the speed of sound 2. Sonic Boom the sound made when something breaks the sound barrier 3. October 14, 1947 Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier
26 B. Doppler Effect 1. Refers to changes in pitch as an object approaches 2. Examples include ambulance/police sirens, car horns
27 C. Uses of Sound 1. Major (common) uses include communication, warning signals, and entertainment
28 2. Other uses of sound include: a. Infrasound (subsonic) à refers to sounds below 20 hertz (Hz) * used to detect earthquakes, find oil b. Ultrasoundà refers to sounds above 20,000 hertz (Hz) * used in- sonograms, removal of kidney stones, and dog whistles
29 3. Echolocationà use of reflection to locate objects; bats, dolphins 4. SONARà Sound Navigation and Ranging; used to locate objects under water 5. Acousticsà study of sound
30
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32 D. Speed of soundà about 345 m/s in air; speed of sound affected by: 1. temperature- faster in warmer temps 2. density- faster in solids than is liquids and gases
33 SOL: PS. 9
34 VI.Properties of Light A. What is light? 1. Light is an electromagnetic, transverse wave caused by vibrating electric charges 2. Speed of light - 300,000 km/s (186,000 miles/s); light year distance light travels in one year
35 3. Light Controversy-Particle or Wave? a. Difference between waves and particles is not clear. b. Light can behave like a packet of energy called a photon c. Quantum Theory proved it is both a wave and a particle
36 B. The Electromagnetic Spectrum - Represents the entire range of visible and invisible light waves The Light Spectrum
37 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 1. Radio Waves- lowest frequency, longest wavelengths, lowest energy AM FM TV (AM for sound + FM for pictures)
38 2. Microwaves shorter radio waves Cooking Satellite communications MRIs Cell phones RADAR
39 3. Infrared waves felt as heat Night vision/thermal imaging CD players Video games Check out scanners and TV remotes
40 4. Visible Light can be seen with the eye R ed O range Y ellow G reen B lue I ndigo V iolet
41 5. Ultraviolet (UV) waves sun s rays Most is absorbed by the ozone layer Prolonged exposure can cause sunburn and lead to cancer Can be used to kill bacteria
42
43 6. X-ray waves * used to photograph bones * used to examine suitcases at airports
44 7. Gamma Rays has highest frequency, shortest wavelength, and the most energy *used for radiation treatment for cancer
45 C. The Behavior of Light 1. Objects must reflect light to be seen; the reflection of light determines the color you see. 2. Opaque materials do not allow light to pass through; no images 3. Translucent some light passes through it; fuzzy image 4. Transparent all light passes through it; clear image
46 5. Objects that reflect light are Illuminated * Ex. Moon Objects that make their own light are Luminous * Ex. Sun
47 Bioluminous- organisms produces its own light * Ex. Angler fish, glow worm, fire fly
48 6. Light and Color a. Color à determined by wavelength of light an object reflects b. Objects appear to be white because they reflect all colors of visible light c. Objects appear to be black because they absorb all colors of visible light d. Filter à transparent material that absorbs all colors except the color(s) it transmits
49
50 D. Light Optics 1. Common Uses of Light- light bulbs, lasers, fiber optics, optical scanners *Incandescent à produce light and heat *Fluorescent à electricity passes through a gas that produces light *Neonà gases produce light with different colors
51 Lasers- amplified beam of light * Ex. CDs, surgery, security
52 Fiber Optics for communication Optical scanners- read reflected light; Ex. Copiers, bar code readers, cameras
53 2. Lens à transparent device usually made of glass or plastic that refracts light a. Convex Lens b. Concave Lens
54 3. Mirror à device with curved surfaces designed to reflect light
55 Concave mirrors converge light and produce an upright, magnified image if close and an inverted, smaller image if far away. Convex mirrors diverge light and produce a smaller, upright image.
56 4. Telescope à uses mirrors and lenses to see far away objects 5. Microscope à uses 2 convex lenses to magnify objects
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