Light sources can be natural or artificial (man-made)

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1 Light The Sun is our major source of light Light sources can be natural or artificial (man-made) People and insects do not see the same type of light - people see visible light - insects see ultraviolet light

2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Light is an electromagnetic wave has wave like properties which can be influenced by electric and magnetic fields. the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to one another (transverse wave) the amplitude of the oscillating fields determines the brightness (intensity) of the light

3 Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electron in an atom vibrates back and forth. a charge that is changing speed or direction Light originates from movement of electrons from a higher to a lower orbit light is energy Electromagnetic waves travel without a medium or in a vacuum (light waves from the sun)

4 Electromagnetic Spectrum A wave's speed, frequency, and wavelength are related by the equation v = fλ. All electromagnetic waves in a vacuum have the same speed, c. Therefore, the frequency, f, and the wavelength, λ, of an electromagnetic wave are related as follows:

5 Color and the Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic waves that our eyes can detect are known as visible light. White light is the combination of all colors (red-violet) Since color is related to energy, there is also a direct relation between color, frequency, and wavelength.

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8 Electromagnetic Spectrum EM waves arranged in order by wavelength and frequency Waves with the longer wavelengths have the lower frequencies Waves with the shorter wavelengths have the higher frequencies As the frequency increases, energy (dangeincreases

9 Visible Light When light passes through a prism, the light is separated into different frequencies and wavelengths - Different frequencies bend different amounts Luminous object- Anything that gives off its own light Illuminated object- An object that is capable of reflecting light

10 Visible Light Materials that transmit light can be classified as: Transparent- clear image, light passes through the material easily Translucent- unclear image, lacks detail Opaque- light does not pass through color of an opaque object is the color it reflects

11 Visible Light The color is the result of light that strikes the object and is reflected by it. White object - All colors (frequencies) are reflected Black object- No color; the absence of color; all light is absorbed

12 Color and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Primary colors Combining two primary colors results in the secondary colors of light; yellow, magenta and cyan

13 In different colors of light these clothes would look different: Red Shirt looks red light Shorts look black Shirt looks black Blue light Shorts look blue

14 Light Movement Light travels in straight lines from the source Can only be reflected in straight lines

15 Polarization and Scattering of Light A common incandescent light bulb and the Sun both produce unpolarized light. When unpolarized light encounters a filter: Some of the light in the unpolarized beam has a vertical polarization and passes right through the polarizer. Some of the light has a horizontal polarization and is blocked. a filter that transmits light waves with only one direction of polarization.

16 Refraction The presence of new denser material. slows light s progress due to interactions with the electrical properties of atoms This light slowing factor due to the interaction is called the index of refraction Refraction- light bends or changes direction at the boundary between two media.

17 Refraction The index of refraction (n) of a substance is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the substance

18 Refraction Light bends at the point of refractive incidence between different refractive indices The GREATER the difference between refractive indices, the MORE light will bend The angle of reflection will be LESS THAN the angle of incidence if light SLOWS DOWN when going from one material to another The angle of reflection will be GREATER THAN the angle of incidence if light SPEEDS UP when going from one material to another

19 Snell s Law Snell s law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. The degree to which light is bent depends on the medium and the density of the medium. We refer to θ1 as the angle of incidence and θ2 as the angle of refraction.

20 The Reflection of Light Specular reflection- light reflecting off a smooth surface Diffuse reflection- light reflecting off a rough surface

21 Reflection Reflection off a flat surface follows a simple rule: Angle IN equals Angle OUT

22 Plane Mirrors Image formed by a plane mirror is : same distance behind mirror same size (unmagnified) upright, but reversed right to left virtual

23 Real Image made from real light rays that converge at a real focal point can be projected on a screen because light actually passes through the point where the image appears always inverted Virtual Image not real because the image cannot be projected

24 Parabolic Mirrors Principal axis- line center of the sphere and attaching to the exact center of the mirror Center of Curvature (C) - the exact center if the imaginary sphere Radius of Curvature (R) distance from vertex to center of curvature

25 Parabolic Mirrors Vertx (A) - geometric center of the mirror Focal Point (F) midway point between the vertex and the center of curvature Focal Distance (f) distance from the mirror to the focal point (f=1/2r)

26 Ray Diagrams object C P-ray F-ray F Principal axis Image Two rays, known as principal rays, are used in ray tracing with spherical mirrors: 1. Parallel ray (P ray) reflects through the focal point 2. Focal-point ray (F ray) reflects parallel to the principal axis

27 Concave Mirrors Curve inward Create either a real or virtual image Reflect light from the inner surface eg. inside of spoon used in telescopes, satellite dishes

28 Concave Mirrors For a real object close to the mirror but outside of the center of curvature, the real image is formed between C and f. The image is inverted and smaller than the object.

29 Concave Mirrors For a real object at C, the real image is formed at C. The image is inverted and the same size as the object.

30 Concave Mirrors For a real object between C and f, a real image is formed outside of C. The image is inverted and larger than the object.

31 Concave Mirrors For a real object at f, no image is formed. The reflected rays are parallel and never converge.

32 Concave Mirrors For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The position of the image is found by tracing the reflected rays back behind the mirror to where they meet. The image is upright and larger than the object.

33 Convex Mirrors Curve outward Reduce the image size Create virtual image Reflect light from the outer surface eg. outside of spoon Used in rear view mirror, store security Negative focal length

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35 Curved Mirrors do - distance object is from the mirror di - distance image is from the mirror f - distance focal point is from the mirror

36 Curved Mirrors It is important to identify and use the correct sign for each term in the mirror equation. The sign convention for both concave and convex mirrors is summarized in the table below.

37 Convex Lenses Thicker in the center than the edges Converges (brings together) light rays Form real images and virtual images depending on the position of the object

38 Concave Lenses Lenses that are thicker at the edges and thinner at the center Diverge light rays All images are upright and reduced (that means all images are virtual)

39 Nearsighted (myopic) relaxed eyes do not focus at infinity as they should. Instead, they focus at a finite distance the far point. eyeball is too long and images focus in front of the retina Fix: concave lens to expand the focal length

40 Farsighted (hyperopic) see clearly beyond a certain distance the near point but cannot focus on closer objects eyeball is too short so images are focused behind the retina Fix: convex lens to shorten the focal length

41 Fiber Optics There are three main parts to an optical fiber: 1. Core - the thin glass center where the light travels 2. Cladding - optical material that surrounds the core and reflects light back into the core 3. Buffer Coating - plastic coating on the outside of an optical fiber to protect it from damage

42 Fiber Optics Light travels through the core of a fiber optic by continually reflecting off the cladding Due to total internal reflection, the cladding does not absorb any of the light allowing the light to travel over great distances Some of the light signal will degrade over time due to impurities in the glass

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