Image Representations, Colors, & Morphing. Stephen J. Guy Comp 575
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1 Image Representations, Colors, & Morphing Stephen J. Guy Comp 575
2 Procedural Stuff How to make a webpage Assignment 0 grades New office hours Dinesh Teaching Next week ray-tracing Problem set
3 Review
4 Overview Display Technologies CRTs & Gamma Correction Image Storage Frame Buffers Color Theory Image Manipulation Compositing Morphing
5 Overview Display Technologies CRTs & Gamma Correction Image Storage Frame Buffers Color Theory Image Manipulation Compositing Morphing
6 Displaying Images Video display Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Plasma panels Thin-film electroluminescent displays Light-emitting diodes Hard-copy devices Ink-jet printer Laser printer Film recorder Pen plotter
7 Cathode Ray Tube Figure 2.4 from H&B
8 Liquid Crystal Display (Used in both LCD TVs and LED TVs) Figure 2.4 from H&B
9 Gamma correction Input voltage does not map linearly to output response Luminance = Voltage gamma Non zero min luminance CRT with gamma of 2.5 -> Televisions: gamma precorrected at broadcast station or in camera Monitors: CRTs ~ 2.5 Inkjet Printer ~ 1.8 Gamma of My System?: Apps
10 Raster Graphics System
11 Overview Display Technologies CRTs & Gamma Correction Image Storage Frame Buffers Color Theory Image Manipulation Compositing Morphing
12 Frame Buffer
13 Frame Buffer Refresh
14 Color Lookup Framebuffer Store indices (usually 8 bits) in framebuffer Display controller looks up the RGB values to send
15 Direct Color Framebuffer Stores the actual intensities of R, G, B in framebuffer 24 bits per pixel = 8 bits red, 8 bits green, 8 bits blue 16 bits per pixel =? bits red,? bits green,? bits blue
16 Color CRT
17 Overview Display Technologies CRTs & Gamma Correction Image Storage Frame Buffers Color Theory Image Manipulation Compositing Morphing
18 Color models Color perception usually involves three quantities Hue: Distinguishes between colors: red, green, yellow, etc. Saturation: How far a color is from gray of equal intensity Lightness: The perceived intensity reflected from an object Lightness also called brightness if the object is emitting light instead of reelecting it To use color in graphics we need to specify and measure them
19 How artists do it? Specify: tints, shades, and tones of pure pigments Tint: Adding white to a pure pigment, decreasing saturation Shade: Adding black to a pure pigment, decreasing lightness Tone: Adding white and black to a pure pigment
20 HSV Color Model
21 Intuitive Color Spaces
22 Precise Color Specifications
23 EM Spectrum
24 Visible Light
25 Color Matching
26 Linear Color Matching
27 RGB Spectral Colors
28 Human Color Vision
29 Just Noticeable Differences
30 Luminance
31 Chromaticity and the CIE
32 XYZ Matching Functions
33 Chromaticity Design
34 Gamuts
35 Digital Image Compositing Computer Scientists can win the academy award to! 1996, Academy award- For their pioneering inventions in digital image compositing
36 Overview Display Technologies CRTs & Gamma Correction Image Storage Frame Buffers Color Theory Image Manipulation Compositing Morphing
37 Image Compositing Separate an image into elements Each part is rendered separately Then pasted together or composited into a scene
38 Overview Compositing or combing images: Fundamental problem in graphics Take images from different sources and combine them Three approaches: Blue screen matting Alpha channel Porter-Duff compositing algebra Morphing Beier-Neely Method
39 Blue Screen Matting Photograph object against blue background (or some color far from skin tones) Take foreground (all non-blue pixels) Add on top of 2 nd image Problems: Aliasing (esp. hair) No notion of partial coverage
40 Overview Compositing or combing images: Fundamental problem in graphics Take images from different sources and combine them Three approaches: Blue screen matting Alpha channel Porter-Duff compositing algebra Morphing Beier-Neely Method
41 Alpha channel Images stored as 32 bits: RGBα α represents coverage (0 = transparent, 1 = opaque) Simple composting: OUT = αforeground + (1- α)background
42 Alpha Channel
43 Pixels with Alpha - Conventions Premultiplication Color C = (r,g,b) with coverage α is often represented at (αr, αg, αb, α) One benefit: colors of αf are directly displayed What is (α, C) for the following? (0,1,0,1) =? (0, ½, 0, 1) =? (0, ½, 0, ½) =? (0, ½, 0, 0) =? Full green, full coverage Half green, full coverage Full green, half coverage No coverage
44 Semi-Transparent Objects Suppose we put A over B over background G How much of B is blocked by A? (α A ) How much of B shows through A? (1- α A ) How much of G shows through both A and B? (1- α A )(1- α B )
45 Opaque Coverage How do we combine 2 partially covered pixels? 3 possible colors (0, A, B) 4 regions (0, A, B, AB)
46 Overview Compositing or combing images: Fundamental problem in graphics Take images from different sources and combine them Three approaches: Blue screen matting Alpha channel Porter-Duff compositing algebra Morphing Beier-Neely Method
47 Compositing Algebra 12 reasonable combinations
48 Example: C = A over B
49 Image Composting Example Jurassic Park 93
50 Overview Display Technologies CRTs & Gamma Correction Image Storage Frame Buffers Color Theory Image Manipulation Compositing Morphing
51 Morphing Animating Transitions between 2 images
52 Blending
53 Morphing Warphing + Blending
54 Specifying Warping Use matched pairs of lines (Beies & Neeley)
55 Example
56 Example 2
57 Example 3
58 Multiple Line Pairs
59 Morphing Uses Willow Terminator Jackson s Black or White
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