Chapter 8. Digital and Analog Interfacing Methods
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1 Chapter 8 Digital and Analog Interfacing Methods
2 Lesson 16 MCU Based Instrumentation
3 Outline Resistance and Capacitance based Sensor Interface Inductance based Sensor (LVDT) Interface Current based (Light level) Sensor Interface Temperature Sensor Interface Accounting for Linearity and Nonlinearity
4 Resistive sensors Resistance sensor senses Temperature (RTD), Pressure (bismuth-telluride wire), Moisture (grain or rice or milk or coffee powder), Magnetic field (bismuth wire) Strain gauge(semiconductor)
5 Moisture measuring cell Cup Grain Pressure Cylinder Pressure Handle
6 Resistive sensors Sensor in one of the arm of Whetstone bridge Signal conditioner (plus a precision rectifier in case of a.c.signal) and Sample Hold (S/H) and ADC at MCU
7 Vdc or a.c. from an oscillator R R R N R Whetstone Bridge
8 Resistance senses physical parameter by resistance changes R Vac R sensor R Vac Resistance Sensor Interface + - S/ H signal conditioner
9 dc oscillator Resistance bridge Keypad ac Rectifier Signal conditioner Samplehold Amplifier S/ H Display TxD, RxD Computer MCU EEPROM ADC at MCU
10 Capacitance sensor Capacitance sensor senses resonance condition offsets when capacitance changes ADC analog input at MCU gives the dielectrics thickness or level in a reactant filled tank
11 Capacitive Sensor Application Examples
12 Capacitive Sensor Application to study paper thickness and its uniformity in a paper mill Placing dielectrics for example, paper near electrodes changes capacitance
13 ADC Port Capacitive Sensor VCC Oscillator Rectifier + - GND Moving dielectrics
14 Capacitive Sensor Application to reactants level measurement at a tank in a cement mill
15 ADC Port Capacitance depend upon dielectric filled level in the tank Capacitive Sensor Oscillator Rectifier + - VCC GND Tank
16 Outline Resistance and Capacitance based Sensor Interface Inductance based Sensor (LVDT) Interface Current based (Light level) Sensor Interface Temperature Sensor Interface Accounting for Linearity and Nonlinearity
17 Inductive sensor Use a single coil or a double coil like in an LVDT(pair of oppositely wounded coils) Senses induced currents sense or currents imbalance at a transformer
18 Inductive Sensor Application Examples
19 Metal near a MCU Signal conditioner transformer induces eddy currents ADC Rectifier C Oscillator Metal foil thickness Measurement
20 LVDT When magnet enters one of the two oppositely wounded coils, the circuit currents balance changes linearly with displacement of shaft and ADC input is proportional to the displacement
21 LVDT Circuit for displacement measurement ADC Port Oscillator Rectifier + - VCC GND Moving Shaft
22 Outline Resistance and Capacitance based Sensor Interface Inductance based Sensor (LVDT) Interface Current based (Light level) Sensor Interface Temperature Sensor Interface Accounting for Linearity and Nonlinearity
23 Optical Sensors Phototransistor senses light levels ADC at MCU notes the ambient light levels
24 Light Level sensor Circuit MCU Phototransistor 5V ADC at MCU Signal conditioner GND
25 Outline Resistance and Capacitance based Sensor Interface Inductance based Sensor (LVDT) Interface Current based (Light level) Sensor Interface Temperature Sensor Interface Accounting for Linearity and Nonlinearity
26 Resistance sensor NTC and PTC NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Decrease in R with increase in T (Semiconductor Oxide) PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) Increase in R with increase in T (Metal Alloy or Platinum wire)
27 RTD senses temperature by resistance changes R Vdc R NTC or PTC RTD R GND RTD Sensor Interface + - signal conditioner
28 NTC senses other junction ambient temperature by resistance decrease and thus compensates for not being at 0 C R Vdc R Hot or cold R GND NTC Thermocouple Interface + - signal conditioner
29 IC based Temperature Sensor AD590 an IC to measure temperatures between 0 C and 100 C. Saturation current is proportional to temperature in Kelvin
30 12V i = (T C +273) µa 12V IC AD190 GND 6.9V Zener TxD, RxD MCU + - EEPROM ADC at MCU Computer Keypad Display
31 Outline Resistance and Capacitance based Sensor Interface Inductance based Sensor (LVDT) Interface Current based (Light level) Sensor Interface Temperature Sensor Interface Accounting for Linearity and Nonlinearity
32 Linearity considerations ADC measured value P is proportional to the measured parameter x by the following linear equation. P = a + a.x 0 1
33 Non-Linearity considerations ADC measured value P is not proportional to the measured parameter x by the following linear equation. P = a + a.x + a. x, a.x 3 + a. x
34 Linearity and Non Linearity Lookup Table The non-linearity effects can be taken into account by using a lookup table that is stored at the flash memory in the MCU. Flash stores the verified physical parameter value vs. the observed ADC input.
35 Linearity and Non Linearity considerations Also a computer program calculates the offset, proportionality coefficient and non-linearity coefficients and saves in flash. Then it re-programs the parameters in the flash memory when re-calibrating the instrument and regenerates lookup table
36 Summary
37 Whetstone bridge Resistance, capacitance or inductance or current changes noted using signal conditioner,precision rectifier, samplehold amplifier and MCU-ADC Lookup table and coefficients for accounting offset, proportionality and nonlinear coeffecients
38 End of Lesson 16 MCU Based Instrumentation
39 THANK YOU
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