CONTENT INTRODUCTION AIM MATERIALS METHODOLOGY. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS

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2 INTRODUCTION CONTENT AIM MATERIALS METHODOLOGY RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS

3 Main debae is... Concree or Seel? If concree, why? If no, why? If Seel, why? If no, why?

4 Type of applicaion, Economic concerns, Archiecural and Funcional concerns and issues relaed o susainabiliy

5 More resisan o very high emperaures for longer peroid of ime Offer excellen proecion from explosions For example: Burj Khalifa, Dubai a very good example for concree base buildings where around 330,000 cubic meers of concree used o complee is consrucion (of course suppored by seel rebar). Speeds up he consrucion process by giving he abiliy o be pre-fabricaed off sie unlike o Seel

Can be a more environmenal friendly opion compared o concree due o concree s high carbon emissions during is producion process Seel is a recyclable maerials and currenly reinforced seel is he mos

6 Can be a more environmenal friendly opion compared o concree due o concree s high carbon emissions during is producion process Seel is a recyclable maerials and currenly reinforced seel is he mos preferred maerial o proec environmen Rebar is mosly made up 100% recycled scrap Seel and a he end of is life cycle i can be recovered, recycled and used again where concree CANNOT do ha a his high levels and wih 100% efficiency. Seel offers aesheics ha concree may never be able o.

7 In realiy, boh concree and Seel have advanages and disadvanes so why we should choose one over anoher where i would be possible o apply hem ogeher. Reinforcing concree wih Seel has major benefis. I is by far a lo beer han eiher concree or Seel by heir own.

8 How can we make a more environmenal friendly and sronger maerial wih higher durabiliy, less producion coss and mainenance cos.? Wha abou producing green concree which is basicaly rely on green cemen? Wha abou producing a green reinforcing concree? In he ligh of discussion we have sared o hink abou more susainable consrucion maerials which can reduce he derimenal impacs of cemen whereas carries similar or beer characerisics which will no effec he quaily, durabiliy and cos of he final produc or buildings.

9 To reduce he cemen conen in reinforced concree by using susainable alernaive binding agens.

10 Susainable consrucion maerials should no only be environmenal friendly bu also provide high level of safey and cos effeciveness over he long erm. Low grade magnesium oxide (LGMgO), pulverised fuel ash (PFA), Seel slag and hydraed lime are he maerials proposed as a cemen replacemen.

11 Seing Time Unconfined Compressive Srengh (UCS) Leaching Tess (Monolihic and Granular) Acid Neuralisaion Capaciy (ANC) Diffusion Tes SEM XRD analyses And many ohers.

Mix CEMI (%) Binder (%) CEMI-BINDER-1:1 50 50 CEMI-BINDER-1:2 33 67 CEMI-BINDER-1:3 25 75 CEMI-BINDER-1:4 20 80 CEMI-BINDER-1:5 17 83 CEMI-BINDER-1:6 14 86 CEMI-BINDER-1:7 12.5 87.

13 Mix CEMI (%) Binder (%) CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: CEMI-BINDER-1: *Binder = Slag / LGMgO / PFA / hlime CEMI-hlime 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8 1:9 Waer (%) CEMI-LGMgO 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8 1:9 Waer (%) CEMI-PFA 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8 1:9 Waer (%) CEMI-SLAG 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8 1:9 Waer (%)

15 UCS (MPa) CEMI-only w/s= WI 56 Curing age (days)

16 UCS (MPa) Mix raios (%) 7 days 28 days 56 days Figure 2 CEMI-hlime mix combinaions for UCS 7, 28 and 56 days *Error bars wih sandard deviaions included

17 UCS (MPa) Mix raios (%) 7 days 28 days WI 56 days Figure 3 CEMI-LGMgO mix combinaions for UCS 7, 28, and 56 days and WI (28 days) *Error bars wih sandard deviaions included

UCS (MPa) 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mix raios (%) 7 days 28 days WI 56 days CEMI-slag

18 UCS (MPa) Mix raios (%) 7 days 28 days WI 56 days CEMI-slag mix combinaions for UCS 7, 28, and 56 days, WI (28 days) *Error bars wih sandard deviaions included

CEMI:hlim e raio 1:1 Pb mg/l Cd mg/l Cr mg/l 0.07 Zn mg/l Mo mg/l 0.04 As mg/l Pb 1:2 0.07 0.69 1:3 0.08 0.01 0.8 0.14 50 5 70 200 30 1:4 0.07 0.7 1:5 0.

42 As As 25 CEMI:hlime raio Co Cu Ni Se Ba Sb Co Co Cu Cu Ni Ni Se Se Ba Ba Sb Sb 1:1 0.01 0.02 1.60 0.13 0.17 15.95 1:2 0.01 0.02 1.49 0.10 0.15 14.

21 CEMI:hlim e raio 1:1 Pb mg/l Cd mg/l Cr mg/l 0.07 Zn mg/l Mo mg/l 0.04 As mg/l Pb 1: : : : : Pb Cd Cd Cr limi Cr 0.7 Zn Zn Mo limi Mo 0.42 As As 25 CEMI:hlime raio Co Cu Ni Se Ba Sb Co Co Cu Cu Ni Ni Se Se Ba Ba Sb Sb 1: : : na : : : *The WAC s are highlighed in yellow ** sands for Below Deecion Limi

22 CEMI:LGMg O raio 1:1 Pb (mg/l ) Cd (mg/l ) Cr 0.04 Zn Mo As 1: : Pb limi 1: : : : : : Co Cu Co Cu Ni CEMI:LGMg Ni Se Ba Sb (mg/l (mg/l limi Co limi Cu limi O raio ) ) Ni 1: Pb Cd limi Cd Cr limi Cr 0.43 Zn limi Zn Mo limi : : : : na : : : : Se limi Se Ba limi Mo Ba As limi As 25 Sb limi Sb 5

23 CEMI:PFA raio Pb Cd mg/l Cr Zn Mo As Pb 1: : : : : : : : : CEMI:PFA raio Co Cu Ni Se Ba Sb Co 1: : : Pb Co Cd limi Cu limi Cd Cu Cr limi Ni limi Cr Ni Zn limi Se limi Zn Se Mo Ba Mo Ba As As 25 1: : na : : : : Sb Sb

24 CEMI:sla g raio Pb Cd Cr Zn Mo As Pb Pb Cd Cd Cr Cr Zn Zn Mo Mo As As 1: : : : : : : CEMI:sla g raio Co Cu Ni Se Ba Sb Co Co Cu Cu Ni 0.18 Ni Se Se Ba 0.32 Ba 25 Sb Sb 1: : : : na : :7 5 1:

26 e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) Cr Mo Ni Ba CEMI:hli me raio Complian ce (4d) Characerisa ion (64d) Compliance (4d) Characerisa ion (64d) Compliance (4d) Characerisa ion (64d) Complianc e (4d) Characerisa ion (64d) 1: : : : : : = below deecion e n * (mg/m 2 ) is obained by muliplying he meal concenraion measured in mg/l wih Volume of leaching fluid in lires (l) and divided by area of he es specimen ; A(m 2 ).

27 CEMI:LGM go raio 1:1 2.4 Compliance (4d) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) Cr Mo Ni Ba Characerisa ion (64d) 5.1 Complianc e (4d) Characerisaio n (64d) 0.4 Compliance (4d) 0.3 Characerisa ion (64d) 0.6 Compliance (4d) 1: : : : : : : : Complian ce (4d) 1:1 Co Cu As Characerisaio n (64d) Complianc e (4d) Characerisaio n (64d) Compliance (4d) 1: : : na na : : : : : Characerisaion (64d) 20 Characerisai on (64d) 150

28 e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) CEMI:PFA raio Compliance (4d) Cr Mo As Characerisaion (64d) Compliance (4d) Characerisaion (64d) Compliance (4d) Characerisaion (64d) 1: : : : na : : Ni Ba Sb 20 Compliance (4d) Characerisaion (64d) Compliance (4d) Characerisaion (64d) Compliance (4d) Characerisaion (64d) 1:1 na na 1 1: : :7 1 1:8 na 1 na na na na 1:

29 CEMI:slag raio 1:1 2.8 Compliance (4d) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) e n * (mg/m 2 ) Cr Mo As Characerisaion Compliance Characerisaion Compliance Characerisaion (64d) (4d) (64d) (4d) (64d) : : : : : : : :1 1.4 Compliance (4d) Ni Ba Sb Characerisaion Compliance Characerisaion Compliance Characerisaion (64d) (4d) (64d) (4d) (64d) : : : : : : :

32 SEM image of CEMI-slag 1:2 a 28 days large area scan (X90)

34 CEMI-LGMgO 1:2 CEMI-LGMgO 1:4 CEMI CEMI-slag 1:2 CEMI-slag 1:4

35 LGMgO, PFA and slag blended mixures performed well in erms of physical inegriy - UCS developmen a ALL raios sudied (1:1 o 1:9). Leaching es resuls clearly showed ha he use of LGMgO, seel slag, PFA and hlime as alernaive binders for EAFD S/S exhibied much beer produc performance in erms of granular leaching es regime when compared o he monolihic one.

36 SEM analysis was able o deec he formaion of cemen hydraion producs (porlandie and eringie) formaion of C-H and/or C-S-H cemen hydraion producs. Effecive replacemen of cemen by LGMgO and seel slag (boh wase by-producs) a a raio of 1:4 significanly improves boh he economics and susainabiliy characerisics of his reamen echnique.

37 Thanks for Lisening! Any Quesions, please?!

Dimensions. Transmitter Receiver ø2.6. Electrical connection. Transmitter +UB 0 V. Emitter selection. = Light on = Dark on

Dimensions. Transmitter Receiver ø2.6. Electrical connection. Transmitter +UB 0 V. Emitter selection. = Light on = Dark on OBE-R-SE Dimensions Transmier.. 7.5 9..5.8 4.9 4 5 M 8.9 7.5 9..5.8 4 5 M 8.9 ø.6 ø.6 Model Number OBE-R-SE Thru-beam sensor wih m fixed cable Elecrical connecion Transmier Feaures BN +UB WH IN Ulra-small