Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood Lumber

Transcription

1 Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood Lumber REDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE 2000 EDITION

2 Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood Lumber 2000 EDITION Accredited by American Lumber Standard Committee, Inc. Board of Review REDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE A Division of California Redwood Association 405 Enfrente Drive, Suite 200 Novato, CA (415) FAX: (415)

3 INTRODUCTION The Redwood Inspection Service is accredited by the Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee, Inc. as the exclusive rules-writing agency for redwood lumber. Here is how the Redwood Inspection Service operates: Expert RIS supervisors act as grading monitors of the redwood products produced by the redwood mills throughout Northern California. RIS trains graders for individual mill members and from time to time spot checks performance in accordance with ALSC, Inc. regulations. RIS reviews member mill s kiln drying procedures. RIS may serve as an impartial arbiter in settling questions of product quality and quantity. RIS headquarters in Novato communicates with codewriting agencies to establish or maintain building standards pertaining to the usage of redwood in regional and local building codes. The Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood Lumber are in accordance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Voluntary Product Standard PS 20 and have been accredited by the Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee, Inc. These Standard Specifications apply to California Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and to no other species. WORKING STRESSES MOE VALUES Structural grades of redwood have working stress and modulus of elasticity ( E ) values computed in accordance with the requirements of the American Society for Testing and Materials. These values were derived from publications issued by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. They are used for all normal construction design. Higher or lower design values are sometimes used to meet special structural requirements. The values in this book are average values, and individual pieces having values above and below the listed averages occur in all lumber grades. I

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I Introduction 1-4 Redwood Grademarks General Grading Provisions and Redwood Sizes General Purpose Grades Sidings, Patterns and Other Worked Products Special Purpose Grades Miscellaneous Products Structural Grades National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber Glossary and Terms Redwood Lumber Patterns Index Section II

5 REDWOOD GRADEMARKS Official grademarks of the Redwood Inspection Service are evidence that the lumber has been graded in accordance with these standard specifications by either an official inspector of the Redwood Inspection Service or by qualified mill graders under the supervision of the Redwood Inspection Service inspectors and it complies with the minimum size requirements of the American Softwood Lumber Standard and with the standard sizes provided in these rules. Grademarked redwood gives assurance to the user that the material is properly graded and is in accordance with the specifications. Foundation and Deck grades must be grademarked. Other grades of redwood may be grademarked upon request of buyer. Four general forms of registered grademarks are used. These marks, when applied, shall be on the back or on the edge or end, provided fully legible marks can be obtained. Each contains the quality assurance mark RIS the initials of the Redwood Inspection Service; each contains grade designation and species designation; each gives the identification of the company or the inspector responsible for the grading. Company identification may be by company name, trade name, trademark or number. Inspector identification is by number. 1 CERTIFIED KILN DRIED CLR HT RWD This grademark is used to indicate grade as well as seasoning to the Certified Kiln Dried requirements of Paragraph 725. CLEAR HEART REDWOOD This grademark indicates grade only and may appear on either unseasoned or seasoned rough lumber. The 1

6 grademark on surfaced lumber under 5-inch nominal thickness shall also include the designation S-GRN if the moisture content is in excess of 19 percent at the time of surfacing. FOUNDATION S-GRN REDWOOD This grademark indicates grade and surfacing at a moisture content in excess of 19 percent. An abbreviated and smaller form is employed where size of material makes a smaller mark desirable. Examples are CLR HT and FDTN RWD. SEL STR (OG) S-GRN REDWOOD This grademark is an example of one used to indicate the grade of Select Structural, surfaced-green, open grain dimension lumber conforming to the National Grading Rule set forth in the section commencing with Paragraph 600. Working stresses for structural grades of redwood are provided in Paragraph 512. The grademark on surfaced lumber under 5-inch nominal thickness shall also include the designation S-GRN if the moisture content is in excess of 19 percent at the time of surfacing. The grademark for lumber under 5-inch nominal thickness surfaced at 19 percent maximum moisture content shall include the designation S-DRY. Standard grademarks in the above forms are provided for all redwood lumber grades and certain industrial grades. The official grademark may be incorporated in marks giving additional information such as pattern number, dressed size, or trade name. If the letters CRA appear with the grademark, the company responsible for the grading is a member of the California Redwood Association. Lumber which has been inspected by an RIS inspector may be identified in a Certificate of Inspection issued by the RIS. 2

7 An RIS Certificate of Inspection is a document listing in detail the following items: a. Name of shipping mill or place at which inspection was made. b. Car number or name of vessel, when available. c. Name of inspector. d. Description of material (sizes, lengths, applicable grades, tally of pieces, type or class of material). e. Lot markings, hammer brands, paint daubs or other means of identification. f. Order numbers of buyer and seller (if necessary). g. Certifying signature of the Redwood Inspection Service. Sample Certificate REDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE A Division of California Redwood Association 630 J Street, Eureka, California (707) Certificate Number This is to certify, that I/we regularly appointed inspector(s) of the REDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE and at the time acting in that capacity, (re-inspectd) have personally (inspected) lumber at invoiced as (shipped) said to be (for shipment) via by, at to, at, and that I/we find the following grades therein: each piece grade-marked each piece grade-marked each piece grade-marked Order No. (Inspector's) (Mill) tally shows the following amounts and descriptions: This lumber was inspected according to Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood Lumber as approved by the Board of Review, ALS Committee, Effective on. 6/87 Dated Countersigned: Inspector Inspector Redwood Inspection Service Chief Inspector 3

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9 GENERAL GRADING PROVISIONS 1. California redwood lumber shall be manufactured, inspected and graded under the following rules and specifications as to quality and size unless otherwise expressly stipulated between buyer and seller. Written interpretations of these specifications, where applicable, are available on request from the Redwood Inspection Service. 2. California redwood is graded with special reference to its suitability for the use intended. With this in mind, each piece is considered and its grade determined by its general character, including the location and sum of all natural and manufacturing characteristics. Material not conforming to standard sizes or grades shown herein, and that intended for special uses, shall be covered by special contract and inspection. 3. The grading of lumber cannot be considered an exact science because it is based on a visual inspection of each piece and on the judgment of the grader. These specifications establish a maximum of 5 percent as the allowable variation between graders. 4. The provision that certain characteristics are permitted in occasional pieces is used primarily to provide for acceptance of minor defects not normally permitted in the grade which have been accidentally overlooked but which are not serious enough to justify throwing out the piece in shipping or reinspecting the lumber. The only time such occasional characteristics should be purposely accepted prior to final grading is when the piece is otherwise high line for the grade, so that even with the characteristics it is a good piece for that grade. 5. The grades of finish, all thicknesses, and of all other grades of lumber less than nominal 2 inches thick, is determined from the face, or the better side, of the piece if rough or surfaced two sides, and from the surfaced side of the piece if it is surfaced on one side only. If run to pattern on one side only, the grade shall be determined from the pattern side, and if run to pattern on both sides, from the best side. Unless specifically covered in the rules, the reverse side of the piece in any case will be not more than one grade lower, and very often will be as good as the face side. 2 5

10 6. In the grading of nominal 2-inch and thicker redwood lumber, all four sides shall be considered since appearance as well as strength and uniformity of size are of importance. No combination of knots will be permitted which has a more serious effect than a single knot of the maximum size permitted. 7. The rules for redwood lumber prescribe the number and extent of characteristics permitted in the poorest pieces admissible in each grade. Lumber grades are broad manufacturing categories, providing the extent and limitations of the characteristics permitted in the particular grade. Grades overlap, and pieces may be selected from a grade to comprise another grade; however, a specific shipment shall not be made up only of pieces containing characteristics of the maximum number or size permitted in the grade. 8. All or nearly all of the permissible characteristics of a grade are never present in maximum size or number in any one piece. Any piece with an unusual combination of characteristics which affect normal serviceability is excluded from the grade. Unless otherwise specified, grade descriptions are based upon a piece 8 inches wide by 12 feet long. This means that the number of characteristics in larger or smaller pieces may vary in proportion to the size of the piece. 9. All of the characteristics which might occur in a piece of lumber of a given grade cannot be enumerated, and those unspecified are permitted if the grader judges them to be the equivalent of those which are specified. When characteristics or combinations thereof not described in these grading rules are encountered they will be considered as equivalent to those enumerated according to their damaging effect upon the piece in the grade under consideration. 10. The average of the maximum and minimum diameters is used in measuring the size of knots in redwood unless otherwise stated. Knots in 2-inch by 2-inch and 3-inch and thicker general purpose grades and Foundation and Deck grades are measured and permitted on wood displacement equivalent to the size of knots allowed in the grade under consideration. 11. Imperfections admissible in rough stock shall be the 6

11 same as those applying to dressed stock of like kind and grade, and in addition such others as can be removed in dressing such stock to standard sizes shall be allowed. 12. Planing mill work shall be taken into consideration in all grades of dressed stock, and its effect on the use of the piece must be left largely to the judgment of the grader. Skips in dressing on face, back or edges of the piece; scant tongue in T&G; or scant lap in Shiplap are permitted only if such imperfections in manufacture, considered in combination with other characteristics present in the piece do not give a lower degree of utility or a lower appearance than the characteristics of the grade allows. They are permitted to a greater degree in the lower grades than in the higher grades. Pieces with tongue broken for a length of not to exceed 6 inches may be shipped in any grade. OTHER SPECIES 13. Douglas fir produced and shipped by RlS subscribers shall be graded in accordance with the rules of the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau in effect at the time of the shipment except Post and Timbers and Beams and Stringers may be graded under Western Wood Products Association rules in effect at the time of shipment. 14. All other West Coast species, produced and shipped by RIS subscribers, shall be graded in accordance with the rules of the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau or the Western Wood Products Association in effect at the time of the shipment. REDWOOD DRESSED SIZES 15. The standard thicknesses and widths of finished California redwood lumber S1S or S2S and/or S2E, D&M or Shiplap, shown in the following tables, correspond to the American Softwood Lumber Standard except where noted. Unless otherwise agreed between buyer and seller, redwood lumber S4S may be dressed square edge or eased edge at mill option. In patterned material 11/16, 3/4 and 1-1/16 inches thick, the tongue shall be 1/4 inch wide in tongue and groove lumber and the lap 1/2 inch wide in shiplap lumber with the overall widths 1/4 and 1/2 inch wider respectively than the face width shown on page 9. For metric conversion see Paragraph 40. 7

12 Redwood Dressed Sizes Thicknesses apply to all widths, and widths to all thicknesses. Sizes are given in inches and millimeters. Metric units are based on actual size. CERTIFIED KILN DRIED OR S-DRY LUMBER Standard Thicknesses 1 Standard Widths Nominal (in.) Dressed (in.) Dressed (mm) Nominal (in.) Dressed (in.) Dressed (mm) 3/8 5/ /2 38 1/2 7/ /2 64 5/8 9/ /2 89 3/4 5/ / / / / / /2 1-1/ / / /4 286 GREEN LUMBER 3/4" TO 4" THICK Standard Thicknesses 1 Standard Widths Nominal (in.) Dressed (in.) Dressed (mm) Nominal (in.) Dressed (in.) Dressed (mm) 3/4 11/ / / / /4 1-1/ / /2 1-9/ / / / /2 2-1/ / / / / /8 289 GREEN TIMBERS Standard Thicknesses Standard Widths Nominal (in.) Dressed (in.) Dressed (mm) Nominal (in.) Dressed (in.) Dressed (mm) 5 4-1/ / / / / / / / / /2 292 Over 12 Off 1/2 Off 13 Over 12 Off 1/2 Off 13 1 Boards less than the minimum thickness for nominal 1-inch but 5/8 inch (16 mm) or greater thickness dry (11/16 inch (17 mm) green) shall be regarded as ALS lumber, but such boards shall be marked to show the size and condition of seasoning at the time of dressing. They shall also be distinguished from nominal 1-inch boards on invoices and certificates. 2 Nominal 6'' end-glued, edged-glued and/or end- and edgeglued redwood lumber may be produced to a 5-3/8'' dressed width. 8

13 Bevel, Shiplap and Tongue and Groove Siding, Dry Sizes Thicknesses apply to all widths, and widths to all thicknesses. Sizes are given in inches and millimeters. Metric units are based on actual size. Thicknesses Face Widths Product Nominal 1 Minimum Dressed Nominal Minimum Dressed (inch) (inch) (mm) (inch) (inch) (mm) Bevel 1/2 7/16 x 3/16 11 x /2 89 Plain & 5 4-1/2 114 Rabbeted 6 5-1/ /4 184 Bevel 5/8 9/16 x 3/16 14 x /2 89 Plain & 6 5-1/2 140 Rabbeted 8 7-1/ /4 235 Bevel 3/4 11/16 x 3/16 17 x /2 140 Plain & 8 7-1/4 184 Rabbeted /4 235 Shiplap 1 23/ / /2" (13 mm) 8 6-5/8 168 lap /8 219 Tongue & 4 3-1/8 79 Groove 1/2 7/ / /4" (6 mm) 5/8 9/ /8 175 tongue 1 23/ /8 225 Tongue & 1 23/ Groove /8" (10 mm) 8 6-3/4 171 tongue / Stock dressed to less than the standard for nominal 1-inch thickness shall be marked to show the size. In tongue and groove 7/16 and 9/16 inches thick, the tongue shall be 3/16 inch wide, with the overall widths 3/16 inch wider than the face widths shown above. The dressed sizes for 2-inch thick tongue and groove and shiplap roof decking are provided in Paragraph Skips in Dressing (1) Allowable Skips All Grades. The maximum skip or skips permitted is based on high line pieces of the grade; the amount allowable in other than high line pieces would be less. A serious combination of skips on more than one side will not be permitted. Base skip on 12-foot lengths except where a certain fraction of the length is mentioned. (2) Allowable Skips in Oversize Lumber. Surfaced lumber which is sold finished to larger than standard sizes should have the same quality of surfacing as standard stock in absence of an understanding that hit and miss will be accepted. 9

14 17. Redwood Rough Sizes 1 Thicknesses apply to all widths, and widths to all thicknesses. Sizes are given in inches and millimeters. Metric units are based on actual size. CERTIFIED KILN DRIED OR S-DRY LUMBER Rough Standard Thicknesses Rough Standard Widths Nominal (in.) Minimum 2 (in.) Minimum (mm) Nominal (in.) Minimum (in.) Minimum (mm) 3/4 3/ / / / /4 1-1/ / /2 1-3/ / / / / / /8 289 GREEN LUMBER 3/4" TO 4" THICK Rough Standard Thicknesses Rough Standard Widths Nominal (in.) Minimum 2 (in.) Minimum (mm) Nominal (in.) Minimum (in.) Minimum (mm) 3/4 13/ / / / /4 1-5/ / /2 1-13/ / / / /2 2-3/ / / / / /2 292 GREEN TIMBERS Rough Standard Thicknesses Rough Standard Widths Nominal (in.) Minimum (in.) Minimum (mm) Nominal (in.) Minimum (in.) Minimum (mm) 5 4-5/ / / / / / / / / /8 295 Over 12 Off 3/8 Off 10 Over 12 Off 3/8 Off 10 1 For all thicknesses, maximum rough thicknesses are 3/8 inch over nominal thicknesses. For all widths, maximum rough widths are 1/2 inch over nominal widths. 2 Up to 20% of a shipment may be 1/32 inch thinner. 10

15 LENGTH AND TRIMMING PROVISIONS 18. Unless otherwise stated in contract of purchase, rough and/or dressed lumber shall be trimmed for removal of spur and splintered ends, and if 4 inches and less in thickness, shall be double-end trimmed with sufficient over length to permit square trimming both ends to nominal length but the length shall not be more than 6 inches in excess of nominal length. If 2 inches and less in nominal thickness (except lath), lumber shall be double-end trimmed to a length that is not scant of nominal length and that is not over 3 inches in excess of nominal length. 19. Standard lengths of all redwood lumber shall be as specified below in multiples of 1 or 2 feet at mill s option. Longer or shorter lengths than those herein specified or lengths that are not 1 foot multiples are by special contract. Standard length for all rough redwood lumber grades shall be 6 to 20 feet except as noted below. Standard lengths of all redwood lumber and special purpose grades dressed or worked to pattern shall be 3 to 20 feet, except as noted below. NOTE: Clear All Heart, Heart Clear, and Clear pieces which are 3 feet or longer but less than 6 feet in length may be included as standard lengths in shipments of No. 1 Shop or Factory Select, unless otherwise agreed between buyer and seller. 20. Unless covered by special agreement, random lengths for all grades shall be 6 to 20 feet if rough, or 3 to 20 feet if dressed or worked to pattern. In random length shipments, the percentage of the board foot total which is shipped in 6- to 7-foot lengths or 3- to 7-foot lengths shall not exceed, and the percentage of the board foot total which is shipped in 16- to 20-foot lengths must not be less than the percentages shown in the following tables: RANDOM LENGTHS FOR ROUGH REDWOOD LUMBER 6/7' 16/20' Must not Must contain exceed at least Narrower than 6'' % 20% 6'' % 25% 8'' and wider % 30% 11

16 RANDOM LENGTHS FOR DRESSED REDWOOD LUMBER (S1S, S2S, S1E, S2E or combination and for grades worked to siding or to pattern as defined in Paragraph 719c). 3/7' 16/20' Must not Must contain exceed at least Narrower than 6'' % 15% 6'' % 20% 8'' and wider % 25% Random lengths for Molding shall be 3 to 16 feet or longer, and shall contain not less than 85% 8 feet and longer. Assortment of lengths in random length shipments of other special purpose grades shall be as agreed between buyer and seller. DESCRIPTION, MEASUREMENT AND TALLY 21. The thicknesses and widths of lumber as specified in Paragraphs 15 and 17 shall be considered standard. All other sizes shall be considered special. 22. Lumber of standard size shall be tallied board measure, except that lumber less than 1 inch thick will be tallied as surface measure. 23. The board measurement of dressed lumber of standard sizes shall be based upon the corresponding nominal dimensions of rough green lumber. 24. Lumber dressed to special size shall be counted (tallied) as of the standard rough sizes necessarily used in its manufacture. 25. The actual thickness and width of lumber shipped shall be indicated on the invoice. Lumber of non-standard size shall also include actual sizes on any grademarks or labels that are attached to the pieces or units. 26. Material shipped in stock sizes shall be tallied by the number of pieces of each size and length in the shipment. 27. The average length of a shipment of lumber shall be computed by dividing the total length in feet by the total number of pieces in a shipment. 12

17 28. The average width of a shipment of lumber 1 inch in thickness shall be computed by dividing the total board feet by the total length in feet and multiplying the results by 12. The total board foot tally of lumber thicker than 1 inch shall be divided first by the thickness as expressed in inches and fractions of an inch. REINSPECTION AND SHIPPING PROVISIONS 29. When stock is bundled, each length shall be bundled separately unless otherwise specified. 30. Lumber must be accepted on grade in the form in which it is shipped. Any subsequent change in manufacture, millwork or drying will prohibit reinspection for the adjustment of the claims, except with the consent of all parties concerned. 31. The grade of lumber, determined by the inspector, applies to the size, form, condition or degree of seasoning at the time of original inspection; any subsequent changes in the lumber will not be considered in determining the accuracy of the original grade. 32. Reinspection services of the RIS are available to buyer and seller at a reasonable charge; however, the RIS or its representatives assume no responsibility for arranging or paying for labor or other services necessary to the reinspection. Both parties shall lend all reasonable assistance to the RIS to facilitate the reinspection or retally. All requests for reinspection or retally must be made to the RIS in writing and must be accompanied by two copies of the exact order or acknowledgment of the order and two copies of the invoice. (Prices may be deleted.) Complaints must be filed within 10 days of receipt of the shipment, except that in the case of shipments composed of wrapped or strapped lumber, reinspection for grade will be permitted if complaint is filed within 90 days after receipt of shipment. This extension of the time limit for filing complaints is provided solely to protect the buyer s right to reinspection until bundles are opened, up to 90 days, and shall not be construed to permit a delay in payment of invoices. In such cases, reinspection shall involve only grade and manufacturing 13

18 characteristics which are not altered by time, such as knots, wane, skips, etc. 33. In cases of complaint involving measurement, the entire shipment shall be kept intact for remeasurement. 34. In cases of complaint regarding grade or size but not involving tally, the buyer is required to accept that portion of a shipment of lumber of standard grade or standard size which is up to grade or of standard size, as the case may be, holding intact for reinspection that portion of the grade or size which is in dispute. The action on the part of the buyer in accepting and using such portion of the shipment shall not be construed as his acceptance of the entire shipment; further the buyer shall pay in accordance with the terms of sale for that portion which he accepts. Acceptance by the buyer of a part of the shipment does not prejudice his just complaints against any unused material that is alleged by him to be below standard grade or not of standard size. After filing the request for reinspection, the complainant buyer shall hold disputed material intact, properly protected, for not exceeding 30 days. If the item is not held intact, that portion which has been accepted or used shall be considered as of the highest grade specified in the order. The volume of any lower grade which is found on reinspection shall be applied as a percentage to the shipment as a whole. 35. In cases of complaints involving moisture content, the customer must inform the shipper of the complaint within 72 hours after the lumber is unloaded. In such cases, the shipper shall answer such complaints within 72 hours from the receipt of complaint. The stock on which such reinspection has been called must be adequately protected from the elements. If, in the judgement of the RIS supervisor conducting the reinspection, the material has not been adequately protected, the complaint shall be invalid. Each piece under complaint shall be tested for moisture content, and a separation shall be made of all pieces conforming to the maximum allowable moisture content from any portion exceeding such maximum. 14

19 36. The expense of such reinspection shall be borne by the shipper if the item in question is found to be more than 5% below grade; if 5% or less, the expense of such inspection shall be borne by the buyer. For reinspection purposes, an item of shipment consists of a grade and size, without reference to length. In mixed grade shipments, the grades specified in the mixture are considered as one grade in determining items. A shipment with specifically stated quantities or percentages of grade is not considered a mixed grade shipment. In shipments containing more than one item, each item is considered separately. If more than one item is under complaint, the expense of reinspection shall be prorated between buyer and seller in the ratio of the invoiced footage of the items found to be more than 5% below grade to those found to be 5% or less below grade. In either case, the person calling for reinspection shall be responsible to the inspection agency for the cost thereof. The RIS reserves the right to demand prepayment of all charges or a deposit to cover estimated costs of such charges. 37. Each item of shipment shall be considered as of the grade invoiced if, upon reinspection under the grading rules which the lumber has been graded and sold, 95% or more thereof is found to be of said grade or better. When degrades in grade or moisture content or both are in excess of 5% of the board footage of each item, or when they are more than one grade lower than the grade invoiced, such degrades shall be kept separate and shall be the property of the seller, unless otherwise agreed. These provisions shall not apply in the case of specially worked lumber. 38. The responsibility of the RIS on reinspections shall be deemed to have been fulfilled when it has supplied all parties concerned with a report on the reinspection. 39. The foregoing General Grading Provisions shall apply to the manufacture, grading and inspection and shall govern the application of the specifications herein published for California redwood lumber. Metric Conversion 40. ASTM Standard E 380 was used as the authoritative standard in developing the metric dimensions found in 15

20 this Standard. Metric dimensions are calculated at 25.4 millimeters (mm) times the actual dimension in inches. The nearest mm is significant for dimensions greater than 1/8 inch, and the nearest 0.1 mm is significant for dimensions equal to or less than 1/8 inch. The rounding rule for dimensions greater than 1/8 inch: If the digit in the tenths of mm position (the digit after the decimal point) is less than 5, drop all fractional mm digits; if greater than 5 or it is 5 followed by at least one non-zero digit, round one mm higher; if 5 followed by only zeroes, retain the digit in the unit position (the digit before the decimal point) if it is even or increase it one mm if it is odd. The rounding rule for dimensions equal to or less than 1/8 inch: If the digit in the hundredths of mm position (the second digit after the decimal point) is less than 5, drop all digits to the right of the tenths position; if greater than 5 or it is 5 followed by at least one non-zero digit, round one-tenth mm higher; if 5 followed by only zeroes, retain the digit in the tenths position if it is even or increase it onetenth mm if it is odd. In case of a dispute on size measurements, the conventional (inch) method of measurement shall take precedence. 16

21 GENERAL PURPOSE GRADES 100. Knot Measurement All thicknesses Unless otherwise specified, knots shall be measured as the average of the maximum and minimum diameters as shown in Figure 1. Tapering knots in 2-inch thickness can be averaged from face to face. The measurement of the largest end of the knot shall be held to approximately 1/2 inch larger than the specified knot size (i.e.,1/2 inch control). In no case shall the average size be larger than the maximum size permitted in the grade under consideration. Figure 1. All thicknesses A 3 A Measure average diameter 3 inch and Thicker Knots on wide faces are measured between lines parallel to the edges as shown in Figure 2. When tapering knots are encountered, their equivalent displacement is determined as shown in Figure 3. Figure 2. 3" and thicker B 17

22 Figure 3. Tapering knot C D Divide sum of measurements C and D by 2. 2 inch and thicker Narrow face and spike knots are judged by the amount of cross section they occupy as illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. A narrow face knot is defined as a knot which shows its pith on the narrow face. Figure 4. Narrow face knot 1/2 Displacement Figure 5. Spike knot 1/3 Displacement 18

23 101. The term redwood lumber as used here means lumber that is manufactured and classified into those sizes, shapes and qualities required for ordinary building and general purpose uses. It may be rough, dressed, matched (T&G, D&M, CM) shiplapped or worked-topattern. For special provisions applying to lumber worked to pattern, see Paragraphs 201 to The heartwood of California redwood possesses exceptional merit. Its color contrasts distinctly with the cream colored sapwood. For these reasons, redwood grades are divided into those which are all heartwood and those in which sapwood is permitted. In addition to special use heartwood grades, three of the grades are heartwood to provide lumber of maximum value for uses where redwood s exceptional resistance to decay and insect attack are important, or for natural finish if the contrasting color of sapwood is not desired. Other grades, equally suitable for certain purposes, contain a combination of heartwood and sapwood. CLEAR ALL HEART, HEART CLEAR, CLEAR, HEART B AND B ALL THICKNESSES 103. Clear All Heart is a grade of exceptional value, without peer among softwoods for both interior and exterior uses. This grade must be heartwood, well manufactured and of a uniformly high quality suitable for finish. Most pieces are entirely clear or have only a few minor characteristics, such as: Stain Medium. Warp Light. End Checks Not over 2 inches long in an occasional piece. Pieces 5 inches and narrower reverse side may be the best face of Heart Clear. Pieces 6 inches and wider reverse side and one edge may be the best face of Heart Clear Heart Clear is a high quality grade with the same general characteristics and limiting provisions as Clear. It shall be entirely heartwood. This grade shall be well 19

24 manufactured. Most pieces are entirely free of objectionable characteristics but some pieces may contain the following: Knots Two 3/4 inch or equivalent smaller, sound, tight in an occasional piece. Stain Medium. Warp Light. End Checks Not over 2 inches long in an occasional piece. Surface Checks Medium. Checked Bird s-eye or equivalent. Torn Grain Light. Skips Very light skip on face and one edge only equal to width of piece and 6 inches in length; light skip on reverse side up to 24 inches or equivalent. Pockets Two 1/8 inch x 1 inch in an occasional piece. Wane On the other edge and adjacent reverse side, 1/4 the thickness and 10% of the width equal in length to the width of the piece or equivalent, in an occasional piece. Pieces 2 inches and thinner, 5 inches and narrower are graded from the best side and two edges. Pieces 2 inches and thinner, 6 inches and wider are graded from the best side and one edge. The other edge and reverse side of surfaced (green or dry) or rough dry may contain defects that will not affect the usefulness of the piece. Unsound knots and holes allowed on other edge and adjacent reverse side one 1-1/2 inches long by 1/2 the thickness and 10% of the width in each 8 feet of length or equivalent in an occasional piece. All sides of rough green, all thicknesses, must comply with the best face as described above Clear is a high quality finish grade of the same general quality as Heart Clear. The principal difference between the two grades is that Clear contains sapwood. This grade shall be well manufactured. Most pieces are entirely free of objectionable characteristics but some pieces may contain the following: Knots Two 3/4 inch or equivalent smaller, sound tight in an occasional piece. 20

25 Stain Medium. Warp Light. End Checks Not over 2 inches long in an occasional piece. Surface Checks Medium. Checked Bird s-eye or equivalent. Torn Grain Light. Skips Very light skip on face and one edge only equal to width of piece and 6 inches in length; light skip on reverse side up to 24 inches or equivalent. Pockets Two 1/8 inch x 1 inch in an occasional piece. Wane On the other edge and adjacent reverse side, 1/4 the thickness and 10% of the width equal in length to the width of the piece or equivalent, in an occasional piece. Pieces 2 inches and thinner, 5 inches and narrower are graded from the best side and two edges. Pieces 2 inches and thinner, 6 inches and wider are graded from the best side and one edge. The other edge and reverse side of surfaced (green or dry) or rough dry may contain defects that will not affect the usefulness of the piece. Unsound knots and holes allowed on other edge and adjacent reverse side one 1-1/2 inches long by 1/2 the thickness and 10% of the width in each 8 feet of length or equivalent in an occasional piece. All sides of rough green, all thicknesses, must comply with the best face as described above Heart B is intended for use where only one face and one edge are exposed. Unless otherwise specified, characteristics which do not interfere with the intended use are permitted on the reverse side and other edge. It shall be entirely heartwood. A cutout of not more than one linear foot is permitted in pieces 10 feet and longer for the removal of defects not otherwise permitted in the grade, provided the piece meets the requirements for Heart Clear in other respects. The cutout may be any place in the piece. Knots Sound, tight and star checked and/or slightly chipped knots. FACE WIDTH 2'' 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 5/8'' 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 21

26 3 maximum size or equivalent smaller in 12 feet and shorter. 5 maximum size or equivalent smaller in 14 feet and longer. Holes 1/8 inch from any cause. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium in an occasional piece. Splits Short. Surface Checks Medium. Checked Bird's-Eye or equivalent. Shake Medium on reverse side and other edge. Wane On the reverse side and other edge, 1/2 the thickness and 1/4 the width for 1/4 the length or equivalent longer. Torn Grain Medium. Skips Face and one edge: light skip equal to width of the piece and 12 inches long. Reverse side and other edge: hit and miss on reverse side, hit or miss on other edge. Pockets Two small on an occasional piece B is a quality appearance grade that may contain both heartwood and sapwood and permits larger and more numerous characteristics than allowed in Clear. B is intended for use where only one face and one edge are exposed. Unless otherwise specified, characteristics which do not interfere with the intended use are permitted on the reverse side and other edge. A cutout of not more than one linear foot is permitted in pieces 10 feet and longer for the removal of defects not otherwise permitted in the grade, provided the piece meets the requirements for Clear or better in other respects. The cutout may be any place in the piece. Knots Sound, tight and star checked and/or slightly chipped knots. FACE WIDTH 2'' 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 5/8'' 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 3 maximum size or equivalent smaller in 12 feet and shorter. 5 maximum size or equivalent smaller in 14 feet and longer. Holes 1/8 inch from any cause. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium in an occasional piece. 22

27 Splits Short. Surface Checks Medium. Checked Bird s-eye or equivalent. Shake Medium on reverse side and other edge. Wane On the reverse side and other edge, 1/2 the thickness and 1/4 the width for 1/4 the length or equivalent longer. Torn Grain Medium. Skips Face and one edge: light skip equal to width of the piece and 12 inches long. Reverse side and other edge: hit and miss on reverse side, hit or miss on other edge. Pockets Two small in an occasional piece. THINNER THAN 2-INCH 108. Select Heart shall be heartwood, free from shake on the face and suitable for high quality construction without waste. Knots Sound, tight, average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-1/2'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Unsound Knots One tight 1-1/4 inch or equivalent smaller in an occasional piece. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks Allowed. Skips Very light skip on face equal to width of piece and 6 inches in length. On reverse side and one edge only, light skips 24 inches long up to 1/4 length or equivalent. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Pockets Four small. This stock shall be graded from the best face with the provision that the reverse side shall be all heartwood and shall at least comply with the requirements for the best face of Construction Heart, Paragraph Select is a high quality grade of the same general quality as Select Heart. The principal difference is that Select permits sapwood, and not more than 5% of the pieces may contain a single defect not otherwise permitted in the rules provided it is located more than four feet from each end and can be removed with waste 23

28 of not more than six inches. It shall be free from shake on the face. Knots Sound, tight, average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-1/2'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Unsound Knots One tight 1-1/4 inch or equivalent smaller in an occasional piece. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks Allowed. Skips Very light skip on face equal to width of piece and 6 inches in length. On reverse side and one edge only, light skips 24 inches long. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Pockets Four small. This stock shall be graded from the best face with the provision that the reverse side shall at least comply with the best face of Merchantable Construction Heart is an excellent heartwood grade recommended for many uses around the home, garden, and for general construction. It shall be heartwood except that an occasional piece with corner sapwood showing on one face only, extending down the narrow face(s) may be included if 90% or more of the width of the wide face on which it appears is heartwood. Knots Tight, either sound or unsound, and encased knots which are firmly fixed at time of grading. Average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1-1/2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-3/4'' 3-1/4'' 4'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Holes One or equivalent smaller with diameters not to exceed 3/4 inch in 3- to 6-inch widths and 1 inch in 8- to 12- inch widths for each 5 feet of length in an occasional piece. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks That will not cause waste. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Shake 1/16 inch wide by 1/4 the length or equivalent longer. 24

29 Manufacturing imperfections That will not cause waste. Skips Light skip on face up to 12 inches long or equivalent. On reverse side and one edge only, a medium skip 24 inches long in an occasional piece and light skips 24 inches long. Pockets Four medium. Fire Scars See para This stock shall be graded from the best face with the provision that the reverse side shall at least comply with the requirements of the best face of Merchantable, plus the heartwood requirements of Construction Heart Construction Common is similar to Construction Heart in practically all respects. The principal difference between the two grades is that Construction Common may contain sapwood. Knots Tight, either sound or unsound, and encased knots which are firmly fixed at time of grading. Average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1-1/2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-3/4'' 3-1/4'' 4'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Holes One or equivalent smaller with diameters not to exceed 3/4 inch in 3- to 6-inch widths and 1 inch in 8- to 12-inch widths for each 5 feet of length in an occasional piece. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks That will not cause waste. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Shake 1/16 inch wide by 1/4 the length or equivalent longer. Wane 1/2 the thickness, on two corners of the wide face, not to exceed 1/4 the width in 10% of the pieces. Manufacturing Imperfections That will not cause waste. Skips Light skip on face up to 12 inches long or equivalent. On reverse side and one edge only, a medium skip 24 inches long in an occasional piece and light skips 24 inches long. Pockets Four medium. This stock shall be graded from the best face with the provision that the reverse side shall at least comply with the requirements of the best face of Merchantable. 25

30 112. Merchantable Heart will permit stock of usable size and quality for any purpose where a higher grade is not required. It shall be heartwood except that an occasional piece with corner sapwood showing on one face only, extending down the narrow face(s) may be included if 90% or more of the width of the wide face on which it appears is heartwood. Knots Sound, unsound, not firmly fixed, average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 2'' 2-1/2'' 3'' 3-1/2'' 4'' 5'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Holes Limited to maximum size of knots. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks Allowed. Splits 1/4 the length of the piece. Shake Medium, full length. Wane 1/2 the thickness, on two corners of the wide face, not to exceed 1/4 the width in 10% of the pieces. Unsound Wood Two spots, one half the diameter of an allowable hole, or equivalent smaller. Manufacturing Imperfections That will not cause waste. Skips Light skip on face up to 24 inches long or equivalent. Light skip full length on reverse side. Heavy skip 24 inches long or equivalent on reverse side or one edge. Hit or miss on one edge only full length. Fire Scars See para This stock shall be graded from the best face. The reverse side shall permit characteristics which do not interfere with the use of the piece full length Merchantable will permit stock of usable size and quality for any purpose where a higher grade is not required. It may contain sapwood. Knots Sound, unsound, not firmly fixed, average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 2'' 2-1/2'' 3'' 3-1/2'' 4'' 5'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Holes Limited to maximum size of knots. Stain Medium. 26

31 Warp Medium. Checks Allowed. Splits 1/4 the length of the piece. Shake Medium, full length. Wane 1/2 the thickness, on two corners of the wide face, not to exceed 1/4 the width or equivalent in 10% of the pieces. Unsound Wood Two spots, one half the diameter of an allowable hole, or equivalent smaller. Manufacturing Imperfections That will not cause waste. Skips Light skip on face up to 24 inches long or equivalent. Light skip full length on reverse side. Heavy skip 24 inches long or equivalent on reverse side or one edge. Hit or miss on one edge only full length. This stock shall be graded from the best face. The reverse side shall permit characteristics which do not interfere with the use of the piece full length Economy is suitable for crating, bracing, and temporary construction. Short lengths of higher grade material may be obtained from this grade by cross cutting. All characteristics which do not interfere with use of the piece full length are permitted. In pieces over 8 feet long, characteristics which interfere with use of the piece full length are permitted if not located within 2 feet of either end; at least 75% of such a piece, however, must be usable after it has been cut into two or three pieces. Pieces 8 feet and shorter are usable full length. Knots and/or holes Cannot occupy more than 75% of the cross section. Unsound wood Spots and/or streaks equivalent in area to acceptable holes. Must not exceed 3/4 the width (both faces). Shake Not limited providing piece is usable. Splits 1/3 the length. Skips Heavy skip full length one edge and one face or 1/4 inch scantness for 1/4 the length. Wane (face) 1/2 the width, must not extend through the thickness; (reverse) 3/4 the width, must not extend through the thickness. 27

32 Variation in size Rough stock may be scant of nominal to standard surfaced size. 2-INCH AND THICKER 115. In the grading of nominal 2-inch and thicker redwood lumber, all four sides shall be considered since appearance and uniformity of size are of importance. Generally the grade will be determined from the poorest side. No combination of knots or other characteristics will be permitted which has a more serious effect than a single knot of the maximum size permitted. 2-INCH THICK 116. Select Heart shall be heartwood, suitable for high quality construction without waste. Knots Sound, tight, average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-1/2'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Unsound Knots One tight 1-1/4 inch or equivalent smaller in an occasional piece. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks Allowed. Skips Light skips 24 inches long up to 1/4 the length on one side or equivalent. On one edge only, light skip 12 inches in length or equivalent in smaller skips. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Pockets Four small. Shake Light on one face only, up to 1/4 the length or equivalent longer. Ring count may be specified by special contract Select is an excellent grade of the same general quality as Select Heart. The principal difference is that Select permits sapwood. Knots Sound, tight, average diameter: FACE WIDTH 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-1/2'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Unsound Knots One tight 1-1/4 inch or equivalent 28

33 smaller in an occasional piece. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks Allowed. Skips Light skips 24 inches long up to 1/4 the length on one side or equivalent. On one edge only, light skip 12 inches in length or equivalent in smaller skips. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Wane 1/2 inch deep, on one corner only, by 10% of the width and 1/4 the length in 10% of the pieces. Pockets Four small. Shake Light on one face only, up to 1/4 the length or equivalent longer Construction Heart is an excellent heartwood grade recommended for many uses around the home, garden, and for other general purposes. It shall be heartwood except that an occasional piece with corner sapwood showing on one face only, extending down the narrow face(s) may be included if 90% or more of the width of the wide face on which it appears is heartwood. Knots Tight, either sound or unsound, and encased knots which are firmly fixed at the time of grading. Average diameter: FACE WIDTH 2'' 3'' 4'' 6'' 8'' 10'' 12'' Maximum Size 1'' 1-1/2'' 2'' 2-1/2'' 2-3/4'' 3-1/4'' 4'' Spike Knots Equivalent to other knots. Holes One or equivalent smaller with diameters not to exceed 3/8 inch in 2-inch width, 3/4 inch in 3- to 6-inch widths and 1 inch in 8- to 12-inch widths for each 5 feet of length in an occasional piece. In addition, larger holes are allowed (limited to allowable knot size) which do not extend through the piece or which are caused by the loss of portions of tight unsound knots which are sound and intergrown on the other side. Limited pin holes. Stain Medium. Warp Medium. Checks That will not cause waste. Splits Short, in an occasional piece. Shake 1/16 inch wide by 1/4 the length or equivalent longer. Wane 1/2 inch deep, on one corner only, by 10% of the 29