Oregon Forestry Service School

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Barnaby Dickerson
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1 Oregon Forestry Service School

2 Today s Agenda History Safety, Safety, Safety Saw Chain types, features, uses, maintenance Guide Bar types, features, uses, maintenance Drive Sprocket types, features, uses, maintenance

3 Timber History - Past to Present

4 Cross Cut Hand Saw

5 Scratcher Chain

6 Joseph Buford Cox Joseph Buford Cox invented and was issued a patent for the world s first modern saw chain in 1947, based on the concept of how the wood beetle larva eats wood Mr. Cox has been credited as the father of modern saw chain

7 Oregon Manufacturers and Sells Saw chain, Guide bars, Sprockets, and Accessories

8 Safety

9 What is Kickback? Kickback is the violent backward and/or upward motion of the chainsaw guide bar occurring when the saw chain in near the nose or tip of the guide bar contacts any object, such as another log or branch, or when the wood closes in and pinches the saw chain in the cut

10 Kickback Danger Zone KICKBACK DANAGER ZONE as bar nose size increases, so does it s kickback potential

11 Know the Position of Your Bar Nose Be Aware of KICKBACK! Always be aware of the position of the bar nose Use cutting systems with the lowest kickback potential, small nose radius guide bars and green label saw chain

12 Chain Saw Reactive Forces Push Out Kickback Danger Zone Start Zone Pull In

13 Personal Protective Equipment Always use personal protective equipment and wear proper clothing not too tight or too loose Personal protective equipment must include the following items Hard hat Eye protection & Hearing protection Hand protection - Gloves Cut resistant leg protection (chaps) Foot protection High visibility clothing First Aid Kit A whistle

14 Proper Work Practices Use a low kickback potential cutting system, composed of a low kickback saw chain and a reduced kickback small radius nose guide bar Only use a firm right-handed grip when operating your chainsaw (right hand on trigger, left hand on front handle) Always stand to the side of your chainsaw with your left arm straight for better control, never behind it, with your body balanced and feet braced Keep your equipment (chainsaw, saw chain, guide bar, and drive sprocket) properly maintained Cut at full throttle to ensure your cutting system is receiving maximum lubrication Only cut wood with your chainsaw Avoid Fatigue

Safety First Head & Hearing Protection Gloves Leg Protection Protective Boots Read & understand the owner s manual for your chainsaw Take a chain saw safety course Always use

15 Safety First Head & Hearing Protection Gloves Leg Protection Protective Boots Read & understand the owner s manual for your chainsaw Take a chain saw safety course Always use protective clothing and equipment Keep your cutting system well maintained Be aware of kickback Avoid fatigue Contact your local Oregon Dealer, Distributor or Oregon if you have any questions

16 Chainsaw Features 1. Chain Catcher 2. Clutch Cup 3. Clutch 4. Decompression Valve 5. Anti Vibe System 7. Front Handle 8. Muffler 10. Throttle 11. Throttle Interlock 6. Rear Handle 9. Side Cover / Chain Brake Assembly

brake Chain Catcher Designed to shorten the length of saw chain and stop the saw chain from

17 Chainsaw Safety Features Chain brake Designed to stop moving saw chain when a kickback event occurs Paddle forward engages the brake, Paddle back toward the front handle resets the brake Chain Catcher Designed to shorten the length of saw chain and stop the saw chain from rotating when thrown off a guide bar during use, reducing the chance of contacting the operator.

18 Chainsaw Safety Features Throttle Interlock Designed to prevent accidental operation of throttle trigger. Hand Guard Designed to protect your right hand from saw chain thrown from the guide bar.

19 Chainsaw Safety Features Stop Switch Designed to turn your chain saw off.

20 Saw Chain

21 Basic Saw Chain Components There are four basic components that make up saw chain The components are a: Cutter Rivet Drive Link Tie Strap

22 Saw Chain Identification To identify saw chain you need to know the Pitch Gauge Sequence Cutter Type

23 Chain Pitch Chain pitch is defined as the distance between the centers of any three consecutive rivets, divided by two. Chain pitch must match the pitch of the drive sprocket and guide bar sprocket nose. Oregon saw chain pitch offerings for chainsaw applications are: 1/ /8.404

24 Chain Gauge 72 Drive Link Tang Drive Link Thickness (1.1mm) 0.050(1.3mm) (1.5mm) (0.063 (1.6mm) Chain gauge is measured at drive link tang (the portion of the drive link that fits into the guide-bar groove) Chain gauge must match the gauge of the guide-bar body

25 Chain Sequence

26 Parts of a Cutter Top Plate Cutting Corner Side Plate Gullet Depth Gauge Clearance Angle ID for depth gauge setting Heel Rivet Hole Toe

27 How Cutters Work 1. The depth gauge rides on the wood and controls the bite of the cutting corner 2. The cutting corner and side plate sever the cross grains The top plate cutting edge chisels and carries away the wood chip. 3

28 Cutter Types CHIPPER SEMI CHISEL CHAMFER CHISEL MICRO CHISEL CHISEL

29 Why Chisel Chain Cuts Faster Rounded cutters must re-cut the end-grain grain several times until the full width of the kerf is reached Chisel cutters are square and cut a full width kerf with every pass

30 Parts Nomenclature Bold type face indicates kickback reducing features

How Saw Chain Works 1 2 3 4 1 Guide Bar 1. Cutter Enters Wood - Saw chain cuts with a proposing motion. The depth gauge setting determines the thickness of the severed cross grain 2.

31 How Saw Chain Works Guide Bar 1. Cutter Enters Wood - Saw chain cuts with a proposing motion. The depth gauge setting determines the thickness of the severed cross grain 2. Attack Position - Cutter feeds into the wood and begins to leave the guide bar 3. In the Wood - The cutter slices through the wood. It is no longer touching the guide bar 4. Severed Wood Chip - The clearance angle allows the cutter to pivot out of the wood severing the chip

32 Kickback Reducing Features ICON Key

33 Chainsaw Offerings LOW KICKBACK SAW CHAINS (Green Label) Designed to deliver cutting performance demanded by commercial and consumer users while complying with U.S. and Canadian kickback requirements PROFESSIONAL SAW CHAINS (Yellow Label) Designed to deliver durable, fast-working saw chain for the professional user. Available in.325 through.404 pitch chain in various configurations to meet your needs

the Oregon Product Catalog, the Oregon Maintenance and

34 Saw Chain Classification Consumer and Professional Use Professional Use ANSI safety information is available in the Oregon Product Catalog, the Oregon Maintenance and Safety Manual, Oregon packaging, or on the web at OregonCHAIN.COM

35 Saw Chain Part Numbers

36 Saw Chain Part Numbers

37 Saw Chain Part Numbers OREGON saw chain part numbers for consist of a twodigit number and letter(s) (Example: 72 LGX) The number identifies the chain s pitch and gauge 72 = 3/8 Pitch, Gauge The letter(s) identify cutter type, sequence, kickback reduction features, vibration, and other characteristics LGX = Round-ground chisel cutters with Ramped depth gauges and standard sequence

38 Vibe-Ban Designator Clipped Heel Clipped heels on the cutter and opposite tie-strap reduce the transfer of vibrational energy during cutting up to 25 percent

39 Witness marks serve two purposes - They are a reference for the recommended top plate filing angle They serve as the end of life location for the cutter

40 Saw Chain Maintenance

41 The Four Basic Saw Chain Rules

42 Rule Number 1 Saw chain must be correctly tensioned

43 Saw Chain Tension Tension saw chain before each use Tension often, or at each refueling Only tension saw chain when it s cool Never tension right after cutting, it s hot (Steel expands when its hot, and contracts when its cool) Tensioning a hot saw chain can damage the bar tip and/or saw crankshaft as it cools and contracts

screw an additional ¼ to ½ turn after the chain chassis contacts the bottom

44 Proper Saw Chain Tension Sprocket Nose Bars The chain chassis must solidly contact the bottom of the bar rails This is achieved by giving the adjustment screw an additional ¼ to ½ turn after the chain chassis contacts the bottom guide bar rails Hard Tip Bars Cutters and tie-straps should contact the bottom guide bar rails

mount than when properly tensioned (shown on right) Loose chain tension

45 L o o s e Saw Chain Tension Loose Proper As shown above left, when the chain tension is too loose it enters further back on the guide bar mount than when properly tensioned (shown on right) Loose chain tension significantly reduces the amount of lubrication going to the cutting system

46 Effects of Loose Saw Chain Tension CHIPPED OR EXCESSIVE RAIL WEAR JUST BEHIND THE NOSE Caused by loose chain tension To correct: If extensive, replace the bar If minor, use proper chain tension and flip the bar regularly to even the wear

47 Rule Number 2 Saw chain must well lubricated

48 Lubricating Saw Chain Use a good quality bar - chain lubricant NEVER USE USED MOTOR OIL! Before the first use, lubricate your saw chain Each time you fill your gas tank, fill your oil reservoir Ensure your saw s oiling system is functioning In cold weather, use a lighter grade bar-chain lubricant

49 Rule Number 3

50 Cutter Maintenance Terms

51 Why Sharpen Saw chain is designed to cut wood Saw chain will not cut when dull and/or damaged Damage must be filed or ground away.

52 Abrasive Damage Material to be removed. Good Chrome Damaged Area Chrome worn away by abrasives

53 Chrome Does The Work CHROME Approximately inches (0.008 mm) Dull Leading Edge STEEL Sharp Leading Edge

54 General Sharpening Guidelines When sharpening saw chain by a file or with a grinder Always wear gloves and safety glasses Before sharpening, clean, inspect for damage, repair or replace as needed Sharpen to your saw chain manufacturers recommendations, keeping the chain balanced Check and adjust depth gauges through your chains life After sharpening, clean and re-lube your saw chain

55 Sharpening with Files Use appropriate safety equipment! Safety glasses and Gloves Tension your saw chain, Inspect the loop for damage, repair or replace as needed Using the recommended Oregon file guide and file for your saw chain starting with the most damaged cutter sharpen to factory recommendations, filing from the inside to the outside keeping the chain balanced After sharpening adjust the depth gauges as needed. For round ground saw chain, 20% of the files diameter must be above the cutting corner / top plate

56 Sharpening with an Oregon File Guide Oregon file guides takes the guess work out of filing by keeping 20% of a round files diameter above the cutting corner / top plate Less than 20% of the file is above the top plate, results in excessive hook angle Greater than 20% of the file is above the top plate, the hook angle is back sloped

57 File Location Effect File too Low

58 File Location Effect File too High

59 Sharpening with an Oregon File Guide Inspect the entire loop If damage is minimal, file or grind the cutters until all damage is removed Remember you need to get back to good chrome Round filed saw chain should be filed from the inside to the outside

60 Sharpening with an Oregon File Guide To maintain the correct Top Plate Angle, align the appropriate reference angle of the file guide parallel to the guide bar To keep saw chain cutting straight, the chain must be balanced; the top plate lengths, hook angles, and depth gauge settings must be equal

To correct: File cutters back to remove all damage, keep the chain balanced, and if necessary square up the bar rails.

61 Chain Cuts Crooked DAMAGE TO CUTTERS ON ONE SIDE OF CHAIN Caused by cutters on one side of the chain hitting debris. Results in the cutting system binding in the cut, possibly leading to breakage and uneven bar wear. To correct: File cutters back to remove all damage, keep the chain balanced, and if necessary square up the bar rails. DIFFERENT LENGTH TOP-PLATES Caused by inconsistent sharpening. Results in the cutting system binding in the cut, possibly leading to breakage or uneven bar wear. To correct: File cutters to balance the chain, and if necessary square up the bar rails.

62 Rule Number 4 Saw chain depth gauges must be set correctly

63 Adjusting Depth Gauges Cutters are constructed with a clearance angle, as a cutter is sharpened the overall height of the cutter gets lower With the saw chain seated in the guide bar and the depth gauge tool resting on the cutter top plates, remove the exposed depth gauge filing from the inside to the outside Depth Gauge Tool Inside Outside

64 Depth Gauges Control the Bite High High Depth Gauges (less than recommended) Prevent the cutting corner from biting into the wood To make the saw chain cut, a heavy feed force is required This results in heavy even wear on the footprint of the chain chassis, and rapid wear of the bar rails on the guide bar

High Depth Gauges High depth gauges Prevent the cutting corner from biting into the wood To make the saw chain cut, users push harder, accelerating

65 High Depth Gauges High depth gauges Prevent the cutting corner from biting into the wood To make the saw chain cut, users push harder, accelerating cutting system wear High depth gauges are often mistaken for dull chain Complaints include: ü Won t hold an edge ü Soft Chain ü (Note: even footprint wear)

66 Low Depth Gauges Feels rough in the cut. Heel locations wear to the same angle that is formed between the top plate and the depth gauge. Low depth gauges cause - Cutters to violently rock back on their heels, severing deep bites. Decreased the cutting efficiency, and increase in kickback potential. Accelerated wear at the heel location of cutters and tie-straps and the guide bar.

67 Depth Gauges Control the Bite Recommended Recommended Allows the saw chain to feed smoothly and cut efficiently

68 Maintenance Tools for Saw Chain

69 Leading & Kerf Binding Cutting systems lead or kerf bind when the guide bar is worn, or when the saw chain is not balanced, or a combination of both Guide bars Check the bar groove condition; width, groove depth and bar rail heights Saw chain Must be balanced - top plate length, top plate angles, side plate angles, depth gauge settings and footprint condition Correcting these factors will generally improve performance Under certain conditions replacement may be required

70 Guide Bars

71 Guide Bar Part Numbers

72 Guide Bar Maintenance

73 Oregon Guide Bar Terms

74 Daily Maintenance Clean the grease hole at the tip and oil holes at the tail

75 Daily Maintenance Clean the bar groove from bar tip to bar tail each time chain is changed Remember to flip the bar 1 time per day.

76 Daily Maintenance Grease the tip while turning the nose sprocket until the whole sprocket has new grease at each fill-up and at the end of the day

77 Check for clearances Weekly Maintenance

78 Weekly Maintenance

79 Weekly Maintenance Dress guide bar rails

80 Weekly Maintenance Blend the replacement bar tips to match the existing bar body

81 Bar Groove Wear The image is a cross section of a used guide bar The hour glass wear pattern is typical wear patter found in a used guide bar, caused by the drive link rocking from side to side during cutting Refurbishing generally does nothing to address wear in the bar groove

82 Guide Bar Maintenance Tools

Bar Nose Failures SPROCKET NOSE SPREAD OPEN, BEARINGS LOST Caused by accidents or operating techniques that pry open the rails. To correct: The best option is to replace the bar.

83 Bar Nose Failures SPROCKET NOSE SPREAD OPEN, BEARINGS LOST Caused by accidents or operating techniques that pry open the rails. To correct: The best option is to replace the bar. However, depending upon severity, the sprocket nose can be replaced. CHIPPED OR EXCESSIVE RAIL WEAR JUST BEHIND THE NOSE Caused by loose chain tension. To correct: If extensive, replace the bar. If minor, use proper chain tension and flip the bar regularly to even the wear. NOSE SPROCKET BREAKAGE Caused by high chain tension, or accidents, or when the chain is pulled out of the rails, or as a secondary failure after losing bearing in the tip. To correct: The best option is to replace the bar. However, depending upon severity, the sprocket nose can be replaced.

84 Sprockets

85 RIM System How Saw Chain is Driven SPUR System Rim sprockets engage the drive link tangs in pockets cast into the rim, and surface of the rim supports the chain chassis The teeth of spur sprocket The teeth of a spur sprocket engage the saw chain in the notch engage the saw chain in the notch of the cutters and tie-straps and of the cutters and tie-straps and the rear of the drive link tang. the rear of the drive link tang. Note: When a chain is thrown, Rim sprockets do less damage than a Spur to the chain chassis

86 Rim Sprocket System Rims should be replaced every to 2 to 3 loops of saw chain Clutch Drum should be replaced every three rims schedule: Every three rims

87 POWER MATE Rims POWER MATE rim use a radial ported design that uses centrifugal force to throw out sawdust and debris

88 Wear Indicators Wear Indicators The depth of the indicator is equal to the amount of wear observed when two saw chains have been used to end-of-life. Replace when the indicator is worn through.

89 Spur Sprocket System SPUR Sprockets should be replaced every 2 to 3 loops of saw chain

90 PRO SPUR Sprocket System PRO SPUR sprocket are built for the professional user who prefers a spur sprocket system They feature a machined, solid rod spur, and are available to fit Pro.325, 3/8, and.404 -pitch chains.

91 Consumer Spur Sprocket System Consumer spur sprockets are intended for the commercial and consumer users of lightweight, low profile 3/8 and.325 consumer chainsaws. The spur is constructed of a high density powder metal.

92 Sprocket System Maintenance

93 Daily Sprocket System Maintenance 1. Inspect the sprocket system 2. Clean the drive sprocket area 3. Grease the clutch cup bearings 4. Check the saw s oiling system 5. Maintain good chain tension

94 Sprocket System Maintenance Spur Sprocket Systems Are designed to run two chains to end of life. Rim Sprocket System Clutch cups are designed to run three rims before replacement. Rims are designed to run two chains to end of life.

95 Rim Sprocket Wear NEW The wear on the surface of the rim and the teeth range from NEW to 0.022

96 Rim Sprocket Wear Peening Worn rim sprockets peen the front and back faces of the drive link tang, as shown above right

97 Spur Sprocket Wear NEW Shown above is the inches of surface wear on a spur sprocket Peening in notches of cutters & tie straps Drive link tang is turned up

98 Sprocket Wear Effects A 7 tooth sprocket turning at 10,000 RPM in the cut will have approximately 1,150 sprocket tooth to drive link tang impacts per second. What happens to a new chain running on a sprocket that is worn by inches? It ruins a new chain!

99 For Longer Cutting System Life Use good quality bar chain lubricants Maintain your saw chain in agreement with manufacturers recommendations Ensure proper chain tension, only tension chain when it is cool to the touch Only cut wood, wood is the only material your saw chain was designed to cut

100 Key Points Your chainsaw, saw chain, guide bar and drive sprocket are a team, if one member is poorly maintained it adversely effects the entire team. Stop and sharpen when ever you feel the need to push on your saw to make it cut File or grind to remove all damage and remembering to adjust the depth gauges as needed Only use NEW Oregon replacement parts that are the correct size and type to repair Oregon chain!

101 Any Questions?

102

SAW CHAIN TROUBLESHOOTING PROBLEM. Chain cuts slow, cuts rough, or won t hold an edge

SAW CHAIN TROUBLESHOOTING PROBLEM. Chain cuts slow, cuts rough, or won t hold an edge 67 SAW CHAIN TROUBLESHOOTING Most chain problems are caused by three things: incorrect chain tension, incorrect filing, and lack of lubrication. Look closely at your chain s cutters, and compare them to