The Orange Stripe Across Vietnam. By: Allie King
|
|
- Aldous Johns
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Orange Stripe Across Vietnam By: Allie King Battle on the Environment War and nature have existed side by side since the dawn of time. Wars have been fought for a variety of reasons in the past, sometimes for the use of land, but rarely with the environment in mind. An early form of environmental exploitation in the name of war can be traced back to General Robert E Lee s destruction of the environment during the American Civil War. Lee s troops had needs from the environment such as food, weaponry, materials and animals. The needs from the earth were so great it was one of the reasons for the confederate advancement into the north during In the time of the Civil War if a town was to be burned and crop fields trampled, a town would have been devastated. Less then a hundred years later, a new definition of the environment and destruction was realized with the use of Atomic Bombs. With just one bomb the town of Hiroshima was truly devastated: the city burned to the ground and the radiation left deadly effects for those that were not killed by the initial blast. A mere twenty years later the destruction the environment by humans was seen again during the Vietnam conflict. Planes were sent in masses over the jungle with the intension of killing the jungle that lay below, by spraying an herbicidal agent called Agent Orange.
2 The Orange Stripe Across Vietnam Studying the effects of war on the environment during Vietnam War shows how devestation and lasting the horror. When the United States slowly began sending troops to Vietnam in the 1960s, the years of fighting and the decades of depression to both countries was unforeseeable. The United States Army used Vietnam as a laboratory for testing new weapons, including Agent Orange. John Tully, associate professor of chemistry at Yale, makes the terror clear by making the comparison with another war in close a time frame. Between early 1965 and mid-1968, over 2.5 million tons of bombs were dropped on South Vietnam alone more than were dropped in all theatres of World War II by all sides. Knowing the horrors of war and the problems caused to the environment, wars have become increasingly more devastating. The use of Herbicides in Vietnam began in 1962 and the immediate success led to an increase in their use. The herbicides were used to clear away massive jungle areas where the Viet Cong were suspected to be hiding. Of the four main herbicides, Agent Orange (named for the orange stripe around the barrel) became the most known as well as most devastating. Agent Orange cleared away broadleaf plants within seven to ten days of spraying. Many of these plants remained dead for approximately a year. Chemical defoliants were first brought into the war with the aim of destroying the crops and waterways of the area. This operation, called Operation Ranch Hand, was executed with the hope that continued attacks on rural farmlands and other areas around Vietnam would break the morale of the Viet Cong, or make it impossible from them to survive without the environment. The defoliants had impressive results that could clear the forest below within a week. This made it harder for the Viet Cong to hide thus easier, in theory, for the US troops to find the enemy. As the war progressed, the uses of the defoliants expanded. Realizing the Consequences In 1969 the trees in the area of Da Nang were dying though no chemicals had sprayed them. This was seen in other surrounding areas as well. The tree s health was traced back to empty drums of Agent Orange that were purchased by villagers. When pilots were finished with the drums they were not resealed in most cases and as the chemicals were hard to drain out of the drums, most were left with two to three gallons in them. This was the condition in which they were sold to villagers who would later drain the deadly chemical and unknowingly pollute their land and themselves. It was these events in that led to the initial testing of the harmful effects of the herbicides. Early warning labels read, Danger-vapor from contents of these drums can damage plants and trees. Before tests were conducted, Agent Orange was the most preferred weapon used in Vietnam as it performed the best; this was later understood as a result of the unknown power and damage of the chemical. Once tests were underway the harmful affects of Agent Orange were clear. After two short years the herbicide was no longer used. The tests soon shifted to the lasting effects this chemical had on humans. Current Problems The mangroves in the forests of South Vietnam were a large target for Agent Orange. It is estimated that 300,000 acres of mangroves were killed during the US air raids, the majority traced back to Agent Orange. Today, close to forty years after Agent Orange was last used in Vietnam the effects of the
3 chemical on the mangroves are still seen. It is reported that twenty to thirty percent of the mangroves have not grown back. Mangroves, which are a slow growing plant, were not able to fight the quickgrowing bamboo in areas they had previously occupied. Animals, fish and crabs that use to live in the mangroves are not able to survive in the much less protective bamboo Livestock was also harmed by the use of Agent Orange. Livestock was never a target for American bombers, but with the massive amount of barrels emptied over the country they inevitably were harmed. It is estimated that 13,000 livestock animals were killed. In post studies, dioxins (traces of Agent Orange) have been found in animal fat tissue, as well as, meats, milk, eggs and fish. For livestock,feeding off of the land guaranteed consumption of Agent Orange. Impact of Connections Areas of Vietnam are still wastelands today, referred to by the Vietnamese as, Agent Orange Museums or American Grass. The lasting impressions of Agent Orange still make it difficult for peasants to survive. Arnold Sector, a health physician at the University of Texas, stated that, In some cases dioxin levels are just as high now as when the spray occurred. Vietnamese who survive off of the contaminated environment suffer many adverse affects, including deformities in children. The relationship between war and nature is becoming a more pressing matter with the advancement of new weapons. The advancement of different chemicals has changed the fate of how lasting the war can truly be on the terrain of different countries. Without looking deeper than facts and figures it is hard to see the real impact that humans, animals and nature as a whole have to deal with when war is waged. By showing the magnitude of destruction scholars hope to change how much damage will be done in the future.
4 Allie King April 15, 2009 Seminar in Comparative History, Dieterich-Ward Seminar Paper Wars Battle on the Environment War and nature have existed side by side since the dawn of time. Wars have been fought for a variety of reasons in the past, sometimes for the use of land, but rarely with the environment in mind. In the future wars will be fought for natural products of the environment, such as, oil and water. In the early days of war fields where food was produced would be harmed and minor damage done to the environment compared to destruction caused by modern warfare. Over the past century and perhaps in the future, the destruction of war to the environment is growing and the effects are becoming increasingly lasting and devastating. War and nature are two constants that will exist throughout time, but changing state of the relationship needs to be studied further, more in-depth then facts and figures. In Mark Fiege, who is an associate professor of History at the Colorado State University, discusses General Robert E Lee s destruction of the environment in Natural Enemy, Natural Ally. Lee s troops had needs from the environment such as food, weaponry, materials and animals. Fiege discusses how the needs from the earth were so great it was one of the largest reasons for their advancement into the north during In the time of the Civil War if a town was to be burned and crop fields trampled a town would have been devastated. Less then a hundred years later a new definition of the environment and destruction was viewed by just two words, Atomic Bombs. With just one bomb the town of Hiroshima was truly devastated, not only was the city burned to the ground but the radiation left deadly effects for years for the inhabitants of the town who were not killed immediately. A mere twenty years later 1 Mark Fiege, Natural Enemy, Natural Ally (Salem: Oregan State University Press, 2004), 93. 1
5 the destruction of humans to the environment were seen again in Vietnam. Planes in masses were sent over the jungle with the intension of purposefully killing the jungle that lay below, by spraying the herbicide Agent Orange. Many of the reports that were put out shortly after these incidents were full of facts and figures. For example The Manhattan Engineer District was sent into Hiroshima and Nagasaki weeks after the bombs were dropped and report back information such as, the time the Enola Gay took off, released the bomb, and later landed. The report later goes on to state how the bomb in Hiroshima was more powerful then 20,000 tons of TNT, the total number of those who died immediately and those who were injured. The report only has a small section in the end that talks about the environment, how trees were uprooted immediately and killed by the heat, or that others were swept away by the violent winds. 2 These impacts to the environment were over shadowed by other important events of the bombs, but still need to be made into more then just data. My intention is to show the research that has been done and how the facts and figures of harm done to the environment are present in current literature. Even though the information is present the research needs to show the individual impact to the environment and how by showing the devastating effects steps will be taken to stop the advanced chemical movement of war. Current Works with the Environment and War It is only recently that Environmental Historians began making serious efforts into the study of war and nature. Studying the environment has become an increasingly larger focus as weapons have become so much more violent and the toll advanced weapons are taking on the environment has become increasingly larger. Some groups such as Stockholm International Peace Research Institute have taken the approach of writing directly to groups such as the United 2 Manhattan Engineer District, The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Government (Mimeo, n. d., 1945). 2
6 Nations about their concerns with the devastating effects new weapons have on the environment. 3 Other scholars such as Susan Lanier have taken similar approaches in pleading for a stop to the free use of weapons, but Lanier is petitioning to the general public. Both scholars back up their arguments by educating readers on wars over the past hundred years to show the serious and lasting effects. One study that shows just how lasting and harmful modern war can be is the issue of Soldiers magazine, addressed later in this paper. When modern weapons were introduced to warfare many more environmental factors were brought to the already large amounts of harm that are done to the environment in war zones. There are many studies taking place to show how harmful war truly is, yet more work remains in understanding the relationship between chemical weapons and other modern forms of warfare. It goes without question, that when a battle of any form occurs the land on which the battle takes place will come out much worse then when the fighting began. In Natural Enemy, Natural Ally, Mark Fiege looks at the different ways the land had been harmed during the American Civil War. His approach looks at how the land was weakened during the war with the constant need to feed the soldiers and keep the troops in good health land was overworked and in some cases ruined. 4 Over time the strain on land has changed, over farming land in no longer an issue but the aftermath of using harmful weapons has become an issue, weather it is addressed or not. In the report, Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment put out by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the argument is made that the 3 Arthur Westing, Weapons of Mass Destruction and The Environment (London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1977), Fiege, 95. 3
7 outcome of chemical warfare needs to be examined closer before countries plan their military strategies and enter into combat. 5 Westing has taken the approach of braking his report into three sections, 1) Nuclear Weapons, 2) Chemical and Biological Weapons and 3) Geophysical and Environmental Weapons, and then further into the descriptions and ecological consequences of each. The first two sections are new in that they are for the most part new technologies of modern warfare (this is referring to the period starting around the first and second World Wars). The last section of this report brings up harmful, yet unconventional forms of warfare. Geothermal warfare can involve hostile manipulations of the atmosphere, of the land and its associated fresh waters, or of the ocean. 6 Fire for example has been seen throughout history as a means of warfare that is still effective today; cities, towns, farmlands, forests or any structure that is deemed valuable to the enemy can and will be burned in order to make ground. During World War II the Germans flooded and destroyed seventeen percent of all of the farmland in Holland. 7 It took years for the Dutch to recover and restore the land from the salted state. Although these appear to be primitive means of war, their results are devastating and have massive impacts on the environment. The SIPRI s report on Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment proves to be a complete report of the effects of modern warfare. Two examples are shown of the negative impacts of modern warfare on the environment over the course of different wars across many continents. It shows the impact of many weapons once in use, yet it fails to show all of the problems that may arise before weapons make their way to the battlefield and the impact of what 5 Westing, Ibid. Westing Ibid. Westing 54. 4
8 can happen before some are even considered weapons. An example of what SIPRI s report is missing is the negative effects that testing weapons has on the environment, such as, polluting land when the atomic bomb was first tested in Trinity, Los Alamos. 8 Susan Lanier-Graham provides a more thorough report in her book, The Ecology of War. Lanier also breaks her book into three main sections: 1) Environmental Damage During War, 2) Environmental Impacts Following Warfare, and 3) Environmental Damage during war. Lanier expands her research by extending the time period to show what impacts warfare had before many of the technological advances had been made, such as the Atomic Bomb. The main argument in of Lanier-Graham s book is similar to that of the SIPRI yet goes one step farther. Her thesis is that if people were educated more on the environmental effects of war especially in regards to chemical warfare better choices as to means of fighting wars. 9 More specifically she argues that if the extent of how much the environment is destroyed by increasingly sophisticated forms of weaponry were common knowledge to a greater percent of the population that tests, disposal and most importantly used during war were known, there were be a smaller number in action. Lanier discusses issues of pollution after World War II. Many ships sank with weapons still on board that greatly disturbed aquatic life, by polluting the water with oil and other chemicals. Until recent years Danish Fishermen have reported that they come across mustard gas while fishing, sometimes causing them to be poisoned. Both the Axis and Allied sides surveyed 8 Gene Dannen, Atomic Bomb Decision- The Trinity Test July 16, Eye Witness Accounts, (accessed March 18, 2009). 9 Susan D. Lanier-Graham. The Ecology of War: Environmental Impacts of Weaponry and Warfare. (New York: Walker and Company, 1993) xxx. 5
9 Poland in the after math of the war and in the final report it was concluded that over eighty percent of the land was mined, 10 Lanier-Graham touches on a topic that is forgotten about by many within America, the aftermath of the islands in the Pacific. Small islands in the Pacific played host to many large Naval Ships during the air battles of World War II. When the ships came to the islands, many coral reefs were destroyed and used as ramps for the weapons to be unloaded. Once the battles were over the islands were left polluted. Lanier leaves the story at this point but in the article, Cleaning of up Mbanika, of Soldiers Magazine later fates of the islands can be discovered. 11 In 1991 troops were called back to an otherwise forgotten about military base when a small cluster of shells was discovered. After a full search of the island it was discovered that 155 shells still remained. There were many shells that were still full of mustard gas, a toxin that when released burns and blisters the skin and eyes of anyone unlucky enough to be in its presence. When Lanier-Graham does a good job of showing the overview of many of environmental problems related to war. The problems that arise to the fact that they are overview and in order to understand the story that she is trying to convey further investigation is deemed necessary. When entering military conflicts, many countries are quick to see battles as easy solutions to problems as well as ways to show their military superiority. The craters that are bombed, the waters that are polluted and farmlands that are destroyed are never or rarely a consideration when conflicts arise, the immediate reward is often all that is in sight. Scholars such as the ones discussed above are working to make the environment more of a priority in terms of warfare. By 10 Ibid, Jim Nielsen, Cleaning Up Mbanika. Soldiers November 1991,
10 studying past conflicts and the areas where they were fought scholars hope to provide solid evidence of the true amount of damage that is done in the new modern age of war. One example of how the relationship between war and nature can be looked at closer and with more specific data is the US war with Vietnam. Hgo Van Long, who is professor with the Australian National University, was quoted saying, Not since the Romans salted the land after destroying Carthage has a nation taken such pains to visit the war on future generations. 12 The effects of Agent Orange were studied minimally before they were sprayed across the country and more specifically when problems arose. When the harm was known the herbicide was stopped immediately, just as the research to environment was stopped when the harm to humans was known. My research takes a closer look at the still current problems that Vietnam faces. The Orange Stripe Across Vietnam Studying the effects of war on the environment the Vietnam War shows just how devastating and lasting the horror can truly become. When the United States slowly began sending troops to Vietnam in the 1960s, the years of fighting and the decades of depression to both countries, was unknown and unpredictable. The United States Army used Vietnam as a laboratory for testing new weapons, including Agent Orange. John Tully, associate professor of chemistry at Yale, makes the terror clear by making the comparison with another war in close a time frame, Between early 1965 and mid-1968, over 2.5 million tons of bombs were dropped on South Vietnam alone more than were dropped in all theatres of World War II by all sides. 13 Knowing the horrors of war and the problems caused to the environment, wars are becoming increasingly more devastating. 12 John Tully, "Vietnam: war and the environment," Green Leaf, July 14, 1993, plain=1& print=1 (accessed April 7, 2009), Ibid, 3. 7
11 The use of Herbicides in Vietnam began in 1962 and the immediate success led to an increase in their use. 14 Richard Steven s, associate professor at Richmond University, describes this change in warfare by stating; the US wages increasingly a war against nature. 15 The herbicides were being used to clear away massive jungle areas where the Viet Cong were suspected to be hiding. Of the four main herbicides, Agent Orange (named for the orange stripe around the barrel, not the actual color) became the most known as well as most devastating. The effects of Agent Orange were clearing away broadleaf plants with seven to ten days of spraying and then remaining dead for approximately a year. 16 Agent Orange was spread across dense jungle areas across much of South Vietnam. Chemical defoliants were first brought into the war with the aim of destroying the crops and certain waterways of areas. The specific operation that used Agent Orange was called, Operation Ranch Hand. The main way the operation was executed was through sending three plains together, but staggered across a specific designated area of the jungle. The hope of the US Army was that with continued attacks on rural farmlands and other areas around Vietnam they would break the morale of the Viet Cong, or make it impossible from them to survive without these essentials. 17 The defoliants had impressive results that, depending on which agent, could clear the forest below within a week. This made it harder for the Viet Cong to hide thus easier, in theory, for the US troops to find. As the war progressed the uses of the defoliants expanded. After a series of tests were conducted it was seen that forests that had been sprayed with these chemicals were much more 14 Richard L. Stevens, The Trail, A History of the Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Role of Nature in the War in Viet Nam (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2003) Ibid, Accidental Herbicide Damage, Vietnam: Lessons Learned No. 74, Government Report (Vietnam: FWMAF and RVNAF, 1969) Lanier-Graham, 72. 8
12 flammable. Later in the war herbicides were the focal point of operations where areas of the forest were to be later destroyed by setting fire. Some of these operations include, Operations Sherwood Forest, in 1965, Operation Hot Tip, in 1966 and finally Operation Pink Rose in These missions failed for the most part as a result of the high humidity in the jungle. 18 One of the first ways that Agent Orange first appeared to be more harmful then first thought was when the Army disposed of the empty drums. In 1969 in the area of Da Nang trees were dying when any type of chemical had not sprayed them. This was seen in other surrounding areas as well. The tree s health was traced back to empty drums that were bought by villagers. When pilots were finished with the drums they were not resealed in most cases and as the chemicals were hard to drain out of the drums most were left with two to three gallons in them. This was the way they were sold to villagers who would later drain the deadly chemical unbeknown to them polluting their land and themselves. 19 It was these events in that led to the initial testing of the harms herbicides that had now been in use for seven years. Early warning labels read, Danger-vapor from contents of these drums can damage plants and trees. 20 Before tests were conducted, Agent Orange was the most preferred weapon used in Vietnam as it preformed the best; this was later understood as a result of the unknown power and damage of the chemical. This became to be known as the empty drum problem. 21 Once tests went underway it was not long until the harm of Agent Orange was 18 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment, (London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1977) Herbicide, Alvin Young, Paul Giesy, Paul Jones and Paul Newton, "Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Agent Orange and its Associated Dixon During Vietnam War," Agent Orange in VIetnam (Environmental Science and Pollution Research International), 2004: Ibid, 5. 9
13 clear, after two short years from the initial tests the herbicide was no longer used and shortly after the tests shifted from being based on plants to the danger it was causing on humans. The mangroves in the forests of South Vietnam were a natural place for Viet Cong to hide, as a result were also a large target for Agent Orange. It is estimated that 300,000 acres of mangroves were killed during the US air raids, mostly traced back to Agent Orange. 22 The trees are grow deep into banks along rivers and provide a protected home for many fish and crabs in the rivers. They have unique characterizes that let them turn saltwater into food that they can live from ocean water. The way mangroves grow twisting their roots between the bank and the waters create stable edges for waterways. When mangroves began to be targeted and killed the banks suffered from massive erosion loss of riverbanks. 23 Today, close to forty years after Agent Orange was last used in Vietnam the effects of the chemical on the mangroves are still seen. It is reported that twenty to thirty percent of the mangroves have not grown back. The reason for this is a two-part problem. To start when the mangroves were killed bamboo grew quickly in these areas. Bamboo grows much quicker then mangroves and once they began taking over an area. Mangroves, which are a slow growing plant, were not able to fight the bamboo for areas they previously occupied. The main problem with bamboo taking over these areas is seen to the animals, fish and crabs that use to live in the mangroves are not able to survive in the much less protected bamboo. 24 Both sides of growing food to live off of were then attacking the Vietnamese people in these areas. The fields were being bombed by a less severe herbicide Agent Blue, yet it was 22 Lanier-Graham, Ibid, Ibid,
14 developed to go specifically after rice fields. 25 When they could no longer live off their fields many tried to turn to the water but fish and crabs were no longer able to live in the conditions. To the South Vietnamese fury was building with the American troops as they were making their lives so much more difficult, in fact when interviews were conducted in some areas, the Vietnamese declared, outright hatred towards the US troops. 26 Another section of nature that was harmed throughout the Agent Orange bomb raids was livestock. Livestock was never a target for American bombers, but with the massive amount of barrels emptied over the country they inevitably were harmed. It is estimated that 13,000 livestock animals were killed. 27 In post studies, dioxins (traces of Agent Orange) have been found in animal fat tissue, as well as, meats, milk, eggs and fish. 28 For livestock even if they were not directly sprayed by the deadly herbicides, feeding off of the land guaranteed consumption of one form or another. The jungles of Vietnam are a dense canopy system that has three main layers. When the planes released the deadly herbicide over the jungles many layers were not reached immediately and instead a trickle down effect was seen in practice. The tops of the trees normally would be hit strait forward and absorb the largest amount of Agent Orange. The second layer would have some of the chemicals reach it while the bottom layer would see only drops. The problem and reason it took between seven to ten days for sprayed areas to die is photosynthesis. When the top layers were no longer gaining nutrients from the sun the bottom layers of the trees were then 25 Herbicide, Stevens, The Environmental Impact of War, Lenntech, 2008, (accessed March 23, 2009). 28 Andre Bouny, The Effects of Agent Orange and its Consequences, Global Research, January 16, 2007, (accessed March 29, 2009). 11
15 slowly affected. Reports conclude however that sixty-five percent of areas that were sprayed were hit twice. The second time sped up the death of the trees and made the recovery process even longer then the average of a year. 29 Areas that were destroyed resemble forests that have had fires wipe through. In an overhead photo taken in 1967 a region of the forest is shown with three distinct lines where the plains had dropped chemicals and where the trees had died. It looks like stripes with the green being the healthy areas and brown as the treated sections. 30 The Ho Chi Minh Trail, which stretched from Hanoi in North Vietnam through Cambodia and Laos then finally reaching Saigon and South Vietnam, was a constant area of bombing. Agent Orange was used here in the hope of being able to see a clear trail then destroying it. A common motto used by US soldiers in reference to the trail and the bombing stated, Only you can prevent Forests. 31 One heavily sprayed area of the trail was studied to see the damage caused to the wildlife. In an area that was not harmed by the spray there are 145 to 170 birds and 30 to 55 mammals, in the sprayed areas the numbers are dramatically decreased to house 24 bird and 5 mammal species. 32 The trail itself was never bombed enough to slow the infiltration of Viet Cong Troops into South Vietnam, yet the environment was harmed immensely, by bombs creating craters, killing animals and of course Agent Orange polluting the area. In the nine years that Agent Orange was used in Vietnam damage was done to all aspects of life. Over the course of its use twenty million gallons of Agent Orange were dropped over six million acres. Seventy five percent of the forests that were bombed were in South Vietnam. 33 An 29 Lanier-Graham, Herbicide, Stevens, Ibid, Lanier-Graham,
16 American soldier who served in Vietnam stated, In Vietnam I was spared my life just to be stabbed with an Agent Orange knife. 34 This argument is shared by millions of people, vegetation and animals that felt the after wave of the herbicide. Walking down the street in Ho Chi Minh City effects can still be seen today, through the people of Vietnam. Wildlife is still recovering from the tremendous amounts of damage that were inflicted on the country. Some areas may never be the same. Agent Orange and the damage to the environment show how harmful warfare can be especially in the day of modern technology and chemical weaponry. Impact of Connections Area of Vietnam are still wastelands today, Vietnamese refer to these areas as, Agent Orange Museums 35 or American Grass. 36 The lasting impressions of Agent Orange are still making it hard for peasants to get by Arnold Sector, a health physician at the University of Texas, stated that, In some cases dioxin levels are just as high now as when the spray occurred. 37 Vietnamese who are eating contaminated fish and having children with birth defects are still feeling the results of Agent Orange now. The results that were never studied further from the environmental stand point past numbers of gallons dropped and areas marked on maps. The relationship between war and nature is becoming more of a pressing matter with the advancement of new weapons. The advancement of different chemicals has changed the fate of how lasting the war can truly be on the terrain of different countries. Without looking deeper then facts and figures it is hard to see the real impact that humans, animals and nature as a whole have to deal with when war is waged. By showing the magnitude of destruction scholars hope to 34 The Environmental Impact of War, Lenntech, 2008, (accessed March 23, 2009). 35 Tully, Andrew Metz, "Bridging the Chemical Divide," Baltimore Sun, 2009, (accessed April 7, 2009). 37 Ibid, 2. 13
17 change how much damage will be done in the future. In order for this to become a reality more work has to be conducted to give nature and vegetation a voice and to add first hand accounts rather then the scientific data of reports conducted after wars have been fought and chemicals released. 14
18 Allie King April 23, 2009 Seminar in Comparative History, Dieterich-ward Assessment of College Works Personal Historiography Over my four years of college I have studied many aspects of history through using a variety of sources. I have done all of my history courses at Shippensburg University with the exception of the semester that I studies abroad where I took two courses. The four papers I chose to look at in closer detail include, the capstone paper, theory and practice paper, The Meaning of Hitler and finally, a primary source paper on My Lai. My progression over the past four years can be seen in the maturing nature of my history papers. The first paper I wrote of this group was one based on a book written by Haffner, called, The Meaning of Hitler. The book was broken into different sections such as, failures, achievements and personal life. My approach to talking about the book was to find a quote that captured an important question of the book (how would Hitler s legacy be remembered if he had died in 1938 compared to 1945) and discuses key points that I feel made this false. I used facts in order to show how Hitler s rise was not as strong as the world thought; in many cases it was more of him appointing the correct people to positions who were the true geniuses. In this paper I go against what the author is trying to say to show how even though one can view Hitler in that view, there are more facts to show that he would have inevitably be seen in a negative light regardless of when he had died. The second paper is my Theory and Practice paper. The course was based on the experience of African American Soldiers in the Civil War, our paper focused on
19 soldiers from Shippensburg. Through using pension files and service records I was able to track down information the pieced small parts of his life together. My research on George Landey was very limited as he only spent over a year in service before becoming wounded. I switched my research at this point to discussing the effort his troops made in helping the Confederate Troops in the war. By expanding my research to include the 22 nd regiment I was able to incorporate many more aspects of the war and also able to relate events back to make the paper a full image of the African American experience in the Civil War. The third paper also focuses on primary sources to make an image of what happened during a single event. This event was the My Lai massacre in the Viet Nam War. Through using the documents I was able to display how the events that happened in My Lai mirrored the war as a whole. I used many first hand accounts of soldiers who had fought there as well as accounts from villagers who hid and witnessed the attack. Through using secondary sources of the War in Viet Nam I was able to compare both accounts to compile the accounts into one paper. The last paper was my senior capstone paper. This paper was written over the course of the semester and took into account all of the different research methods. This paper was on war and the environment and the relationship that they share. There were so many different wars that could have been studied. The first part of the paper takes a look at the whole of the relationship of war and the environment start during the American Civil War. This part of the paper used many secondary sources to show how over time the relationship become much more harmful with the introduction of modern weapons. Starting in World War I with the
20 beginning of chemical bombs and goes through wars ending with the American War in Viet Nam. I used Viet Nam as a case study to show the truly devastating effects of a herbicide known as, Agent Orange on the Vietnamese countryside. Many of these effects are still present in Viet Nam today not just in people but also in the environment. I used primary sources such as reports done by the government about the effects of different herbicides when it became clear how damaging they were. I also used newspaper articles to show the on-going problems of Agent Orange since they were used. Through looking at different papers that have been written it is clear that my writing skills have improved as well as methods that I have used to research. Comparing theory and practice class and seminar class, I have started doing more of my own research and search through large piles of information to see what is relevant to my research and what is not. Through studying many types of history I have become more comfortable with incorporating ideas for other classes into papers. Through many teaching styles I feel as though I have found my own take on learning and writing about history.
The man who shouldn t be here hopes to be heard
The man who shouldn t be here hopes to be heard By Gene Beley, CVBT Correspondent He lived through Hiroshima bombing as an infant How lucky for the ones who got killed instantly WITH VIDEO There were many
More informationDo Now. Don't forget to turn your homework into the basket! Describe what you know about how the Japanese were defeated in World War II.
Do Now Don't forget to turn your homework into the basket! Describe what you know about how the Japanese were defeated in World War II. As the Allies were closing in on Nazi Germany in late 1944 and early
More informationChapter 14 Section 3. The War in the Pacific
Chapter 14 Section 3 The War in the Pacific Philippines American forces fighting under General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines were attacked by the Japanese FDR realized situation was hopeless so
More informationName: Date: Period: The Atomic Bomb: Trinity, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Cold War and More. By Alan Ream 2017 Version
Name: Date: Period: The Atomic Bomb: Trinity, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Cold War and More By Alan Ream 2017 Version The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki marked the first and only time in the history
More informationSouthfield Public Library
Southfield Public Library Hiroshima by John Hersey Discussion questions used at SPL -- November 2010 1. Was this a hard book for you to read due to the content? How did it affect you? 2. How would you
More informationChernobyl: A Story From Inside a Nuclear Disaster Area From Interviews that Matter (July 24, 2013)
Name: Class: Chernobyl: A Story From Inside a Nuclear Disaster Area From Interviews that Matter (July 24, 2013) The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986
More informationObjective: To examine the Red Scare of the 1950 s and beyond. Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started"
Objective: To examine the Red Scare of the 1950 s and beyond. Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started" Hunting Communists at Home A dramatic fear of communism and communist
More informationPhysicists predict a nuclear arms race,
1 Introduction This declaration of concern, written after the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, offers insight into the Manhattan Project, an atomic development program led by the United States.
More informationSetting the Stage. 1. Why was the U.S. so eager to end the fighting with Japan?
Setting the Stage The war in Europe had concluded (ended) in May. The Pacific war would receive full attention from the United States War Department. As late as May 1945, the U.S. was engaged in heavy
More informationAirplane. Estimated Casualty Statistics for the Battle of Tannenberg Allied Powers: 267,000 Central Powers: 80,000
Airplane The Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 was an important victory for the Germans. They stopped the Russian army from advancing into German-controlled territory. Prior to the outbreak of fighting, both
More informationThe Manhattan Project (NCSS8)
The Manhattan Project (NCSS8) I. General Information Subject: US History Teacher: Sarah Hendren Unit: World War II Grade: 11 Lesson: The Manhattan Project # of Students: 24 II. Big Question For Today s
More informationSelective obscenity : US checkered record on chemical weapons RT News
Selective obscenity : US checkered record on chemical weapons Published time: August 29, 2013 12:38 Edited time: August 30, 2013 08:58 Get short URL US Marine from Echo Company 2nd Battalion 2nd Marine
More informationMaking Informed Decisions
Making Informed Decisions Scientific research is an essential first step to solve environmental problems. However, many other factors must also be considered. How will the proposed solution affect people
More informationResources. Links to all resources listed below can be found at
Resources Links to all resources listed below can be found at http://www.agentorangerecord.com Films Agent Orange: A Personal Requiem. Masako Sakata s story of going to Vietnam to better understand Agent
More informationEducation Umbrella,
The Morning After, by Tony Harrison Lesson plan Introduction Look at the photos below: Education Umbrella, 2015 1 Education Umbrella, 2015 2 These photos, taken on the same day in different cities around
More informationName: Date: Period: The Atom Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan August By Alan Ream 2015
Name: Date: Period: The Atom Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan August 1945 By Alan Ream 2015 The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki marked the first and only time in the history of the world that nuclear
More informationAirplane. Estimated Casualty Statistics for the Battle of Tannenberg Allied Powers: 267,000 Central Powers: 80,000. Artillery
a Airplane The Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 was an important victory for the Germans. They stopped the Russian army from advancing into German-controlled territory. Prior to the outbreak of fighting, both
More informationManhattan Project. This was the Manhattan Project. In 1945, they successfully tested the first Atomic Bomb.
The Atomic Bomb Manhattan Project Beginning in 1939, the United States had been working on a top-secret new weapon that would use atomic energy to create an explosive many times more powerful than any
More informationTwo Historical Narratives
Two Historical Narratives Name Source: Excerpts from Three Narratives of our Humanity by John W. Dower, 1996. The following is from a book written by a historian about how people remember wars. John W.
More informationCreating America (Survey)
Creating America (Survey) Chapter 20: An Industrial Society, 1860-1914 Section 1: The Growth of Industry Main Idea: The growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transformed life in America. After
More informationA GUIDE FOR YOUR DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Dear Discussion Leaders: We are very pleased that our film moved you to want to do something about the issues it raises. We are particularly gratified that you want to undertake a screening yourself. Getting
More informationSite-specific Bioaccumulation of PCDD/PCDFs in Mothers and their Infants Living in Vicinity of Bien Hoa Airbase, Southern Vietnam
4 th International Forum on Sustainable Future in Asia 4 th NIES International Forum Site-specific Bioaccumulation of PCDD/PCDFs in Mothers and their Infants Living in Vicinity of Bien Hoa Airbase, Southern
More informationOptional Silent Spring Reading Extension and Study Guide
Optional Silent Spring Reading Extension and Study Guide Goal: Students will examine the seminal work by Rachel Carson which first brought pesticides and the wide-spread use of chemicals in the environment
More informationDuck & Cover: School Drills During the Cold War By Jessica McBirney 2016
Name: Class: Duck & Cover: School Drills During the Cold War By Jessica McBirney 2016 During the Cold War (a period of political tension that followed World War II), Americans feared that their enemy,
More informationThe Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reports that there were more than 15,000 nuclear warheads on Earth as of 2016.
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reports that there were more than 15,000 nuclear warheads on Earth as of 2016. The longer these weapons continue to exist, the greater the likelihood
More informationWriting Constructed Responses
Writing Constructed Responses Step One: READ THE QUESTION!!! Make sure you read the question carefully. Make sure you understand what the question is asking. Example Question: With reference to the source
More information60th anniversary of Hiroshima bombing
www.breaking News English.com Ready-to-use ESL / EFL Lessons 60th anniversary of Hiroshima bombing URL: http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/0508/050806-hiroshima-e.html Today s contents The Article 2 Warm-ups
More informationTo End the War Summer 1945
To End the War Summer 1945 On April 12, 1945, President Franklin Roosevelt died while in office. Three months after assuming office, President Harry Trumanfound himselfin control of the most terrible weapon
More informationPreface to "What Principles Should Guide America's Conduct of War?" on Opposing Viewpoints,
(Ferguson) Military Drones Thesis: We must support funding the use of military drones for most scenarios so that we can save the lives of United States soldiers and reduce civilian casualties. Audience
More informationCh 26-2 Atomic Anxiety
Ch 26-2 Atomic Anxiety The Main Idea The growing power of, and military reliance on, nuclear weapons helped create significant anxiety in the American public in the 1950s. Content Statements 23. Use of
More informationSTS 350 Atomic Consequences Spring 2002
STS 350 Atomic Consequences Spring 2002 Michael Aaron Dennis 620 Clark Hall Office Hours: M 2-4, and by appointment TA: Anuradha Chakravarty Office Hours: R 10-11AM, 3-4PM; B27 McGraw Hall This is a course
More informationWar s Hell! the Battle of Mametz Wood in Art. Information for teachers
War s Hell! the Battle of Mametz Wood in Art Introduction The exhibition War s Hell! the Battle of Mametz Wood in Art, taking place at National Museum Cardiff from 30 th April - 4 th September 2016, explores
More informationScottish CND - Education Pack
Scottish CND - Education Pack Teacher s notes: Nuclear Explosions This unit aims to increase pupils knowledge of why nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction. Content: Video Booklet The nuclear
More informationA Princess of Mars, Part Three
10 August 2012 MP3 at voaspecialenglish.com A Princess of Mars, Part Three BOB DOUGHTY:Now, the Special English program, American Stories. Last week we broadcast the second of our programs called A Princess
More informationWeb Quest World War I
Web Quest World War I http://dupuiswebquest.weebly.com Overview: There is so much information about World War I that it would be impossible to cover it all in class. For this webquest, you will be exploring
More informationfrom Nagasaki to the world 2
from Nagasaki to the world 2 CONTENTS PAGE 1. Little Boy and Fat Man 3~8 The two atomic bombs dropped on Japan 2. The end of the earth 9~11 The experience of Mieko Watanabe 3. The Smell of the Dead 12~14
More informationCertainty and Possibility
Learning Objectives: To review the use of Preparation Time: 10 minutes adverbs and modals for expressing past and future Completion Time: 45 minutes certainty and possibility Skill/Grammar: certainty and
More informationReasons for Using Nuclear Weapons (5) Reasons against the use of Nuclear Weapons (5)
Reasons for Using Nuclear Weapons (5) Reasons against the use of Nuclear Weapons (5) Bell Ringer: What was the name of the program to build the Atomic Bomb? Who was the lead scientist? Agenda: Notes/discussion
More informationSCENARIO LIST. (In no particular order) SEIZE GROUND. - As per page #91 of the Warhammer 40,000 Rulebook -
The following is the complete list of scenarios that may be played at the 2011 Ultimate Warhammer 40K tournament. Four of these will be used by all players in the first four rounds of the tournament (pre-determined
More informationFleet Engagement. Mission Objective. Winning. Mission Special Rules. Set Up. Game Length
Fleet Engagement Mission Objective Your forces have found the enemy and they are yours! Man battle stations, clear for action!!! Mission Special Rules None Set Up velocity up to three times their thrust
More informationPROFILE. Jonathan Sherer 9/30/15 1
Jonathan Sherer 9/30/15 1 PROFILE Each model in the game is represented by a profile. The profile is essentially a breakdown of the model s abilities and defines how the model functions in the game. The
More informationBackground. After the Virus
After the Virus Background The zombie apocalypse is here! The world has been hit by a virus killing 90% of the population. Most of the survivors have turned into zombies, while the rest are left weak and
More informationTechnologists and economists both think about the future sometimes, but they each have blind spots.
The Economics of Brain Simulations By Robin Hanson, April 20, 2006. Introduction Technologists and economists both think about the future sometimes, but they each have blind spots. Technologists think
More informationChernobyl nuclear disaster 30 years on; the problem remains unfixable
Chernobyl nuclear disaster 30 years on; the problem remains unfixable By McClatchy Washington Bureau, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.03.16 Word Count 901 A rusting amusement ride is seen in the abandoned
More informationA Princess of Mars, Part Two
3 August 2012 MP3 at voaspecialenglish.com A Princess of Mars, Part Two BOB DOUGHTY: Now, the VOA Special English program, American Stories. Last week we brought you the first of four programs called A
More informationWas the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? Background information
Background information On 7 May 1945 Germany and its allies surrendered after six long years of total war. Since then, 8 May has been known as Victory in Europe or V.E. day. Germany s ally Japan, however,
More informationSample file. Outrider Studios. Remnants
Remnants They are artifacts left over from another age, built before the world burned and the lands were broken. They endure. Remnants is a mecha game unlike any other. Explore the Broken Lands, discover
More informationMilitary Technology in the World Wars
Military Technology in the World Wars During the Second World War, many of the technologies that were used in the First World War became either outdated, or obsolete. The Second World War was very much
More informationBIRD READING ASSIGNMENT
Ocean Connectors BIRD READING ASSIGNMENT To do before the field trip, in class or at home 1. Students will read Wetland Neighbors. The reading is available on the next page and online at http://oceanconnectors.org/resources.
More informationFAT MAN AND LITTLE BOY
FAT MAN AND LITTLE BOY America in WWII Terry W. Burger Sixty years ago, a pair of atomic bombs scorched Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Today, people who helped build them and people who felt their deadly power
More informationApple Game: Materials and Set Up
Apple Game: Materials and Set Up NOTE: Materials listed in bold are those that are not included in this guide All Materials Station signs (8.5 X 11 ) for each station (7 total) Station cards for apples
More informationIntroduction. Victory. Solitaire Decisions. Campaigns
Introduction...2 Campaigns...2 Victory...2 Solitaire Decisions...2 Components...3 Force Counters...4 Force Descriptions...5 Ship Forces...5 Set-Up...7 Sequence of Play...7 Battle...11 Battle Set-Up...11
More informationProtecting our Natural Areas from Phragmites and other Invaders
Protecting our Natural Areas from Phragmites and other Invaders by Laurie Kaufman www.stewardshipnetwork.org/midmich Asclepias incarnata, photo by Laurie Kaufman What do we mean by Invasive Species? The
More informationAXIS AND ALLIES 1914 OPTIONAL RULE: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
AXIS AND ALLIES 1914 OPTIONAL RULE: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Using this rule, you may attempt to develop improved military technology. If you decide to use Research & Development, it becomes the new phase
More information"Stopping the Panzers: The Untold Story of D-Day (Book Review)" by Marc Milner
Canadian Military History Volume 27 Issue 1 Article 10 2-28-2018 "Stopping the Panzers: The Untold Story of D-Day (Book Review)" by Marc Milner Brad St. Croix Recommended Citation St. Croix, Brad () ""Stopping
More informationpopulation and housing censuses in Viet Nam: experiences of 1999 census and main ideas for the next census Paper prepared for the 22 nd
population and housing censuses in Viet Nam: experiences of 1999 census and main ideas for the next census Paper prepared for the 22 nd Population Census Conference Seattle, Washington, USA, 7 9 March
More informationConflict Horizon Dallas Walker Conflict Horizon
Conflict Horizon Introduction 2018 Dallas Walker Conflict Horizon Welcome Cadets. I m Sargent Osiren. I d like to make it known right now! From that moment you stepped foot of the shuttle, your butts belonged
More informationChapter 12, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution in America
Chapter 12, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution in America Pages 384-389 In the early 1700s making goods depended on the hard work of humans and animals. It had been that way for hundreds of years. Then
More informationAtomic bombs. The Most Terrible Thing, but Possibly the Most Useful: Evaluating the US Decision to Drop the Atomic Bombs LESSON PLAN: INTRODUCTION
: Atomic bombs The Most Terrible Thing, but Possibly the Most Useful: Evaluating the US Decision to Drop the Atomic Bombs (Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ds-05458.) INTRODUCTION Shortly after the first successful
More informationYou are still a 16) and not free to leave. However you will be treated with the 17) you have earned. You are now a warrior among our people.
Instructions: Extended Listening Lesson 15min listening with 3 different activities True&False, Open Cloze, Multiple Choice. At the end of this Lesson you will find the Tape Transcript of the Princess
More informationYour use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
Yale University Press Chapter Title: Once Upon a Time Book Title: A Little History of the World Book Author(s): E. H. GOMBRICH Published by: Yale University Press. (2005) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nppvs.4
More informationRemembrance Day for the Victims of Chemical Warfare Statement by the Director-General 29 April 2015
1 Remembrance Day for the Victims of Chemical Warfare Statement by the Director-General 29 April 2015 Madam Chairperson, Honourable Mayor van Aartsen, Her Excellency Ms Nora Stehouwer-Van Iersel, Excellencies,
More informationPrimo Victoria. A fantasy tabletop miniatures game Expanding upon Age of Sigmar Rules Compatible with Azyr Composition Points
Primo Victoria A fantasy tabletop miniatures game Expanding upon Age of Sigmar Rules Compatible with Azyr Composition Points The Rules Creating Armies The first step that all players involved in the battle
More informationMDRG Constructed Play Handbook
MDRG Constructed Play Handbook Revised version (in playtest now, August 2011) The following is a point system for Mutants and Death Ray Guns originally designed by Andy Frazer and revised by Andrea Sfiligoi.
More information2010 World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates Hiroshima November 2010 The Legacy of Hiroshima: a world without nuclear weapons
2010 World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates Hiroshima 12-14 November 2010 The Legacy of Hiroshima: a world without nuclear weapons Address by Mr Tadateru Konoé, President First Session The Legacy of Hiroshima
More informationThe Fall Of Japan (World War II) By Keith Wheeler
The Fall Of Japan (World War II) By Keith Wheeler If you are searched for a ebook The Fall of Japan (World War II) by Keith Wheeler in pdf format, then you have come on to faithful website. We furnish
More informationPROFILE. Jonathan Sherer 9/10/2015 1
Jonathan Sherer 9/10/2015 1 PROFILE Each model in the game is represented by a profile. The profile is essentially a breakdown of the model s abilities and defines how the model functions in the game.
More informationPlace Value I. Number Name Standard & Expanded
Place Value I Number Name Standard & Expanded Objectives n Know how to write a number as its number name n Know how to write a number in standard form n Know how to write a number in expanded form Vocabulary
More informationSENDING MESSAGES. In the battle that followed, the British navy sank four German ships. Steady chaps!
The Postal Museum, 2010-0423/2 SENDING MESSAGES General Post Office Engineers Communicating with troops on the front line is vitally important in any war. During the First World War, General Post Office
More informationInternational Humanitarian Law and New Weapon Technologies
International Humanitarian Law and New Weapon Technologies Statement GENEVA, 08 SEPTEMBER 2011. 34th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law, San Remo, 8-10 September 2011. Keynote
More informationA 28-minute video of this atomic test that can be viewed at:
Much of this Historically Speaking series comes from information contained in UT-AEC Agricultural Research Laboratory booklet published by the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experimental Station
More informationMany Bible commentators thought the disasters of Biblical prophecy were unrealistic. So they saw:
Many Bible commentators thought the disasters of Biblical prophecy were unrealistic. So they saw: Jesus descriptions of disaster in Matthew 24 as just the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70; the strange locusts
More informationOsprey Publishing
OSPREY ADVENTURES Philip Smith & Joseph A. MCCullough Artistic Consultant: Mark Stacey 2 CONTENTS Introduction 6 Great Britain 8 France 34 Germany 52 United and Confederate States of America 70 Russia
More informationCrealdé unveils photographs and paintings from documentary project, capturing the culture and landscape of Central Florida s Lake Apopka
Contact: Mila Dykes mdykes@crealde.org January 1, 2018 Crealdé unveils photographs and paintings from documentary project, capturing the culture and landscape of Central Florida s Lake Apopka On September
More informationBe the last tribe standing in a game of survival! Players contend with everyday life and events in the Stone Age.
The aim of the game: Be the last tribe standing in a game of survival! Players contend with everyday life and events in the Stone Age. This is a game for 3-6 players. Each group will need: A game board
More informationWeapons of Mass Destruction. These slides are provided courtesy of the Naval Post-graduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Weapons of Mass Destruction These slides are provided courtesy of the Naval Post-graduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security Weapons of Mass Destruction? Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) OR
More informationHabitat changes force waterfowl to flee the coast by large amount
Habitat changes force waterfowl to flee the coast by large amount BY: SHANNON TOMPKINS HOUSTON CHRONICLE MARCH 2, 2016 Photo: Picasa While the Texas coast still winters the majority of the continent's
More informationThe invention of new machines in Great Britain led to the beginning of the Industrial
Chapter 12: The North The industrial revolution The invention of new machines in Great Britain led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution: a period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing
More informationJulius Robert Oppenheimer ( )
ETH Geschichte der Radioaktivität Arbeitsgruppe Radiochemie Julius Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) The theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was director of the laboratory in Los Alamos, N.M., where
More informationPaluma Environmental Education Centre
Paluma Environmental Education Centre Science (Biology) Field Workbook for Picnic Bay Year 4 Unit 2 Mapping the life cycle and survival of the Bush stone-curlew My Name: My Class: My working group: My
More informationin Developing Countries in FY2008
Study on Economic Partnership Projects in Developing Countries in FY2008 Study on Research and Development Center for Space Technology of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology in Hoa Lac in Socialist
More informationReconstructing past population processes with general equilibrium models: House mice in Kern County, California,
Reconstructing past population processes with general equilibrium models: House mice in Kern County, California, 1926 1927 Seong-Hee Kim,* John Tschirhart,*, Steven W. Buskirk** *Department of Economics
More informationWorld War II Unit Day Four U.S. History. The key events, figures, and outcomes of the Atomic Bombing of Japan.
World War II Unit Day Four U.S. History The key events, figures, and outcomes of the Atomic Bombing of Japan. Title of Event: Atomic Bombing of Japan Problem or Goal: How should the U.S. end World War
More informationPrintable Letter of Expression
Printable Letter of Expression Write a Letter to Your Pet Would you like to write a letter to your pet? The time is now and I invite you to take action. You may find the writing just flows out of you,
More informationA guide to living with. Bats. Dustin Smith. Florida bonneted bat
A guide to living with Bats Dustin Smith Florida bonneted bat Chris Burney A hoary bat, one of Florida s bat species that roosts in trees. Living with bats Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly.
More informationIntroduction. Playing time: min. Players: 1-4 Age: +8
Playing time: 45-60 min. Players: 1-4 Age: +8 Introduction German battleship Schleswig-Holstein started the bombardment of Polish Military Transit Depot on the 1 st of September 1939 at 04:48 a.m. This
More informationJournal of Rampart By Jack Davis
Journal of Rampart By Jack Davis My name is Rampart A. Jones. I live on the islands of Iss, well I used to. I live on Alcaabaar. It was first called Earth after natural disasters new cultures came out
More informationStudents To Write Newspaper for Main Unit Assignment The War Has Just Ended
Students To Write Newspaper for Main Unit Assignment The War Has Just Ended You and your partner are editors of a newspaper tasked with putting together a special commemorative issue on the Second World
More informationThe Civil War Comes to Kansas: Quantrill s Raid on Lawrence. Seventh Grade M-16
Read Kansas! Seventh Grade M-16 Overview The Civil War Comes to Kansas: Quantrill s Raid on Lawrence The student will describe important details of Quantrill s Raid after reading two articles, one pro-union
More informationWORDS AND POEMS BY YOUNG PEOPLE FROM OUR REGION. Stories of Remembrance
WORDS AND POEMS BY YOUNG PEOPLE FROM OUR REGION Stories of Remembrance STORIES OF REMEMBRANCE Poems & words of remembrance The following collection of short poems are but a small selection from the hundreds
More informationAPPENDIX 13 WEAPONRY
APPENDIX 13 WEAPONRY Early in hominid history, our ancestors applied their tool-making prowess to the manufacture of weapons. In primeval times these were used mainly in hunting animals for food, although
More informationBuilding Blocks of STEAM. Science Technology Engineering the Arts Mathematics. Building Blocks of STEAM
Building Blocks of STEAM Science Technology Engineering the Arts Mathematics 1 STEAM thinking and learning are FUN! STEAM thinkers use evidence to inform their thinking. They get evidence from investigating.
More informationThe Atomic Bomb: The Great Decision (American Problem Studies)
The Atomic Bomb: The Great Decision (American Problem Studies) If looking for a ebook The Atomic Bomb: The Great Decision (American problem studies) in pdf format, in that case you come on to faithful
More information60th anniversary of Hiroshima bombing
www.breaking News English.com Ready-to-use ESL / EFL Lessons 60th anniversary of Hiroshima bombing URL: http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/0508/050806-hiroshima.html Today s contents The Article 2 Warm-ups
More informationA BOOK DISCUSSION GUIDE for Gunflint Burning: Fire in the Boundary Waters by Cary J. Griffith
A BOOK DISCUSSION GUIDE for Gunflint Burning: Fire in the Boundary Waters by Cary J. Griffith PRAISE FOR THE BOOK In Gunflint Burning, Cary Griffith has penned the consummate story of one of the great
More informationManhattan Project (World History)
Manhattan Project (World History) If searched for a ebook Manhattan Project (World History) in pdf form, in that case you come on to the loyal site. We presented the full option of this ebook in epub,
More informationBible Battles Trading Card Game OFFICIAL RULES. Copyright 2009 Bible Battles Trading Card Game
Bible Battles Trading Card Game OFFICIAL RULES 1 RULES OF PLAY The most important rule of this game is to have fun. Hopefully, you will also learn about some of the people, places and events that happened
More informationFrontier/Modern Wargames Rules
Equipment: Frontier/Modern Wargames Rules For use with a chessboard battlefield By Bob Cordery Based on Joseph Morschauser s original ideas The following equipment is needed to fight battles with these
More informationA Thunderbolt + Apache Leader TDA
C3i Magazine, Nr.3 (1994) A Thunderbolt + Apache Leader TDA by Jeff Petraska Thunderbolt+Apache Leader offers much more variety in terms of campaign strategy, operations strategy, and mission tactics than
More informationUniversity of Haifa, 1 st Semester, 2015/2016 Syllabus Dr. Daniel Uziel World at War: The History of the Second World War
University of Haifa, 1 st Semester, 2015/2016 Syllabus Dr. Daniel Uziel World at War: The History of the Second World War Course description Since the end of the Cold War the historiography of WWII has
More information