Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications
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1 Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications Dirk Giggenbach German Aerospace Center (DLR), Tutorial held at ASMS/SPSC, Livorno, th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference 13 th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop
2 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 2 / 44 Timeline of Laser-Comm. Space-Missions (selection) ETS-VI SPOT-4 Artemis OICETS SILEX GEOLITE LCTSX NFIRE -LCTs α-sat LLCD Sentinel-1A SOTA OPALS EDRS-A OSIRIS EDRS-C LCRD Pictures: ESA, JAXA, NICT, NASA, MIT, DLR
3 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 3 / 44 Content of this Tutorial Introduction to FSO in Space Applications Technologies and Subsystems Atmospheric Impact on Link Quality Mitigation of Atmospheric Effects Optical GEO Feeder-Links Summary
4 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 4 / 44 Application Scenarios of Mobile Optical Data Links
5 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 5 / 44 Space-Ground Scenarios Inter planetary GEO LEO
6 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 6 / 44 System Sensitivity of Optical vs. RF Point-to-Point Diffraction limited divergence angle reduces linearly with wavelength increase of Rx-power with 1/λ 2 : P Rx DTx D λ L Rx 2 P Tx Ideal optical receiver performance is limited by number of photons per bit, where required energy per photon increases with shorter wavelength: E Photon = hc λ these two laws result in total in a linear increase of photon-flux density at the receiver with laser frequency Ideal optical systems are limited by photon-flux fluctuations, RF-systems by thermal noise: SNR SNR 2 λ 2kT 4 10 λ hc λ opt RF B RF opt opt 6 with typical values (1µm / 1cm, T=300K) ~60dB can be achieved
7 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 7 / 44 Properties of Point-to-Point Laser Links Linkbudget-Gain is invested in increase of datarate reduction of Tx-power reduction of antenna (telescope) size according mass-reduction Challenges Link blocking by clouds and fog scenario-dependent Signal scintillation by index-ofrefraction turbulence (IRT) Precise pointing and tracking; Link acquisition Typical parameters laser-wavelengths in the near infrared (850nm / 1064nm / 1550nm) diffraction limited Tx-divergence: below 1/1000 degree x µrad datarates from few 100Mbps up to several Gbps are implemented Other beneficial properties Inherent tap proof No mutual interference between links No spectrum regulatory limitations
8 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 8 / 44 Introduction to FSO in Space Applications Technologies and Subsystems Atmospheric Impact on Link Quality Mitigation of Atmospheric Effects Optical GEO Feeder-Links Summary
9 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 9 / 44 Components of full-duplex Space Laser Terminals Rx- Data λ A λ B Tx-Data
10 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 10 / 44 Coarse Pointing Assembly (CPA) Mechanisms Azimuth-Elevation Gimbal (OICETS) One-Mirror Periscope (Alphasat) Pictures: JAXA, ESA, ViaLight
11 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 11 / 44 Beam-Acquisition Strategies in Space-GND Links Orbital and Mechanical Position Uncertainties: ~ mrad OGS sends divergent Beacon towards Sat, covering uncertainty area, Sat stares with wide-fov area-sensor in direction of OGS Diffraction-limited scanning towards the partner who is staring with a narrow-fov no extra beacon required Uncertainty area Mixed methods of above, might require extra beacon, or zoom-optics, and variable FoV-Optics Laser-spot FoV: Field-of-View
12 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 12 / 44 Modulation Formats & their Application Areas Optical Intensity Detection (incoherent) Direct Detection (IM/DD) with On-Off Keying (OOK) PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) low to medium sensitivity high data-rates low implementation effort short range with atmosph. (LEO) sensitivity limit (photon counting) high implementation effort limited data-rate long-range medium-rate (Exploration) Complex Field Detection (coherent) Selfhomodyne-DPSK with PreAmp with local oscillator: hom./heterodyne-bpsk, QAM high sensitivity (in Phot./bit) high data-rates requires plane Rx-wave atmosphere is a challenge long range space links (GEO)
13 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 13 / 44 Optical Ground Stations: ESA-OGS, Izana, Tenerife, 2400m a.s.l. Built for SILEX (ARTEMIS) 1m Cassegrain-Telescope Coudé-Room for experimental setups
14 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 14 / 44 OGS-OP, DLR (Experimental Downlinks and IRT measurement sensors) 40cm Telescope inside Dome 40cmclass Control Room More global OGSs: NICT (Tokyo, Kobe, ) JPL (Table Mountain, CA) NASA / MIT, for LLCD (White Sands, N.M) Modified SLR-stations Control Room of OGS-OP
15 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 15 / 44 Transportable Ground Stations 60cmclass TOGS with transport van and control room 20cm-MOGS Pictures by DLR, ViaLight
16 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 16 / 44 Introduction to FSO in Space Applications Technologies and Subsystems Atmospheric Impact on Link Quality Mitigation of Atmospheric Effects Optical GEO Feeder-Links Summary
17 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 17 / 44 Structure of Earth Atmosphere Relevant for optical propagation
18 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 18 / 44 Atmospheric Effects on Optical Signals Attenuation Index-of-Refraction- Turbulence (IRT) Scattering Absorption Mie-Scat. (Clouds) Rayleigh-Scat. (Molecules) Molecular Absorption Lines Absorption by Aerosols (dust, volcanic ash, sand)
19 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 19 / 44 Atmospheric Molecular Absorption Atmos. Windows Absorption by Water Vapour Visible Near Infrared FSO Thermal Infrared µwave Radio
20 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 20 / 44 Mie-Scattering Cloud attenuation (up to several 100dB/km)
21 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 21 / 44 What happens when a laser beam passes through turbulent air? Wavefront distortion Interference collimated laser beam at Tx turbulent volume with IRT-strength C n2 Far-field intensityspeckles
22 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 22 / 44 Atmospheric Effects on Optical Signals Attenuation Index-of-Refraction- Turbulence (IRT) Intensity- Scintillations Wavefront- Distortions Beam- Broadening Beam Tilt Beam Wander Rx Angle-of-Arrival Fluctuations Strengths of effects is scenario-dependent (beam-divergence, wavelength, distance, C n2 -profile)
23 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 23 / 44 Examples of Intensitiy Scintillation Patterns at Receiver Telescope Scintillation Pattern Structures < D Rx-Antenna Low turbulence, large speckles: Strong turbulence, small speckles: (satellite downlink at high elevation) D Rx-Telescope = 1m (long horizontal path)
24 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 24 / 44 Introduction to FSO in Space Applications Technologies and Subsystems Atmospheric Impact on Link Quality Mitigation of Atmospheric Effects Optical GEO Feeder-Links Summary
25 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 25 / 44 Downlink: Rx-Power - Aperture Averaging Effect PRx ( t) = I ( r, t) da A Rx D Rx < ρ I D Rx > ρ I Larger Rx-Aperture reduces variance of P Rx in magnitude and spectrum Intensity Distribution at Receiver (Far-Field Speckle Pattern)
26 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 26 / 44 Downlink: Wavefront-Distortions - Adaptive Optics to enable Single-Mode Fiber-Coupling, or Heterodyning with LO requires correction of atmospheric phase-errors in realtime Adaptive Optics not activated Adaptive Optics activated Focal Intensity Speckles prevent efficient fiber-coupling or heterodyning with LO Corrected Phase allows near-ideal focal spot
27 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 27 / 44 Uplink: Transmitter Diversity Several Transmitters each generate independent speckle patterns, Superpositioned at the Rx, these smooth out fades and surges
28 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 28 / 44 Down- & Uplink: Error Control Coding Delay-Tolerant Transmission Management (only nonrealtime scenarios) Low-overhead ARQ for lossy return channel Gb- Ethernet Interleaved Packet-Layer FEC (Burst Errors from IRT- Fading, 1..10ms) Robust Data-Recovery and Bit-Level FEC FPGA-Implementation of Laser- Ethernet-Transceiver (LET)
29 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 29 / 44 Introduction to FSO in Space Applications Technologies and Subsystems Atmospheric Impact on Link Quality Mitigation of Atmospheric Effects Optical GEO Feeder-Links Summary
30 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 30 / 44 Motivation for Optical GEO Feeder Links in future Com. Satellite Systems Terabit-per-second SatComm is required in future (Europ. Digital Agenda) Number of required RF ground stations grows linear with throughput Optical Feeder Links provide >1Tbps over one optical ground station Number of OGSs in the network is driven by robustness against cloud blockage at least one OGS must be available
31 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 31 / 44 Optical Ground Station Diversity for Mitigation of Cloud Blockage Network Control Center
32 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 32 / 44 Cloud-Blockage Mitigation OGS-Network Availability 11 European stations Availability = % 10 Mediterr. stations Availability = % 8 stations Inter-Continental Availability = % Data-basis: Satellite images and simultaneous ground observations (from 1990 to 2006)
33 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 33 / 44 Available Optical Spectrum based on DWDM-Technology (Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing) 10THz C-Band nm L-Band nm 50 x 50 x 100GHz 100GHz
34 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 34 / 44 DWDM-System for Optical GEO Feeder-Links Tx-channels Rx-channels Tx- Booster (AO) Rx-PreAmp & AGC (only at OGS)
35 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 35 / 44 t1 t0 OGEOFL: Implications of the Uplink Channel GEO (36000km altitude) α BW θ FWHM α aaoa : Downlink atmos. Angle-of-Arrival average Uplink beam direction Downlink α PAA : Point-Ahead Angle (~18µrad) θ FWHM : effective uplink divergence angle (~10µrad) α BW : Uplink atmos. Beam-Wander (~10µrad) α TIA : Tilt-Isoplanatic Angle (dep. on elevation, altitude, ) Atmospheric IRT-Cells OGS
36 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 36 / 44 Measured Uplink Received Power at GEO: Miss-Pointing and Tx-Diversity Rx-Power with only second one Tx-Beam average -3dB fade threshold Alternative Solution: Probing with Laser Guide Star Source: ArtemEx-Project, 820nm Uplink to GEO Artemis, from ESA-OGS at Izania, Tenerife
37 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 37 / 44 Options for Transmission Formats in OGEO-FL Analog Transparent / Radio-over-FSO: Analog modulated Laser (Intensity or complex Field) Requires physical equalization and AGC-Techniques one DWDM-ch. per Ka-Band Spotbeam inefficient Digital Transparent: Transmitting digitized Samples over the optical FL DAC & ADC at GEO Possibly with additional opt. FEC More flexibility, better spectrumefficiency Fully Regenerative: Complete FECand DVB De- /Encoding on GEO Highest efficiency High processing power required Increasing Complexity and Efficiency
38 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 38 / 44 Precursor-Missions on Optical GEO Feeder Links LCT on ALPHASAT (-EDRS) - test a coherent space-ground link, 1 GEO Terminal (launched 2013) LCRD: GND-GEO-GND with DPSK and fading-tolerant Modem, 2 GEO Terminals (planned 2017) Pictures: ESA, NASA
39 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 39 / 44 Introduction to FSO in Space Applications Technologies and Subsystems Atmospheric Impact on Link Quality Mitigation of Atmospheric Effects Optical GEO Feeder-Links Summary
40 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 40 / 44 Summary and Outlook Optical Data-Relay System EDRS for LEO GEO implemented Laser Links for Exploration-Missions have been demonstrated Several LEO-Downlink Demonstrations Optical GEO Feeder Link Technology is beeing developed
41 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 41 / 44 European Studies on Optical GEO Feeder Links (selection) RIVOLI (trade-off study on transmission formats for OGEOFL; ESA) ONUBLA (OGS Cloud Availability and System Throughput; ESA) BATS (general on advanced throughput Comms-Sat Systems incl. OGEOFL and transmission format options; FP7)
42 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 42 / 44 Standardization Activities CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems): SLS-OPT Optical Communications Working Group: - Blue Book for Optical Communications Physical Layer - Blue Book for Optical Communications Coding & Synchronization - Green Book for Optical Communications Concepts and Terminologies - Green Book for Real-Time Weather and Atmospheric Characterization Data ITU (International Telecommunication Union): - RECOMMENDATION ITU-R 1621 / 1622, Propagation data / Prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space systems operating between 20 THz and 375 THz," 2005
43 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 43 / 44 Further Reading Papers (selection): S. Dimitrov, B. Matuz, G. Liva, R. Barrios, R. Mata-Calvo, D. Giggenbach, Digital Modulation and Coding for Satellite Optical Feeder Links, ASMS 2014, Livorno, Italy, Sept W. Cowley, D. Giggenbach, R. Mata Calvo, Optical Transmission Schemes for GEO Feeder Links, IEEE ICC Selected Areas in Communications Symposium, Sydney, June 2014 Mata-Calvo, Becker, Giggenbach, Moll, Schwarzer, Hinz, Sodnik, Transmitter diversity verification on ARTEMIS geostationary satellite, SPIE Photonics West, Feb D. Giggenbach, R. Barrios, F. Moll, R. Mata-Calvo, S. Bobrovskyi, F. Huber, N. F.D. Johnson-Amin, F. Heine, M. Gregory, EFAL: EDRS Feeder Link from Antarctic Latitudes - Preliminary Results of Site Investigations, Availability, and System Requirements ICOSOS International Conference on Space Optical System s and Applications, Kobe, Japan, May 2014 D. Giggenbach, Optical Satellite Feeder Links for Terabps Throughput. DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation, Presentation, on elib.dlr.de Text Books (selection): W.K. Pratt, "Laser Communications Systems", John Wiley & Sons, 1969 R.M. Gagliardi, S. Karp, Optical Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 1976 S.G. Lambert, W.L. Casey, "Laser Communications in Space", Artech House, 1995 L.C. Andrews, R.L Phillips, Laser beam propagation through random media, SPIE-Press 2005
44 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications > 44 / 44
45 Dirk Giggenbach > "Optical Free Space Links for Satellite-Ground Communications
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