OPTIMAL DG PLACEMENT FOR MAXIMUM LOSS REDUCTION IN RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING ABC ALGORITHM

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1 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: OPTMAL PLACEMENT FOR MAXMUM LOSS REDUCTON N RADAL DSTRBUTON SYSTEM USNG ABC ALGORTHM M.PADMA LALTHA,N.SNARAM REDDY V.C. VEERA REDDY 3 EEE Member,HOD, Departmet of Electrcal & Electrocs Egeerg,Aamacharya sttute Of Techoology & Sceces, Rajampet, A.P. Tel# HOD, Departmet Of Mechacal Egeerg,Aamacharya sttute Of Techoology & Sceces, Rajampet, A.P. Tel# Electrcal & Electrocs Egeerg Dept, S.V.U.C.E,S.V.Uversty,Trupath, A.P E-mal: padmalaltha_mareddy@yahoo.co., sva.arapureddy@gmal.com, veerareddy_vc@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Dstrbuted Geerato () s a promsg soluto to may power system problems such as voltage regulato, power loss, etc. Ths paper presets a ew methodology usg a ew populato based meta heurstc approach amely Artfcal Bee Coloy algorthm(abc) for the placemet of Dstrbuted Geerators() the radal dstrbuto systems to reduce the real power losses ad to mprove the voltage profle. A two-stage methodology s used for the optmal placemet. the frst stage, sgle placemet method s used to fd the optmal locatos ad the secod stage, ABC algorthm s used to fd the szes of the s correspodg to maxmum loss reducto. The proposed method s tested o stadard EEE 33-bus test system ad the results are preseted ad compared wth dfferet approaches avalable the lterature. The proposed method has outperformed the other methods terms of the qualty of soluto ad computatoal effcecy. Keywords : placemet, Meta heurstc methods, ABC Algorthm, loss reducto, radal dstrbuto system.. NTRODUCTON Dstrbuted geerato s small-scale power geerato that s usually coected to or embedded the dstrbuto system. The term also mples the use of ay modular techology that s sted throughout a utlty s servce to lower the cost of servce []. The beefts of are umerous [, 3] ad the reasos for mplemetg s are ratoal use of eergy, deregulato polcy, dversfcato of eergy sources, ease of fdg stes for smaller geerators, shorter costructo tmes ad lower captal costs of smaller plats ad proxmty of the geerato plat to heavy loads. The reducto gaseous emssos (maly CO) offered by s s major legal drver for mplemetato [4]. Numerous studes used dfferet approaches to evaluate the beefts from s to a etwork the form of loss reducto, loadg level reducto [6-8]. Naresh Acharya et al suggested a heurstc method [9] to select approprate locato ad to calculate sze for mmum real power losses. Though the method s effectve selectg locato, t requres more computatoal efforts as heurstc search requres exhaustve search for all possble locatos whch may ot be applcable to more tha oe. Ths method uses approxmate loss formula whch may lead to approprate soluto. the lterature, geetc algorthm ad PSO have bee appled to placemet [0-3]. all these works both szg ad locato of s are determed. Ths paper presets a ew methodology usg ABC algorthm[4-7] for the placemet of the radal dstrbuto systems. The ABC algorthm s a ew populato based meta heurstc approach spred by tellget foragg behavor of hoeybee swarm. The advatage of ABC algorthm s that t does ot requre exteral parameters such as cross over rate ad mutato rate as case of geetc 44

2 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: algorthm ad dfferetal evoluto. The other advatage s that the global search ablty s mplemeted by troducg eghborhood source producto mechasm whch s smlar to mutato process. ths paper, locatos of dstrbuted geerators are detfed by sgle placemet method[8] ad ABC algorthm whch takes the umber ad locato of s as put has bee developed to determe the optmal sze(s) of to mmze real power losses dstrbuto systems. The advatages of relevg ABC method from determato of locatos of s are mproved covergece characterstcs ad less computato tme. Voltage ad thermal costrats are cosdered. The algorthm was tested o 33-Bus Dstrbuto System [9].To demostrate the effectveess of proposed method, results are compared wth dfferet approaches avalable the lterature.. THEORETCAL BACKGROUND The total R loss dstrbuto system havg umber of braches s gve by: P Lt = = R () Here s the magtude of the brach curret ad R s resstace of the th brach respectvely. The brach curret has two compoets, actve compoet ( ) ad reactve compoet ( ). The a r loss assocated wth the actve ad reactve compoets of brach currets ca be wrtte as: P P Lr = = = = a r R R () (3) For a gve cofgurato of a sgle-source radal etwork, the loss P caot be mmzed because all actve power must be suppled by the source. However by placg s, ths loss ca be reduced. Ths paper presets a method to mmze ths loss by placg s ad thereby reduces the total loss the dstrbuto system. 3. DENTFCATON OF OPTMAL LOCATONS BY SNGLE PLACEMENT ALGORTHM Ths algorthm determes the optmal sze ad locato of uts that should be placed the system to mmze loss. Frst optmum szes of uts for all odes are determed for base case ad best oe s chose based o the maxmum loss savg. Ths process s repeated f multple locatos are requred by modfyg the base system by sertg a ut to the system oe-by-oe. 3.. Methodology Assume that a sgle-source radal dstrbuto system wth braches ad a s to be placed at bus m ad α be a set of braches coected betwee the source ad bus m. The produces actve curret, ad for a radal etwork t chages oly the actve compoet of curret of brach set α. The currets of other braches are uaffected. Thus ew actve curret ew a of the th brach s gve by ew a = a + D (4) where D = ; f brach α = 0; otherwse The loss P com assocated wth the actve compoet of brach currets ew system (whe s coected) s gve by com P = ( a + D ) R (5) = The savg S s the dfferece betwee equato 3 ad 5 ad s gve by com S = P P = = (D a + D c ) R (6) The curret that provdes maxmum savg ca be obtaed from S = = ( D a + D ) R (7) The curret for maxmum savg s = = = D a D R = α α The correspodg sze s P = V m (9) R a R R = 0 (8) 45

3 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: V m s voltage magtude of bus-m. The optmum sze of at each bus s determed usg eq (9). The savg for each s determed usg eq (6).The wth hghest savg s caddate locato for sgle placemet. Whe the caddate bus s detfed ad s placed, the process s repeated to detfy subsequet buses for placemet. 3.. Algorthm for Sgle Placemet Step : Coduct load flow aalyss for the orgal system. Step : Calculate ad sze usg equatos 8 & 9 for buses =. Step 3: Determe savg usg equato 6, for buses =. Step 4: detfy the maxmum savg ad the correspodg sze. Step5: The correspodg bus s caddate bus where ca be placed. Modfy the actve load at ths bus ad coduct the load flow aga. Step 6: Check whether the savg obta s more tha kw. f yes, go to step. Otherwse, go to ext step. Step 7: prt all the caddate locatos to place sources ad the szes. Sce the s are added to the system oe by oe, the szes obtaed by sgle placemet algorthm are local optma ot global optmum soluto. The global optmal soluto s obtaed f multple s are smultaeously placed the system by usg ABC algorthm. Ths method s explaed ext secto. 4. DENTFCATON OF OPTMAL SZES BY ABC ALGORTHM 4.. ABC Algorthm The coloy of artfcal bees cotas three groups of bees: employed bees, olookers ad scouts. A bee watg o the dace area for makg decso to choose food source s called a olooker ad a bee gog to the food source vsted by t prevously s amed employed bee. A bee carryg out radom search s called scout. the ABC algorthm, frst half of the coloy cossts of employed artfcal bees ad the secod half costtutes the olookers. For every food source, there s oly oe employed bee. The employed bee whose food source s exhausted by the employed ad olooker bees becomes a scout. At talzato stage, a set of food source postos are radomly selected by the bees ad ther ectar amouts are determed. These bees come to hve ad share the ectar formato of sources wth the bees watg o the dace area wth the hve. After sharg the formato, every employed bee goes to the food source area vsted by her at the prevous cycle sce that food source exsts her memory, ad the chooses a ew food source by meas of vsual formato the eghborhood of the preset oe. The a olooker prefers a food source area depedg o the ectar formato dstrbuted by the employed bees o the dace area. As the ectar amout of a food source creases, the probablty wth whch that food source s chose by a olooker creases, too. After arrvg at the selected area, employed bee chooses a ew food source the eghborhood of the oe the memory depedg o vsual formato. Vsual formato s based o the comparso of food source postos. Whe the ectar of a food source s abadoed by the bees, a ew food source s radomly determed by a scout bee ad replaced wth the abadoed oe. ths model, at each cycle oe scout goes outsde for searchg a ew food source ad the umber of employed ad olooker bees were equal. The probablty P of selectg a food source s determed by usg..(0) where ft s ftess of the soluto represeted by food source ad S N s total umber of food sources. After all olookers have selected ther food sources, each of them determes a food source the eghborhood of hs chose food source ad computes ts ftess. The best food source amog all the eghborg food sources determed by the olookers assocated wth a partcular food source wll be the ew locato of the food source. f a soluto represeted by a partcular food source does ot mprove for a predetermed umber of teratos the that food source s abadoed by ts assocated employed bee ad t becomes a scout. Ths tatamout to assgg a radomly geerated food source to ths scout ad chagg ts status aga from scout to employed. After the ew locato of each food source s determed, aother terato of ABC algorthm begs. The whole process s repeated aga ad aga tll the termato codto s satsfed. The food source the eghborhood of a partcular food source s determed by alterg the value of oe radomly chose soluto parameter ad keepg other parameters uchaged. Suppose each 46

4 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: soluto cossts of d parameters ad let X = (X, X, X 3 X d ) be a soluto.. order to determe a soluto v eghborhood of X, a soluto parameter j ad other soluto X k =(X k, X k, X k3 X kd ) are selected radomly. Except for the values of the selected parameter j, all other parameter values of v are same as X,.e.,v=( X, X X (j-), X j, X (j+), X d ). The value v of the selected parameter j v s determed by.() where u s a uform varate [-, ]. f the resultg value falls outsde the acceptable rage of j, t s set to the correspodg extreme value that rage. 4.. ABC Algorthm to fd szes The proposed ABC algorthm for fdg szes of s at selected locatos to mmze the real power loss s as follows:. Read the put data.. Costruct tal Bee populato X j as each bee s formed by szes of uts 3. Evaluate ftess value for each employed bee by the formula..() 4. talze terato=. 5. Geerate ew populato (soluto) v j the eghborhood of X j for employed bees usg equato () ad evaluate them. 6. Apply selecto process betwee X ad v. 7. Calculate the probablty values P for the solutos X by meas of ther ftess values usg the equato (0). 8. Produce the ew populatos v for the olookers from the populatos X, selected depedg o P by applyg roulette wheel selecto process, ad evaluate them. 9. Apply selecto process for the olookers betwee X ad v. 0. Determe the abadoed soluto, f exsts, ad replace t wth a ew radomly produced soluto X for the scout bees usg the followg equato (3). Memorze the best soluto acheved so far. f the dfferece betwee two successve values s less tha specfed value stop.. crease the terato umber by oe. 3. f teratos are less tha specfed go to step 5, otherwse stop. 5. RESULTS AND DSCUSSON Frst load flow s coducted for EEE 33-bus test system. The power loss due to actve compoet of curret s kw ad power loss due to reactve compoet of the curret s kw. A program s wrtte MATLAB to mplemet sgle placemet algorthm. For the frst terato the maxmum savg s occurrg at bus 6. The caddate locato for s bus 6 wth a loss savg of 9.75 kw. The optmum sze of at bus 6 s.4886 MW. By assumg.4886 MW s coected at bus 6 of base system ad s cosdered as base case. Now the caddate locato s bus 5wth MW sze ad the loss savg s.4385 KW. Ths process s repeated tll the loss savg s sgfcat. The results are show Table. Table :Sgle placemet results terato No. (MW) Sze Savg (KW) The caddate locatos for placemet are take from sgle placemet algorthm.e. 6,5,5,3.Wth these locatos, szes of s correspodg to global soluto are determed by usg ABC Algorthm descrbed secto 4. The szes of s are depedet o the umber of locatos. Geerally t s ot possble to stall may s a gve radal system. Here 4 cases are cosdered. case oly oe stallato s assumed. case two s, case three S ad the last case four s are assumed to be stalled. szes the four optmal locatos, total real power losses before ad after stallato for four cases are gve Table.. 47

5 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: Case bus locatos szes(mw) Table : Results of EEE 33 bus system Total Sze(MW) V losses before stallato (Kw) loss after stallato (Kw) savg(kw) savg/ sze The last colum Table represets the savg Kw for MW stallato. The case wth greater rato s desrable. As the umber of s stalled s creasg the savg s also creasg. case4 maxmum savg s acheved but the umber of s are four. Though case4 s optmal t s ot ecoomcal by cosderg the Table shows % mprovemets power loss due to actve compoet of brach curret, reactve compoet of brach curret ad total actve power loss of the system the four cases cosdered. The loss due to actve compoet of cost of stallato of 4 s. But vew of relablty, qualty ad future expaso of the system t s the best soluto. The voltage profle for all cases s show Fgure. all the cases voltage profle s mproved ad the mprovemet s sgfcat. brach curret s reduced by more tha 68% least ad early 96% at best. From Table t s observed that the total real power loss s reduced by 48.5% case ad 67% case 4. Voltage Magtude(p.u) Voltage Magtude(p.u) 0.95 Case Case Voltage Magtude(p.u) Voltage Magtude(p.u) 0.95 Case Case V Fg.:Voltage profle wth ad wthout placemet for all Cases 48

6 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: Table :Loss reducto by placemet case No. P (kw) % Savg P Lr (kw) % Savg P Lt (kw) % Savg Base case Case Case Case Case The covergece characterstcs of ABC algorthm for all cases are show fgure. Real Power Loss(Kw) Real Power Loss(Kw) case terato umber case terato Number Real Power Loss(Kw) Real Power Loss(Kw) case terato Number Case V terato Number Fgure : Covergece characterstc of ABC algorthm for 33-bus test system. 49

7 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: Comparso Performace To demostrate the valdty of the proposed method the results of proposed method s compared wth a exstg aalytcal method. The comparso s show Table V. Table V: Comparso betwee proposed method ad other exstg method. szes(mw) Total Sze(Mw) savg(kw) Bus Case No PM AM PM AM PM AM Savgs by ABC algorthm are a lttle hgher tha the exstg aalytcal method. The reaso for ths s aalytcal method approxmate loss formula s used. Table V shows comparso of voltage profle mprovemet by the two methods. The mmum voltage ad % mprovemet mmum voltage compared to base case for all the four cases, for the two methods dscussed, are show the Table V. From the above tables t s clear that beyod producg the results that matches wth those of exstg method, proposed method has the added advatage of easy mplemetato of real tme costrats o the system lke tme varyg loads, dfferet types of uts etc., to effectvely apply t to real tme operato of a system. To demostrate the supremacy of the proposed method the results are compared wth the results of PSO algorthm as show Table V. Both methods gves same szes for s for all cases.though the umber of teratos are more for ABC algorthm t takes less computato tme because of ts smplcty whe compared to PSO method. Table V: Comparso of Voltage mprovemet case No. Base case case case case3 case4 M Voltage % mprovemet PM AM PM AM

8 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: Table V: Comparso of results of ABC ad PSO algorthms Case Case Case Case V ABC PSO ABC PSO ABC PSO ABC PSO locatos szes Swarm sze Avg. No. of teratos Avg. tme(sec.) CONCLUSONS ths paper, a two-stage methodology of fdg the optmal locatos ad szes of s for maxmum loss reducto of radal dstrbuto systems s preseted. Sgle placemet method s proposed to fd the optmal locatos ad ABC algorthm s proposed to fd the optmal szes. The valdty of the proposed method s proved from the comparso of the results of the proposed method wth other exstg methods. The results proved that the ABC algorthm s smple ature tha GA ad PSO so t takes less computato tme. By stallg s at all the potetal locatos, the total power loss of the system has bee reduced drastcally ad the voltage profle of the system s also mproved. cluso of the real tme costras such as tme varyg loads ad dfferet types of uts ad dscrete ut szes to the proposed algorthm s the future scope of ths work. REFERENCES []. G. Cell ad F. Plo, Optmal dstrbuted geerato allocato MV dstrbuto etworks, Power dustry Computer Applcatos, 00. Pca 00. ovatve Computg For Power - Electrc Eergy Meets The Market. d EEE Power Egeerg Socety teratoal Coferece,May 00,pp []. P. Chradeja, R. Ramakumar, A approach to quatfy the techcal beefts of dstrbuted geerato EEE Tras Eergy Coverso,vol.9, o.4,pp ,004. [3]. R.E. Brow, J. Pa, X. Feg, ad K. Koutlev, Stg dstrbuted geerato to defer T&D expaso, Proc. EE. Ge, Tras ad Dst,vol., pp.5-59,997. [4]. E. Daz-Dorado, J. Cdras, E. Mguez, Applcato of evolutoary algorthms for the plag of urba dstrbuto etworks of medum voltage, EEE Tras. Power Systems, vol.7,o.3, pp ,aug 00. [5]. M. Mardaeh, G. B. Gharehpeta, Stg ad szg of uts usg GA ad OPF based techque, TENCON. EEE Rego 0 Coferece,vol.3,pp ,- 4,Nov.004. [6]. Slvestr A.Berzz, S.Buoao, Dstrbuted geerato plag usg geetc algorthms Electrc Power Egeerg, Power Tech Budapest 99, ter. Coferece, pp.57,999. [7]. Naresh Acharya, Pukar Mahat, N. Mthulaatha, A aalytcal approach for allocato prmary dstrbuto etwork, Electrc Power ad Eergy Systems,vol.8,pp , 006 5

9 teratoal Joural of Revews Computg JRC & LLS. All rghts reserved. JRC SSN: E-SSN: [8]. G.Cell,E.Gha,S.Mocc ad F.Plo, A mult objectve evolutoary algorthm for the szg ad sttg of dstrbuted geerato, EEE Trasactos o power systems, vol.0,o.,pp ,may 005. [9]. G.Carpell,G.Cell, S.Mocc ad F.Plo, Optmzato of embedded szg ad sttg by usg a double trade-off method, EE proceedg o geerato, trasmsso ad dstrbuto,vol.5,o.4, pp , 005. [0]. C.L.T.Borges ad D.M.Falcao, Optmal dstrbuted geerato allocato for relablty,losses ad voltage mprovemet, teratoal joural of power ad eergy systems,vol.8.o.6,pp.43-40,july 006. []. Wcht Krueasuk ad Weerakor Ogsakul, Optmal Placemet of Dstrbuted Geerato Usg Partcle Swarm Optmzato,M.Tech Thess,AT,Thalad. []. B. Basturk, D. Karaboga, A artfcal bee coloy (ABC) algorthm for umerc fucto optmzato, EEE Swarm tellgece Symposum 006, May 4,daapols,N,USA, 006. [3]. D. Karaboga, B. Basturk, A powerful ad effcet algorthm for umercal fucto optmzato: artfcal bee coloy (ABC) algorthm, Joural of Global Optmzato,Vol. 39, pp ,007. [4]. D. Karaboga, B. Basturk, O the performace of artfcal bee coloy algorthm, Appled Soft Computg Vol.8,pp ,008. [5]. M.Padma ltha,v.c.veera Reddy, N.Usha Optmal placemet for maxmum loss reducto radal dstrbuto system teratoal joural of emergg techologes ad applcatos egeerg, techology ad sceces,vol.,ssue-,july-dec 009,pp [6]. M.E.Bara ad F. F.Wu, Network recofgurato dstrbuto systems for loss reducto ad load balacg, EEE Trasactos o Power Delvery,Vol.4, No. Apr 989, pp

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