To be used by the EU Member States for strategic noise mapping following adoption as specified in the Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC

Transcription

1 J R C R E F E R E N C E R E P O R T S Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU) To be used by the EU Member States for strategic noise mapping following adoption as specified in the Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC Stylianos Kephalopoulos, Marco Paviotti, Fabienne Anfosso-Lédée 2012 Report EUR EN Joint Research Centre

2 European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Contact information Stylianos Kephalopoulos Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 281, Ispra (VA), Italy Tel.: Fax: This publication is a Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server JRC72550 EUR EN ISBN (pdf) ISBN (print) ISSN (online) ISSN (print) DOI: /31776 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 European Union, 2012 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy

3 Thisdocumentmaybecitedasfollows: StylianosKephalopoulos,MarcoPaviotti,FabienneAnfossoLédée(2012) CommonNoiseAssessmentMethodsinEurope(CNOSSOSEU) EUR25379EN.Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2012,180pp. EuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre InstituteforHealthandConsumerProtection TP Ispra(VA) Italy Documentpreparedaspartof AdministrativeArrangementsbetweenDGENVandDGJRC NOISEII(No:070307/2008/511090)andNOISEIII(No:070307/2009/549280) Forproviding TechnicaladvicetoDGENVrelatedtothepreparationandimplementationoftheCommon NoiseAssessmentmethodsinEurope(CNOSSOSEU)tobeusedforthepurposeofstrategic noisemappingafteradoptionasspecifiedinthedirective2002/49/ec(end). NOTE: ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtoserveasthetechnicalbasisfortheEuropeanCommission's ImplementingActtoamendAnnexIIofDirective2002/49/EC oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncil relatingtotheassessmentandmanagementofenvironmentalnoiseineurope. 3 of 180

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11 EXECUTIVESUMMARY Inshort This report describes CNOSSOSEU, the common methodological framework for strategic noise mapping under the Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC). It also outlines the processandthekeyactorsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofcnossoseu.thereportclosesthe development phase of the CNOSSOSEU process ( ) and represents the technical basisfortheamendmentofannexiiofthedirective,inconnectionwiththeimplementation phase of CNOSSOSEU ( ). The ultimate goal is to have the common noise assessment methodology operational for the next round of strategic noise mapping in the EuropeanUnion,foreseenfor2017. Context Europe is acting to fight noise pollution. The Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC) requires EU Member States to determine the exposure to environmental noise through strategic noise mapping and elaborate action plans to reduce noise pollution. Since June 2007,EUcountriesareobligedtoproducestrategicnoisemapsforallmajorroads,railways, airports and agglomerations, on a fiveyear basis. These noise maps are used by national competent authorities to identify priorities for action planning and by the European CommissiontogloballyassessnoiseexposureacrosstheEU.Thisinformationalsoservesto informthegeneralpublicaboutthelevelsof noisetowhichtheyareexposed,andabout actionsundertakentoreducenoisepollutiontoalevelnotharmfultopublichealthandthe environment. Acommonharmonisedframeworkfornoiseassessment A common approach for assessing noise levels in Europe is an important prerequisite for improving the effectiveness of implementing the Environmental Noise Directive. This will help in obtaining consistent and comparable figures on the number of people exposed to noise levels in and across EU Member States. To achieve this, Article 6.2 of the Directive foreseesthedevelopmentofaharmonisedmethodologicalframeworkfornoiseassessment. In 2009, the European Commission decided to develop CNOSSOSEU (Common NOise assessmentmethods)fornoisemappingofroadtraffic,railwaytraffic,aircraftandindustrial noise. The present report describes this methodological framework, which was developed in the developmentphase(phasea)ofthecnossoseuprocesstobeappliedforstrategicnoise mapping in Europe. It was based on stateoftheart scientific, technical and practical knowledge about environmental noise assessment in Europe, while considering the cost burdenincurredbyeucountrieswhenundertakingtheperiodicstrategicnoisemapping. ThecoreoftheCNOSSOSEUmethodologicalframeworkconsistsof: aqualityframeworkthatdescribestheobjectivesandrequirementsofcnossoseu; parts describing road traffic, railway traffic, industrial noise source emission and soundpropagation; 11 of 180

12 a part describing the methodology chosen for the aircraft noise prediction and its associatedperformancedatabase; a methodology to assign receiver points to the façades of buildings and to assign populationdatatothereceiverpointsatthefaçadesofbuildings; thescopeandtheconceptofthe GuidanceforthecompetentuseofCNOSSOSEU, which should be fully developed in the implementation phase (phase B) of the CNOSSOSEUprocess. Moreover,asummaryontheoutcomeoftherevisionoftheElectronicNoiseDataReporting Mechanism, which was led by the European Environment Agency, is also included in the presentreportasitrepresentsthekeyinterfacebetweenthenoiseassessmentthroughout Europe and the sharing of the results by means of one common noise methodological framework. CNOSSOSEUwasdevelopedduringtheperiod bytheEuropeanCommissionina cooperative process involving the European Environmental Agency, the World Health Organization Europe, the European Aviation Safety Agency and experts nominated by EU countries. Besides the development of the common noise methodological framework, the CNOSSOSEU process has also fostered dialogue between the stakeholders involved, and enabledthemtoliaiseandperformtheiractivitiessynergisticallyunderajointcollaborative frameworktofacethechallengesahead: MakeavailabletoEuropeancitizensreliableinformationonthenoiselevelstheyare exposedtoandtheassociatedhealthimplications; Drawappropriateactionplansforpreventingandreducingexposuretoharmfullevels ofnoiseinasustainableandresourceefficientway. ThereadersofthepresentreportareencouragedtoalsoconsultitscompanionJRCMaster Report 1,asthislatterreportprovidesthejustificationbasisforthechoicesmadeaboutthe variouspartsofthecnossoseumethodologicalframeworkforstrategicnoisemapping. Thewayforward Basedonthisreport,theEuropeanCommissionwillamendAnnexIIofDirective2002/49/EC, inconnectionwiththeimplementationphaseofcnossoseu(phaseb)in the ultimategoalistohavethecommonnoiseassessmentmethodologyoperationalforthenext roundofstrategicnoisemappingintheeuropeanunion,in2017. During phase B, the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework will beextended to allow its applicationbyeumemberstatesonavoluntarybasisforotherspecifictypesofassessment atlocalscale(e.g.actionplanning).forthelatter,theprecisionandaccuracyrequirementsof theassessmentareusuallyhighertothosewhenproducingstrategicnoisemapsasrequired by Directive 2002/49/EC (mandatory requirement) in which case economically affordable solutions (i.e. related to input data gathering and computational time) are sought by eventuallyreducingtherequirementsofprecisionandaccuracy. 1 JRCMasterReporton CommonNoiseAssessmentMethodsinEurope(CNOSSOSEU):Outcomeand ResolutionsoftheCNOSSOSEUTechnicalCommittee&WorkingGroups (2012) 12 of 180

13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SpecialrecognitiongoestotheexpertsoftheCNOSSOSEUTechnicalCommittee(nominated bythememberstatesandsetupunderthenoiseregulatorycommittee)forprovidingtheir advice on a continuous basis throughout the development of the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework for strategic noise mapping and also for acting as the review panelofthepresentreport. We are thankful to the members of the Noise Regulatory Committee for their critical comments on the CNOSSOSEU process, for presenting the Member States experiences relatedtotheusageofexistingnoiseassessmentmethodsforstrategicnoisemappingand fortheirforwardlookingideasaboutthedevelopmentofcnossoseuanditsefficientand economicallyaffordableimplementationineurope. The contribution received from the wide array of noise experts involved during the preparatory stage of the CNOSSOSEU development is greatly appreciated as it paved the way for the further development of CNOSSOSEU, which has been carried out since November2010underformalconsultationwithEUMemberStates. The dedicated efforts by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the World Health Organization(WHOEuropeanCentreforEnvironmentandHealth)toliaisetheiractivitiesand establishsynergieswithcnossoseuandtoelaboratejointworkingplansonenvironmental noisewiththedirectorategeneralfortheenvironment(dgenv)anddirectorategeneral JointResearchCentre(DGJRC)arehighlyappreciated. Lastbutnotleast,DGENV(DirectorateC SustainableResourcesManagement,Industry& Air )anddgjrc(directoratei InstituteforHealthandConsumerProtection )aregratefully acknowledgedforhavingfinanciallysupportedthecnossoseudevelopment. 13 of 180

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15 CHAPTERI.INTRODUCTION I.1.Backgroundandobjectivesofthisreport I.1.1.CNOSSOSEUinrelationtotheNoiseDirective2002/49/EC The European Directive on the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (2002/49/EC) (END) of the European Parliament and of the Council requires that the EU MemberStates(MS)producestrategicnoisemapsforallmajorroads,railways,airportsand agglomerationspursuanttoarticle7(1),startingasfrom30june2007onafiveyearbasis. Strategic noise maps are to be used by the Competent Authorities (CA) in the EU MS to identifyprioritiesforactionplanningandbythecommissiontoassessthenumberofpeople exposed to noise. This information will also serve to inform the general public about the levelsofnoisetowhichtheyareexposedandtheactionswhichareundertakentoreduce thisexposuretonoiselevelsthatarenotharmfulforpublichealth. OneoftheobjectivesoftheENDistoestablishacommonapproachtoassesstheexposure toenvironmentalnoisethroughouttheeuropeanunion.forthispurpose,asetofcommon noiseindicatorsisdefinedinthedirective,namelythedayeveningnightlevell den andthe nightlevell night,andstrategicnoisemapsarebeingproducedbyeumsinaccordancewith Article7oftheEND.Themainobjectiveofstrategicnoisemappingistoassesstheexposure ofpeoplelivinginagglomerationsorinthevicinityofmainroads,railways,industrialsites andairportsviathesecommonindicators. Article6.2oftheENDempowerstheEuropeanCommissiontoestablishcommonassessment methodsforthedeterminationofthenoiseindicatorsl den andl night.untilthesemethodsare adopted,msmayuseassessmentmethodsadaptedinaccordancewithannexiioftheend and based on the methods laid down in EU MS legislation, provided that these latter methods give equivalent results to the results obtained with the methods set out in paragraph2.2ofannexii. The Commission assessed the degree of comparability of the results generated by the different methods during the first round of strategic noise mapping ( ) and established that the assessment methods laid down in the national transposing measures differ significantly from the interim methods. 2 Assessments have shown that it remains difficult to present consistent and comparable figures on the number of people being exposedtoexcessivenoiselevelswithinandacrosseums.difficultiesrelate,interalia,to the different ways of collecting data, data quality and availability, data reporting and the assessmentmethodsused. 3 Consequently, in accordance with Article 6.2 of the Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC (END), the Commission undertook the development of Common NOise assessmentmethods(cnossoseu)forroadtraffic,railwaytraffic,aircraftandindustrial noisetobeappliedafteradoptionbymsforstrategicnoisemappingasrequiredbytheend. 2 DG JRC report on Assessment of the equivalence of national noise mapping methods against the interim methods prepared in thecontext of thenoisei administrative arrangement between DG ENV and DG JRC (contractno070303/2007/477794/mar/c3) 3 Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of the EnvironmentalNoiseDirectiveinaccordancewithArticle11oftheDirective2002/49/EC,COM(2011)321final, Brussels, of 180

16 ThedevelopmentofCNOSSOSEUwascoordinatedbytheDirectorateGeneralfortheJoint ResearchCentre(DGJRC)onbehalfoftheDirectorateGeneralfortheEnvironment(DGENV) and was accomplished in the context of two consecutive administrative arrangements stipulatedbetweendgenvanddgjrc,namelynoiseii(contractno070307/2008/511090) andnoiseiii(contractno070307/2009/549280). TheCommission sobjectiveistohavecnossoseuimplementedandoperationalineums startingfromthethirdroundofstrategicnoisemappingin2017. I.1.2.TheCNOSSOSEUprocess The development of the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework was the fruit of an intensive and indepth consultation which involved European Commission services, EEA, EASA, WHOEurope and nearly 150 noise experts in two consecutive stages (Figure I.1). Duringaninitialinformalstage(March2009toMay2010),thegroundwaspreparedforthe formalconsultationandthetechnicaldevelopmentsthatwereundertakenwithmsduring thesecondstageoftheproject(november2010tomarch2012).thislatterstageinvolved the CNOSSOSEU Technical Committee, which was composed of experts nominated by MS andsetupinnovember2010underthenoiseregulatorycommittee(nrc),whichischaired bythedgenv. FigureI.1:ExpertsinvolvedintheCNOSSOSEUprocess 16 of 180

17 The CNOSSOSEU Technical Committee and its associated working groups/drafting teams (WGs/DTs)wereinvolvedinthetechnicaldevelopmentoftheCNOSSOSEUmethodological frameworkandactedasthereviewpanelofthecontentofthisreport. ThesecondandformalstageoftheCNOSSOSEUprocessisschematicallypresentedinFigure I.2. FigureI.2:ThestepsofthesecondandformalstageoftheCNOSSOSEUprocess I.1.3.TheJRCReferenceReportonCNOSSOSEU This JRC Reference Report describes the core common noise assessment methodological framework(cnossoseu)developedforstrategicnoisemappinginphaseaofthecnossos EUprocess,whichiscompatiblewiththecommonnoiseindicatorsandformsthetechnical basis for amending Annex II of Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and managementofenvironmentalnoiseineuropeviaacommissionimplementingdecision. InphaseAoftheCNOSSOSEUprocess,eightoutofthethirteenWGs/DTsoftheCNOSSOS EU Technical Committee were activated (Figure I.3). This led to the CNOSSOSEU methodologicalframework,whichisdescribedinthevariouschaptersofthisreport,namely: WG1on QualityFramework DescribedtheobjectiveandtherequirementsofCNOSSOSEU(ChapterII) WG2on Roadtrafficnoisesourceemission Described the road traffic noise source emission part of CNOSSOSEU and its associated parameters, along with methodological aspects for establishing a databaseofinputvaluesforroadtrafficnoise(chapteriii) WG3on Railwaytrafficnoisesourceemission Described the railway traffic noise source emission part of CNOSSOSEU and its associated parameters, along with methodological aspects for establishing a databaseofinputvaluesforrailwaytrafficnoise(chapteriv) WG4on Aircraftnoiseprediction DescribedthecomponentofCNOSSOSEUrelatedtoaircraftnoisepredictionandits associatedperformancedatabase(chaptervii) WG5 Soundpropagationandindustrialnoisesourceemission Described the industrial noise source emission and the sound propagation parts of 17 of 180

18 CNOSSOSEU(ChaptersVandVIrespectively) WG6 Goodpracticeguidelines Developedthescopeandconceptualisedthestructureandcontentofthe Guidance forthecompetentuseofcnossoseu,whichshouldbefullydevelopedinphasebof thecnossoseuprocess(chapterix) WG9on RevisedElectronicNoiseDataReportingMechanism (ENDRM) ReviewedtheElectronicNoiseDataReportingMechanism,whichwascoordinatedby the EEA and represents the key interface between noise assessment throughout Europe and the sharing of results by means of one common noise methodological framework(chapterx) WG10on Assigningnoiselevelsandpopulationtobuildings Developedthemethodologytoassignreceiverpointstothefaçadesofbuildings,and toassignpopulationdatatothereceiverpointsatthefaçadesofbuildings(chapter VIII). TheoutcomeoftheworkperformedbytheaforementionedeightWGs/DTs(excludingthat ofwg/dt9)constitutesthecorepartofthecnossoseumethodologicalframework,which will provide the technical basis for the legal text of the Implementing Act related to the amendmentofannexiiofdirective2002/49/ec. TheissuestackledandresolutionsmadebytheWGs/DTsactivatedinphaseAofCNOSSOS EU are described in the JRC Master Report on CNOSSOSEU. 4 The readers of the present reportareencouragedtoalsoconsultthemasterreportoncnossoseuasthisprovidesthe justification for the choices made about the various parts of the CNOSSOSEU methodologicalframeworkforstrategicnoisemapping. FourotherWGs(plusWG/DT6on Goodpracticeguidelines )pertaintotheimplementation phaseofcnossoseu( )ineums(phaseb),namely: WG7on CNOSSOSEUdatabase To set up the CNOSSOSEU database of input data for road traffic, railway traffic, industrialandaircraftnoiseandtodeveloptheproceduretobeusedfortransposing nationaldatabasesintothecnossoseudatabase WG8on CNOSSOSEUreferencesoftware To develop the CNOSSOSEU reference software for road traffic, railway traffic, industrialnoisesourceemissionandpointtopointpropagationcalculationsandfor aircraftnoiseprediction WG12on PilotstudiesforCNOSSOSEUvalidation To develop test cases and pilot studies for various meteorological and ground configurations (e.g., specific meteorological conditions, particular crosssections like valleys/hills,smallbarriers,streetcanyons,lateraldiffractionaroundobstacles,etc.) to validate the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework in terms of precision, accuracyandcomputationaltimewhenappliedforstrategicnoisemapping 4 JRCMasterReporton CommonNoiseAssessmentMethodsinEurope(CNOSSOSEU):Outcomeand ResolutionsoftheCNOSSOSEUTechnicalCommittee&WorkingGroups (2012) 18 of 180

19 WG13on HelpdeskandTrainingforEUMS ToprovideEUMSwithhelpdeskandtrainingonthecompetentuseoftheCNOSSOS EUmethodologicalframeworkforstrategicnoisemapping. FigureI.3:CNOSSOSEUworkinggroups/draftingteams Oneadditionalworkinggroup(WG11)wasconsideredfordirectlyliaisingwiththeongoing activitieson Burdenofdiseaseestimation,whicharecoordinatedbytheWHOEuropean 19 of 180

20 CentreforEnvironmentandHealth.Thisservesthepurposeofhelpingtheevaluationofthe burdenofdiseaseduetoenvironmentalnoisebyusingthenoiseexposuredatagatheredin thecontextoftheperiodicroundsofstrategicnoisemappingineurope. The overall organisational structure of the CNOSSOSEU Technical Committee and its associated WGs/DTs in both phases of the second and formal stage of the CNOSSOSEU processisshowninfigurei.3. The outcome of all meetings and workshops which were organised in both stages of the CNOSSOSEU development may be retrieved via the CIRCA website of DG ENV ( AsCNOSSOSEUhasbeendesignedtomakecostefficientcalculationsofAweightedoutdoor soundpressurelevelsforstrategicnoisemaps,itisnotnecessarilytheoptimummethodfor other purposes. During Phase B of the CNOSSOSEU process, which will focus on the implementation of the CNOSSOSEU tools and validation ( ), the CNOSSOSEU methodologicalframeworkwillbeextendedtoallowitsapplicationbyeumsonavoluntary basisforotherspecifictypesofassessmentatlocalscale(e.g.actionplanning).forthelatter, theprecisionandaccuracyrequirementsoftheassessmentareusuallyhighertothosewhen producingstrategicnoisemapsasrequiredbydirective2002/49/ec(mandatoryrequirement) in which case economically affordable solutions (i.e. related to input data gathering and computational time) are sought by eventually reducing the requirements of precision and accuracy. The present report describes the core of the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework for strategicnoisemapping.however,itdoesnotincludetheinputvaluesanddatabasestobe used for the practical application of CNOSSOSEU throughout Europe, or the CNOSSOSEU referencesoftware,bothofwhichwillbedevelopedinphasebofthecnossoseuprocess (DT/WG7andDT/WG8).ItshouldbeunderlinedthatCNOSSOSEUdoesnotaimtocover thefullrangeofexistingnationalandregionalcircumstances.however,inthecnossoseu Goodpracticeguidelines tobedevelopedbycnossoseuwg/dt6duringphasebofthe CNOSSOSEU process, ways to consider and introduce national or regional data will be described, for example particular road surface types or vehicle types used in some MS. Moreover,amethodologyforadaptingnationaldatabasesofinputvaluestotheCNOSSOS EUdatabasewillalsobedeveloped,thusensuringasmoothtransitionfromexistingnational methodstocnossoseu. The noise assessment to be performed via CNOSSOSEU will rely on the availability and qualityofinputdata.theobjectiveistoapplycnossoseuinaconsistentandtransparent waythatoptimisestheinputdatacollectionrequirements,theacceptablecostofproducing noisemapsoverthevariousroundsofstrategicnoisemappingintheeu,andtheassociated computationaltimeincurredalongwiththerequiredaccuracyoftheassessment. 20 of 180

21 I.2.Definitionsandsymbols I.2.1.Generalconcepts Pointsource A point source is an elementary dimensionless representation of an ideal source of noise located in a specific place in space. Point source strength is expressed exclusively by the directionalsoundpowerlevel L w,0,dir perfrequencybandandtowardsaspecificdirectionin space. All relevant parameters that define source strength will be incorporated, including horizontalandverticaldirectivityifapplicable.seealsothedefinitionof soundpower inthis chapter. Sourceline/sourcelinesegment Asourceline 5 isanapproximatetrajectoryofamovingequivalentpointsourceoraseriesof point sources along the line in the case of fixed sources, all point sources being mutually incoherent.forpracticalreasons,asourcelinecanbeapproximatedbyasetofstraightline segments(polyline).however,ideally,itwouldberepresentedbyacurveinspace. Asourcelineischaracterisedbyacontinuousdistributionofpointsources.Thestrengthofa source line is expressed as directional sound power level per metre per frequency band, towardsaspecificdirectionin3dspace.allrelevantparametersthatdefinesourcestrength willbeincorporated,includinghorizontalandverticaldirectivityifapplicable.inpractice,the continuous distribution of point sources will be replaced by a discrete distribution, i.e. equivalent point sources placed at representative positions along the source line. Point sourcesaresituatedattheintersectionsofeachpropagationpathwitheachsourceline. Thesegmentationprocessconsistsof: thesplittingofsourcelinesintosmallersourcelinesegments thereplacementofthesegmentsbyequivalentpointsources. source line segment point source source line angle of view propagation path receiver FigureI.4:Sourceline,sourcelinesegment,propagationpathandangleofview Propagationsector/angleofview The propagation sector is an angular sector drawn from the receiver to both ends of the source line segment. The angle between the lines from the receiver to both ends of the 5 Theterm sourceline waspreferredtotheusualterm linesource becausethelatercorrespondstoalineof sources pulsating with coherent phase, whereas in the present method the point sources in the line are pulsatingwithincoherentphase. 21 of 180

22 sourcelinesegmentiscalledtheangleofviewofthepropagationsector(figurei.4). Propagationsectorsmayincludereflectionsfromnearlyverticalobstaclesbyusingtheimage ofeitherthesourceorthereceiverthroughthereflectingplaneinsteadofthetrueposition. Homogeneouspropagationsector Apropagationsectorisconsideredtobehomogeneousif: the directional sound power of the source is almost constant over the source line segment theexcesspropagationattenuationwithinthesectorvariesslowlywiththeposition alongthesourceline. Withinahomogeneouspropagationsector,thesourcelinesegmentcanbereplacedwitha single equivalent point source and the excess attenuation can be calculated in a single representativepropagationplanethroughthispointsource. Equivalentvehicle An equivalent vehicle is an ideal vehicle for which the acoustically relevant properties correspondtotheaverageofaspecificsetofrealvehiclesmovingalongaspecificroador railway. Vehiclemodel The vehicle model is the acoustical description of a single moving equivalent vehicle at specific speed and acceleration. A single vehicle might be composed of one or several mutually incoherent subsources at different positions, the strength of which is defined in termsoftheirsoundpowerlevelanddirectivity,thusintermsofdirectionalsourcesound powerlevel. Trafficmodel The traffic model is the acoustical description of a traffic flow, based on the directional source sound power levels of single moving equivalent vehicles. In the traffic model, the specificsoundpoweroutputiscombinedwithstatisticaldata,yieldinganequivalentnoise emissionforeachsubsourceinordertoproducethesourcestrengthoftherelevantsource linesegments. NB: As a single vehicle can be represented by one or a set of point sources at different heights,theresultingtrafficmodelwillconsistofoneorasetofsuperimposedsourcelines thatshareasinglefootprintontheground. Receiver Areceiverisasinglepointatwhichtheincidenttimeaveragedsoundintensitylevelwillbe calculated.adistinctionshouldbemadebetweenfreefieldreceiversthathavepropagation pathsinalldirections(360 )andreceiversthatrepresenttheincomingacousticalenergyona façade.thelatterwillhaveatotalviewingangleof180 andabisectorperpendiculartothe 22 of 180

23 façade. Propagationplane Apropagationplaneisaverticalplanepassingthroughthesourceandreceiverpositions.The intersectionofthepropagationplanewiththegeometrical(surface)modelisrepresentedby aseriesofconnectedlineelementsrepresentingtheterrain,thebuildingsandthebarriersin averticalcrosssection.itisassumedthattheeffectsofgroundreflections,diffractionover obstaclesandmeteorologicalrefractioncanbepredictedwithsufficientaccuracyfromthe geometricalandtheacousticalpropertiesinthecrosssection. Anillustrationofthisapproximationforthesituationwithbarriersatanarbitraryangleto thesourcereceiverlineisshowninfigurei.5. FigureI.5:Illustrationofthe2Dapproximation:thesituationwithbarriersatan arbitraryangletothesourcereceiverline(left)isreplacedbybarriers perpendiculartothesourcereceiverline(right) Propagationpath/geometricalcrosssection A propagation path is defined as the projection of a propagation plane on the horizontal plane. Propagation paths are essentially a 2D projected view of the site and the third dimensionisaddedonlytocalculatetheexcessattenuationalongthesepaths. Propagationpathscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirgeometricalcharacteristics: Direct propagation paths are straight lines linking the source directly to the receiver. This does not necessarily imply that the source is in direct view of the receiver: as the propagation path is constructed in 2D it may pass over obstacles thatblockthelineofsight. Reflected propagation paths are generated by vertical obstacles. It is assumed thatsuchpathsobeythelawsofspecularreflectioninthehorizontalplane.note thatreflectionsfromthegroundaretakenintoaccountbythepointtopointmodel andshouldnotbeconsideredasindependentpropagationpaths. Laterally diffracted propagation paths are generated by vertical edges of obstacles.forextendedsources(road,railwayandaircraft),suchpathsusuallymake anegligiblecontributiontothetotalsoundlevelsandcanthereforebeomitted.for relatively smallsized sources (i.e. source elements that are smaller than the propagation distance), as in the case of industrial areas or tunnel openings, the modelmaybeextendedtoincludesuchpaths. Propagationpathscontaininganycombinationofreflectionsanddiffractionsfrom 23 of 180

24 verticalobstacles. Raypath Eachpropagationpathconsistsofasetofcoherentraypaths.Theshortestoftheseraypaths iscalledthe mainraypath ;araypathcanbeeitherdirect(sourceinviewofthereceiver), reflected,diffractedorincludeanycombinationofthese. The main difference between ray paths and propagation paths is the way the different contributions are added: over propagation paths, incoherent summations are performed (addition of sound energies p 2 ), whereas over ray paths, coherent summations are performed(additionofsoundpressuresp). The CNOSSOSEU method uses coherent summation only for ray paths lying in a single vertical propagation plane (i.e. to estimate the effects of reflection on the ground). These effects are built into the pointtopoint module described in Chapter VI. Different propagationpaths,evenwhenoriginatingfromasinglepointsource,arealwaysconsidered asincoherent. CNOSSOSEUisa2.5Dmethodinthesensethat: It operates on a 2.5D geometrical model, consisting of a connected set of surfaces thatareeitheralmosthorizontaloralmostvertical.almosthorizontalsurfacesinclude terrain,roofsofbuildings,roadsurfaces,etc.almostverticalsurfacesincludebarriers andfaçadesofbuildings. Propagation paths and sectors are constructed in 2D, in the horizontal plane and include direct, reflected and diffracted paths. Direct paths include those diffracted overobstacles.reflectedpathscomefromalmostverticalsurfaces.diffractedpaths comefromverticaledgessharedbyverticalplanes. Onceapropagationpathisfound,itisconvertedintoapropagationplane,derived fromtheintersectionofa(setof)verticalplane(s)throughthepropagationpathwith theunderlying2.5dgeometricalmodel.theoutcomeisaverticalcrosssectionthatis usedastheinputtothepointtopointmodule. The two cases at the top of Figure I.6 have additional ray paths compared with regular geometries.advancedpathdetectionmethodsarerequiredinsuchcases.inthetwocasesat thebottom,itismoreefficienttousealgorithmsforpropagationthroughtunnelsandfor radiationfromopeningsratherthangeneratingnumerous(higherorder)reflectionpaths. NB:TheCNOSSOSEUmethodsareNOTintendedtobeusedincombinationwithtrue3Dpath finders. 24 of 180

25 FigureI.6:Examplesofraypathsincomplexgeometries Soundpower In the CNOSSOSEU model, the acoustical emission of all sources is defined as directional sound power level emitted per frequency band. Real sources are commonly close to reflecting surfaces that are included in the source definition as defined in ISO The soundpowerofthesourceasdefinedinthismethodincludespossibleeffectsofreflections bythesurfaceimmediatelynexttotherealsourceandinaspecificdirectioninspace.for road and railway these nearby surfaces are the surfaces (e.g. asphalt, ballast) under the source;forindustrialnoiseitcanbethegroundunderasourceand/oranynearbyvertical surface opposite to the direction of the sourcereceiver. This sound power is commonly definedas semifreefield or insitu soundpower.anysurfacethathasbeenincludedand countedtodeterminethedirectionalsourcesoundpowerlevelshouldnotbeusedinthe propagationcalculation.inthefollowingchapters,forsimplicity,theword level isomitted whenreferringtosoundpowerlevels.allsoundpower(levels)aredefinedwithreference soundpowerw 0. Meteorologicaleffects Wind speed and air temperature gradients cause refraction of the ray path. For accurate calculation of propagation effects, such as barrier attenuation and ground reflections, the definition of the ray path must comply with defined meteorological conditions that are representative for the site. Therefore, a distinction will be made between for instance downwind propagation (downward refraction), propagation under neutral conditions (straight propagation paths) and upwind propagation (upward refraction). Positive temperature gradients ( inversion ) have similar effects (if not more pronounced) to downwindconditions. Meteorologicaldata Sincethedefinitionoftheraypathdependsonmeteorologicalconditions,statisticaldataon temperaturegradients,windspeedsandwinddirectionsinrelationtosourceandreceiver must be collected. Furthermore, meteorological conditions such as temperature, snow 25 of 180

26 covering and precipitation influence the sound power output of sources. Such input data may prove too difficult to obtain, in which case associated parameters may be used, e.g. cloudcoveringinsteadofverticaltemperaturegradients. In practice, since meteorological conditions, especially wind speed and direction, can vary rapidlyovertime,astatisticalclassificationofthesemeteorologicalconditionsisnecessary formodellingpurposes.thesemeteorologicalclassesmustbedefinedsuchthatvariations withintheseclasseshaveanacceptablysmalleffectonthepredictednoiselevels.however, thesemeteorologicalclassesmustberealisticwithregardtodatacollectionandhandling. Fromeachmeteorologicalclass,combinedwithpossiblevariationsinsourcestrength,short termnoiselevelswillbecalculated.theyearlyaveragenoiseindicatorsl den andl night can then be determined by the combination of these shortterm noise levels with their occurrence. Thefollowingarethedefinitionsofthetermsusedforatmosphericconditions: homogeneousatmosphericconditions(or homogeneousconditions ): atmospheric conditions for which the effective speed of sound waves may be consideredasconstantinalldirectionsandatanypointofthepropagationspace.in theseconditions,soundraysarestraightsegments. atmosphericdownwardrefractionconditions( favourableconditions ): atmosphericconditionsforwhichtheeffectivespeedofsoundwavesincreaseswith altitude in the direction of propagation. These conditions generally result in sound levels at the receiver higher than those observed in homogeneous atmospheric conditions for an identical sound source. The sound rays are curved towards the ground. atmosphericupwardrefractionconditions(or unfavourableconditions ): atmosphericconditionsforwhichtheeffectivespeedofsoundwavesdecreaseswith altitude in the direction of propagation. These conditions generally result in sound levels at the receiver lower than those observed in homogeneous atmospheric conditionsforanidenticalsoundsource.thesoundraysarecurvedtowardsthesky. Thisdocumentdoesnotproposecalculationformulaeforunfavourableconditions. longterm occurrence of downwardrefraction conditions (or occurrence of favourableconditions),p: probabilityofoccurrenceoffavourableatmosphericconditionsoveralongperiodina givendirectionandforthereferenceintervalconsidered.thisvalueisdimensionless andisbetween0and1. I.2.2.Frequencyrangeandbanddefinitions TheCNOSSOSEUmethodisvalidfordeterminingnoiseinthefrequencyrangefrom125Hz to4khzforroadtrafficnoise,from125hzto4khzforrailwaynoise,from63hzto4khzfor industrial noise and from 50 Hz to 10 khz for aircraft noise. It provides frequency band resultsatthecorrespondingfrequencyinterval. 26 of 180

27 Calculations are performed in octave bands for road traffic, railway traffic and industrial noise.aircraftnoiseintegratesallspectraintoasinglenumber(npddata)forcalculations. Forroadtraffic,railwaytrafficandindustrialnoise,basedonthese1/3octavebandresults, theaweightedsoundpressurelevell eq,t iscomputedbysummationoverallfrequencies: L eq,t 10lg 10 L eq,t,i A i where A j denotestheaweightingcorrectionaccordingtoiec i =frequencybandindex. I.2.3.Indicators i1 /10 (I1) Noiseindicators ThelongtermaveragenoiseindicatorspecifiedinEuropeanDirective2002/49/ECistheday eveningnightindicator,l den,definedby: L DEN 10 lg 12 / Lday L evening 5 / L night 10 /10 (I2) where L day (respectively L evening and L night ) is the Aweighted longterm average sound level, as defined in ISO 19962: 2007, determined over all the day (respectively evening and night) periodsofayear,andobtainedonthebasisof L eq,t asdefinedinsectioni.2.2. Thedayis12hours,theeveningfourhoursandthenighteighthours,andayearisarelevant year as regards the emission of sound and an average year as regards the meteorological circumstances.day,eveningandnightperiodsmaybedefinedslightlydifferentlyatnational level. Theparametersusedinthevariousformulationsareusuallydefinedlocallyintherespective sections. A few general parameters are common to the formulations and they are summarisedinthefollowingtwotables. 27 of 180

28 Noiseparameters: L p Instantaneoussoundpressurelevel [db](re Pa) L Aeq,LT L W L W,i,dir L W GloballongtermsoundlevelL Aeq duetoallsourcesand imagesourcesatpointr Insitu soundpowerlevelofapointsource(movingor steady) Directional insitu soundpowerlevelfortheith frequencyband Average insitu soundpowerlevelpermetreofsource line Otherphysicalparameters: p r.m.s.oftheinstantaneoussoundpressure [Pa] p 0 Referencesoundpressure=210 5 Pa [Pa] W 0 Referencesoundpower=10 12 W [watt] [db](re Pa) [db](re W) [db](re W) [db](re W) 28 of 180

29 CHAPTERII.QUALITYFRAMEWORK II.1ObjectiveofCNOSSOSEU ThemainobjectiveoftheCNOSSOSEUmethodologicalframeworkisthefollowing: Theprocessshoulddevelopaconsistentmethodofassessmentcapableofprovidingcomparable resultsfromthestrategicnoisemappingcarriedoutbymstofulfiltheirobligationsunderthe END. II.2CNOSSOSEUrequirements 1. CNOSSOSEUshouldbedesignedtoproduceplausiblenoisemapsshowingplausibleresults. 2. Theprecisesources/scopetobeincludedinthestrategicnoisemappingshouldbedefined.In doingso,theburdenimposedbyincludingacertainsourceshouldbebalancedagainstthe noiseimpactofthatsource: a. For road transport, define exactly which roads should be included in the road noise mappingofanagglomeration; b. For rail transport, define exactly which railways, trams and light rail systems should be includedintherailwaynoisemappingofanagglomeration; c. Forindustry,defineexactlytheindustrytypestobeincludedintheagglomerations; d. For air transport, define the precise airports that should be mapped, in particular in relationtononmajorairportsaffectingagglomerations; e. Foragglomerations,defineexactlywhatanagglomerationisforthepurposesofstrategic noisemapping. ItisrecognisedthatasthedefinitionofanagglomerationispartoftheENDtext,thiscannot bechangedaspartoftheserequirements. 3. Itisrecognisedthatitisessentialforsomeinputparameterstobeincludedinthemapping, but that others are only significant in specific local situations. To provide consistency, the CNOSSOSEUWGsonnoiseemissionsourcesshouldidentifytheessentialinputparameters. ForthepurposesofCNOSSOSEU,aparameterisconsideredessentialiftherangeofvalues theparametercantakeyieldsvariationsinl den orl night ofmorethan±2.0db(a)95%c.i.(all other parameters remaining unchanged). Parameters not considered essential should either be aggregated with the relevant essential parameter and/or have a default input value defined. 4. IntheapplicationofCNOSSOSEU,theinputdatafortheessentialparametersshouldreflect theactualusageandthereshouldbenorelianceondefaultinputvalues. 5. Taking into account the requirement of (3) above, the accuracy required from the essential inputdatashouldbedefinedbythecnossoseuwgsonnoiseemissionsources. 6. Foraircraftnoise,aprecisedefinitionisrequiredforthesourceinformationtobeusedfor airport noise mapping, in particular in relation to flight profiles, dispersion and other operationalconditions,etc. 7. Theconditionsforincludinginformationinthemodelaboutobstaclesonthepropagationpath 29 of 180

30 shouldbedefined. 8. Themethodforcarryingoutexposureassessmentsshouldbedefinedpreciselyanddesigned to meet the requirement of (1) above. This applies equally to dwelling exposure, area exposureandpopulationexposure. 9. Inalltheirdecisionmaking,theCNOSSOSEUWGsonnoiseemissionsourcesshouldtakeinto accountthecosttomsofobtainingtheinputdatarequiredandofundertakingtheperiodic strategicnoisemapping.thisappliesespeciallytothedefinitionofsourcestobeincludedin (2)above,tothedefinitionoftheessentialparametersin(3)aboveandtothespecificationof requirementsoninputdataqualityin(5)above. 10. Requirements for Quality Compliance shall be recommended to the MS concerning the productionandreportingofstrategicnoisemapstothecommission. Points2(a),(b),(c)and(d)mentionedabovearerecognisedtobecriticalrequirements,important for the consistency of the strategic noise mapping results (i.e. the estimation of the overall population exposedatspecificnoiselevelsinanagglomeration)and needstobespecified.the aforementionedrequirementscannotbedevelopedindetailduringphaseaofthecnossoseu development, as they have policy, legal and cost implications which are not yet sufficiently explored. 30 of 180

31 CHAPTERIII.ROADTRAFFICNOISESOURCEEMISSION III.1.Sourcedescription III.1.1.Classificationofvehicles The road traffic noise source is determined by combining the noise emission of each individual vehicle forming the traffic flow. These vehicles are grouped into four separate categories with regardtotheircharacteristicsofnoiseemission: Category1:Lightmotorvehicles Category2:Mediumheavyvehicles Category3:Heavyvehicles Category4:Poweredtwowheelers Inthecaseofpoweredtwowheelers,twoseparatesubclassesaredefinedformopedsandmore powerful motorcycles, since they operate in very different driving modes and their numbers usuallyvarywidely. Afifthcategoryisforeseenasanopenclassfornewvehiclesthatmaybedevelopedinthefuture andmaybesufficientlydifferentintheirnoiseemissiontorequireanadditionalcategorytobe defined.thiscategorycouldcover,forexample,electricorhybridvehiclesoranyfuturisticvehicle. Nodataareavailableatthisstageforvehiclesincategory5. ThedetailsofthedifferentvehicleclassesaregiveninTableIII. TableIII.1:Vehicleclasses Category Name Description VehiclecategoryinEC WholeVehicleType Approval (1) 1 Lightmotorvehicles Passengercars,deliveryvans3.5tons,SUVs (2), MPVs (3) includingtrailersandcaravans M1andN1 2 Mediumheavy vehicles Mediumheavyvehicles,deliveryvans>3.5tons, buses,touringcars,etc.withtwoaxlesandtwintyre mountingonrearaxle M2,M3andN2,N3 3 Heavyvehicles Heavydutyvehicles,touringcars,buses,withthree ormoreaxles M2andN2withtrailer,M3and N3 4 Poweredtwo wheelers 4a mopeds,tricyclesorquads50cc L1,L2,L6 4b motorcycles,tricyclesorquads>50cc L3,L4,L5,L7 5 Opencategory Tobedefinedaccordingtofutureneeds N/A (1) Directive2007/46/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof5September2007(OJL263/19/10/2007)establishinga frameworkfortheapprovalofmotorvehiclesandtheirtrailers,andofsystems,componentsandseparatetechnicalunitsintended forsuchvehicles (2) SportUtilityVehicles (3) MultiPurposeVehicles 31 of 180

32 III.1.2.Numberandpositionofequivalentsoundsources Forthecalculationofnoisepropagationandforthedeterminationofsoundpoweremission,itis necessarytodescribethesourcewithoneorseveralpointsources.inthismethod,eachvehicle (category1,2,3and4)isrepresentedbyonesinglepointsource.asdepictedinfigureiii.1,this pointsourceisplaced0.05mabovetheroadsurface. Equivalent source (0.05 m high) Equivalent source (0.05 m high) Equivalent source (0.05 m high) FigureIII.1:Locationofequivalentpointsourceonlightvehicles(category1),heavy vehicles(categories2and3)andtwowheelers(category4) Themethodforderivingsoundpowerlevelsfromroadsidesoundpressuremeasurementswillbe providedinthe GuidanceforthecompetentuseofCNOSSOSEU. Thetrafficflowisrepresentedbyasourceline.Inthemodellingofaroadwithmultiplelanes,each laneshouldberepresentedbyasourcelineplacedinthecentreofthelane.reductionsin the numberofsourcelinesmaybeachievedbyplacingonesourcelineateachouterlaneoftheroad or,inthecaseofatwolaneroad,inthemiddleoftheroaditself.furtherspecificationswillbe providedinthe GuidanceforthecompetentuseofCNOSSOSEU. III.2.Soundpoweremission III.2.1.Generalconsiderations The sound power of the source is defined in semifree field according to Section I.2.1, where therearenodisturbingobjectsinitssurroundingsexceptforthereflectionontheroadsurface. ThisdescriptionisconsistentwiththepropagationcalculationschemedetailedinChapterVI. Trafficflow Thenoiseemissionofatrafficflowisrepresentedbyasourcelinecharacterisedbyitsdirectional soundpowerpermetreperfrequency.thiscorrespondstothesumofthesoundemissionofthe individualvehiclesinthetrafficflow,takingintoaccountthetimespentbythevehiclesintheroad section considered. The implementation of the individual vehicle in the flow requires the applicationofatrafficflowmodel([4],[5]). 32 of 180

33 IfasteadytrafficflowofQ m vehiclesofcategorymperhourisassumed,withanaveragespeedv m (in km/h), the directional sound power per metre per frequency band of the source line L W,eq,line,i,m,determinedbythevehicleflow,isdefinedby: Q L W ',eq,line,i,m L W,i,m 10lg m 1000 v m (III1) wherel W,i,m istheinstantaneousdirectionalsoundpowerin semifreefield ofasinglevehicle. L W,eq,line is expressed in db (re W/m). These sound power levels are calculated for each octavebandifrom125hzto4khz. InEquation(III1),individualroadtrafficnoisesourcesaremodelledasomnidirectionalsources. 6 TrafficflowdataQ m shouldbeexpressedasayearlyaveragepertimeperiod(dayeveningnight), pervehicleclassandpersourceline.forallcategories,inputtrafficflowdataderivedfromtraffic countingorfromtrafficmodelsshouldbeused.however,ifinputdataaremissing,defaultvalues canbeusedaccordingtothedefinitionsandspecificationstobeprovidedinthe Guidelinesfor thecompetentuseofcnossoseu. Averagespeeddatav m isarepresentativespeedpervehiclecategory:inmostcases,themaximum legal speed for the vehicle category. Other speed values can be defined according to the specificationstobeprovidedbythe GuidelinesforthecompetentuseofCNOSSOSEU. Individualvehicle Theinstantaneousnoiseproductionofavehicleisdefinedbytwomainparameterscategoryand speedandcorrectedforseveralenvironmentalorspecificeffects.thecalculationsareperformed withseparatespeedsforeachvehiclecategory.inthetrafficflow,allvehiclesofcategorymare assumed to drive at the same speed, i.e. v m, the average speed of the flow of vehicles of the category. Foreachroadvehicle,theemissionmodelconsistsofasetofmathematicalequationsrepresenting thetwomainnoisesources: 1.Rollingnoiseduetothetyre/roadinteraction; 2.Propulsionnoiseproducedbythedriveline(engine,exhaust,etc.)ofthevehicle. Aerodynamic noise is incorporated in the rolling noise sources, since the chosen method for determining the sound power level involves coastby events, thus making it impossible to distinguishbetweenthetwo. Thegeneralformofthemathematicalexpressionforthesoundpowerlevelemittedbyoneofthe sources(rollingorpropulsion)asafunctionofthevehiclespeedv m (20km/hv m 130km/h)is: L W,i,m (v m ) A i,m B i,m f (v m ) (III2) withf(v m )beingalogarithmicfunctionofv m inthecaseofrollingandaerodynamicnoise,anda linearfunctionofv m inthecaseofpropulsionnoise. Forlight,mediumandheavymotorvehicles(categories1,2and3),thesoundpowercorresponds totheenergeticsummationoftherollingandthepropulsionnoise.thus,thesoundpowerlevelof thesourcelines(l W,i,m )form=1,2or3isdefinedby: 6 Possible horizontal directivity effects are implicitly taken into account in the procedure to determine L W,i,m by integrationoffullpassbyeventsofvehicles.possibleverticaldirectivityeffectsareneglected 33 of 180

34 L W,i,m v m /10 10 lg 10 L WR,i,m v m/10 10 L WP,i,m v m (III3) where L WR,i,m is the sound power level for rolling noise and L WP,i,m is the sound power level for propulsionnoise.relevantcalculationsforthesetermsaredescribedinsectionsiii.2.3andiii.2.4 respectively. Fortwowheelers(category4),onlypropulsionnoiseisconsideredforthesourceline: L W,i,m4 v m4 L WP,i,m4 v m4 (III4) III.2.2.Referenceconditions Thesourceequationsandcoefficientsarederivedtobevalidunderreferenceconditionsinterms ofmeteorologyandtraffic.thesereferenceconditionsare: aconstantvehiclespeed aflatroad anairtemperature ref = 20 C avirtualreferenceroadsurface,consistingofanaverageofdenseasphaltconcrete0/11 and stone mastic asphalt 0/11, between 2 and 7 years old and in a representative maintenancecondition adryroadsurface a vehicle fleet for which the characteristics correspond to the values found for the Europeanaverage[2] nostuddedtyres. III.2.3.Rollingnoise III.2.3.a.Generalequation Forrollingnoise,thegenerallyacceptedandwidelyvalidatedlogarithmicrelationbetweenrolling noiseemissionandrollingspeedv m isused.thesoundpowerlevell WR,i,m isexpressedby: L WR,i,m A R,i,m B R,i,m lg v m v L WR,i,m v m (III5) ref The coefficients A R,i,m and B R,i,m are given in Appendix IIIA in octave bands for each vehicle categoryandforareferencespeedv ref =70km/h.Theyaredefinedinthereferenceconditions describedinsectioniii.2.2. L WR,i,m corresponds to the sum of the correction coefficients to be applied to rolling noise emissionforspecificroadorvehicleconditionsdeviatingfromthereferenceconditions: L WR,i,m (v m ) L WR,road,i,m (v m ) L studded tyres,i,m1 (v m ) L WR,acc,i,m L W,temp ( ) (III6) L WR,road,i,m accounts for the effect on rolling noise of a road surface with different acoustic propertiesfromthevirtualreferencesurfaceasdefinedinsectioniii.2.2.itincludesboththeeffect onpropagationandongeneration.thecalculationisdetailedinsectioniii of 180

35 L studded tyres,i,m=1 is a correction coefficient to be applied to the proportion of light vehicles equippedwithstuddedtyres.thisisdescribedinsubsectioniii.2.3.b. L WR,acc,i,m accountsfortheeffectonrollingnoiseofacrossingwithtrafficlightsoraroundabout. It essentially integrates the effect on noise of the speed variation. This is described in Section III.2.5. L W,temp is a correction term for an average temperature different from the reference temperature ref =20 C.ThisisdefinedinSubsectionIII.2.3.c. Foraroadsurfacewithacousticpropertiessimilartothevirtualreferencesurfaceasdefinedin SectionIII.2.2, L WR,road,i,m = 0 forallcategoriesofvehicles. Foratrafficflowwithnolightvehiclefittedwithstuddedtyres, L studded tyres,i,m=1 =0 Asstatedabove,theaerodynamicnoiseofthevehicleisincludedintherollingnoiseequation. Thevariationwithspeedoftheoverallrollingsoundpowerforlight,mediumandheavyvehicles (categories1,2and3)inreferenceconditionsispresentedinfigureiii L WR (db) Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat Speed v (km/h) FigureIII.2:RollingsoundpowerlevelsindBforthefirstthreecategoriesofvehiclesin referenceconditions III.2.3.b.Correctionforstuddedtyres In situations where a significant number of light vehicles in the traffic flow use studded tyres duringseveralmonthseveryyear,theinducedeffectonrollingnoisemustbetakenintoaccount. For each individual vehicle of category m=1 equipped with studded tyres, a speeddependent increaseinrollingnoiseemission ( stud (v)) isobserved[10]andcanbeevaluatedby: stud,i,m1 v m1 a i b i lg(v m1 /70) a i b i lg(90/70) a i b i lg(50/70) 35 of 180 for 50 v m1 90 km/h for v m1 90 km/h for v m1 50 km/h wherecoefficients a i and b i aregivenforeachoctavebandintableiii.a.1. (III7) Theincreaseinrollingnoiseemissionshouldonlybeattributedtotheproportionoflightvehicles withstuddedtyresandduringalimitedperiodt s (inmonths)overtheyear.if Q stud istheaverage

36 volumeoflightvehiclesperhourequippedwithstuddedtyresduringtheperiod T s (inmonths), and Q 1 thetotaltrafficvolumeoflightvehiclesperhour,thentheyearlyaverageproportionof vehiclesequippedwithstuddedtyres p s isexpressedby: p s Q stud Q 1 T s 12 (III8) The resulting correction to be applied to the rolling sound power emission due to the use of studdedtyresforvehiclesofcategory m=1 isgivenby: L studded tyres,i,m1 v m1 10 lg 1 p s p s 10 stud,i,m1 v m1 10 (III9) The procedure to establish this correction factor will be explained in the Guidelines for the competentuseofcnossoseu,togetherwiththedefaultvaluetobeusedfor p s. Studdedtyresfortrucksarenotverycommon,thoughtheydoexist.Therefore,nocorrectionfor studdedtyresisintroducedforcategories2and3. III.2.3.c.Effectofairtemperatureonrollingnoisecorrection Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheairtemperatureaffectsrollingnoiseemission;rollingsoundpower level decreases when the air temperature increases. This effect can be introduced in the road surfacecorrection.roadsurfacecorrectionsareusuallyevaluatedatanairtemperatureof ref = 20 C. Inthecaseofadifferentyearlyaverageairtemperature, theroadsurfacecorrectionshould becorrectedby: L W,temp ( ) K (20 ) (III10) The correction term is positive (i.e. noise increases) for temperatures lower than 20 C and negative (i.e. noise decreases) for higher temperatures. The coefficient K depends on the road surface and the tyre characteristics and in general exhibits some frequency dependence. For strategic noise mapping purposes, a simplified noise calculation using a generic coefficient K = 0.08 db/ C for light vehicles (category 1) and 0.04 db/ C for heavy vehicles (categories 2 and 3) should be applied for all road surfaces. No correction should be applied for twowheelers (catergory4).thecorrectioncoefficientshouldbeappliedequallyonalloctavebandsfrom125to 4000Hz. 36 of 180

37 1.5 1 Cat.1 Cat.2 & L W,temp (db) Air temperature ( C) III.2.4.Propulsionnoise FigureIII.3:Semigenerictemperaturecorrection III.2.4.a.Generalequationforsteadyspeedconditions The propulsion noise emission includes all contributions from engine, exhaust, gears, air intake, etc.forpropulsionnoise,theemission L WP,i,m isformulatedasfollows: L WP,i,m A P,i,m B P,i,m v v m ref L v WP,i,m v m ref (III11) The coefficients A P,i,m and B P,i,m are given in Appendix IIIA in octave bands for each vehicle categoryandforareferencespeed v ref = 70km/h.Theyaredefinedinthereferenceconditions describedinsectioniii.2.2,inparticularforavehicleatasteadyspeedonaflatroad. L WP,i,m correspondsto thesumof thecorrectioncoefficientsto beappliedtopropulsionnoise emissionforspecificdrivingconditionsoractualregionalconditionsdeviatingfromthereference conditions: L WP,i,m (v m ) L WP,road,i,m (v m ) L WP,acc,i,m L WP,grad,i,m (v m )(III12) L WP,road,i,m accountsfortheeffectofthetypeofroadsurfaceonpropulsionnoise.itincludesthe effectofaporoussurfaceonlocalpropagationofpropulsionnoise.thecalculationisdetailedin SectionIII.2.6. L WP,acc,i,m and L WP,grad,i,m account for deviations related to the driving conditions. They are detailedinsectionsiii.2.5andiii.2.4.brespectively. 37 of 180

38 L WP (db) Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4a Cat 4b Speed v (km/h) FigureIII.4:PropulsionsoundpowerlevelsindBforallcategoriesofvehiclesinreference conditions NB:Equation(III11)isbasedonacombinationoftherelationshipbetweenvehiclespeedandenginespeedandthe relationshipbetweenenginespeedandnoise.thefirstrelationshipismainlysteeredbythegearshiftingbehaviourof thedriver.severalfieldtestshaveshownthatalthoughthedriveroperatesthevehicleinalimitedenginespeedrange, thereisacleartendencyforhigherenginespeedsathighervehiclespeeds.theresultinglinearrelationshipbetween noiseemissionandvehiclespeedisareasonableapproximation. Forcategory4,significantregionalvariationsmayoccurinemissionduetodifferenttypesoftwo wheelers,exhaustsystemsanddrivingbehaviours.thereforeeums,iftheywish,mayintroduce theirownemissiondataprovidedthisisjustifiedandclearlydocumentedwithinthecnossoseu databaseframework.indicationsonjustificationanddocumentationtobeprovidedwillbegivenin the GuidelinesforthecompetentuseofCNOSSOSEU. III.2.4.b.Effectofroadgradients Theroadgradienthastwoeffectsonthenoiseemissionofthevehicle:first,itaffectsthevehicle speedandthustherollingandpropulsionnoiseemissionofthevehicle;second,itaffectsboththe engineloadandtheenginespeedviathechoiceofgearandthusthepropulsionnoiseemissionof thevehicle.onlytheeffectonthepropulsionnoiseisconsideredinthissection,whereasteady speedisassumed. The effect of road gradient on the propulsion noise is taken into account by a correction term L WP,grad,whichisafunctionoftheslope s (in%), thevehiclespeed v m (inkm/h)andthevehicle class m [15]. Thecorrectiontermisattributedtoalloctavebandsequally: Min(12% ; -s) - 6% for s -6% 1% For m=1 L WP,grad,i,m1 v m 0 for -6% s 2% Min(12% ; s) - 2% v m for s 2% 1.5% 100 (III13) 38 of 180

39 For m=2 L WP,grad,i,m2 v m Min(12% ; -s) - 4% v m -20 for s -4% 0.7% for -4% s 0% Min(12% ; s) v m for s 0% 1% 100 Min(12% ; -s) - 4% v m -10 for s -4% 0.5% 100 For m=3 L WP,grad,i,m3 v m 0 for -4% s 0% Min(12% ; s) v m for s 0% 0.8% 100 (III14) (III15) For m=4 L WP,grad,i,m4 0 (III16) Theselfcontainedcorrection L WP,grad implicitlyincludestheeffectofslopeonspeed.thus,no separatecorrectionisrequired inparticularonrollingnoiseforothereffectsduetothechange inspeedwhendrivinguphillordownhill. Forconsistencyoftheroadtrafficnoiseemissionmodel,thesourcelineshouldbedividedintoline segments with a limited variation in the noise emission (see Subsection VI.2.2.a on source segmentation).consequently,theslopeoftheroadgradientsshouldnotvarybymorethan2% withinasegment.theslopeinputvalue s tobeusedinthenoisesourcemodellingistheaverage slopealongthelinesegment. III.2.5.Effectoftheaccelerationanddecelerationofvehicles Accelerationanddecelerationofvehiclesmayhaveasignificanteffectonvehiclenoiseemission, especiallywhenapproachingordepartingfromroadcrossings.however,atthescaleofatraffic flow,thiseffectismuchmoredifficulttoestimatethanforindividualvehicles,asitdependsonthe behaviour of individual vehicles, location, time, traffic conditions, etc. The uncertainty on the estimationofaccelerationofthetrafficcanbehigherthantheeffectonnoise.therefore,inmost situations, the effect of acceleration and deceleration may be neglected for the purpose of the developmentofstrategicnoisemaps: L WR,acc,i,m =0 andl WP,acc,i,m =0. However,EUMSmaywishtoconsideracceleration/decelerationeffectsinordertointegratethe effect of specific noise mitigation measures in strategic noise maps, such as green waves or crossingtransformations.inthiscase,acorrectioncanbeappliedbeforeandaftercrossingswith trafficlightsandroundaboutsasdescribedbelow. Fortherollingnoiseandthepropulsionnoiseofacceleratinganddeceleratingvehiclesonaflat road, corrections L WR,acc,i,m and L WP,acc,i,m are developed from calculations [15] based on the distance x (inm)fromthepointsourcetothenearestintersectionoftherespectivesourceline withanothersourceline.thecorrectiontermisattributedtoalloctavebandsequally: L WR,acc,i,m L WP,acc,i,m C R,m,k Max(1 x ;0) 100 (III17) C P,m,k Max(1 x ;0) 100 (III18) 39 of 180

40 Thecoefficients C R,m,k and C P,m,k dependonthekindofjunction k (k =1foracrossingwithtraffic lights ; k = 2 for a roundabout) and are given in Appendix IIIA for each vehicle category. The coefficientsareequalforcategories2and3.thecorrectionincludestheeffectofchangeinspeed whenapproachingormovingawayfromacrossingoraroundabout. Notethatatadistance x 100m, L WR,acc,i,m = L WP,acc,i,m =0. III.2.6.Effectofthetypeofroadsurface III.2.6.a.Generalprinciples Thetypeofroadsurfacesignificantlyinfluencesthenoiseemissionofavehicle.Onasinglepassby eventontheroadside,differencesofupto15db(a)canbeobservedforthesamevehicleatthe samespeedinconditionsinwhichrollingnoiseispredominant. The variety of road surface types and conditions over Europe is large, leading to significantly differentnoiserelatedpropertiesacrosseurope.currentlythereisnocommonprocedureforthe assessment of road surface noise properties, although collective suggestions for acoustical classification,checkingandmonitoringofroadsurfaceshavebeenmade[6]. Theroadsurfacecharacteristicsaffectmainlyrollingnoiseemission,butporoussoundabsorbing surfacesalsoaffectthepropagationofrollingandpropulsionnoise.innormalpractice,theeffect ofaroadsurfaceisevaluatedaccordingtointernationalstandardproceduresbycomparingsound pressure levels measured on the roadside that include both source and propagation effects. Therefore,thecorrectionfactorsshouldapplytobothrollingandpropulsionnoiseandthechange insurfaceimpedanceshouldnotbeincludedinpropagationcalculations.however,theeffectsof denseorsemidenseroadsurfacesonpropulsionnoisearesmallandcanreasonablybeneglected forallcategoriesofvehicles.thus,thecorrectionfactoronpropulsionnoiseshouldonlybeapplied inthecaseofaporousroadsurface. Theemissioncoefficients A R,i,m, B R,i,m, A P,i,m, B P,i,m usedinequations (III5) and (III11) andprovided inappendixiiiaarevalidforthereferenceroadsurfacedefinedinsectioniii.2.2,i.e.avirtualroad surfacecorrespondingtoanaverageofdenseasphaltconcrete0/11andstonemasticasphalt0/11, between2and7yearsoldandinarepresentativemaintenancecondition.forroadsurfaceswith otheracousticproperties,therecommendationistoapplyaspectralcorrectionfactoronrolling noise,andinthecaseofaporousroadsurface,toapplyspectralcorrectionfactorsonbothrolling andpropulsionnoise. Theroadsurfacecorrectionfactoronrollingnoiseemissionisgivenby: L WR,road,i,m i,m m lg v m (III19) v ref where i,m isthespectralcorrectionindbatreferencespeed v ref forcategory m (1,2or3)andspectral band i (octavebandfrom125to4000hz). m isthespeedeffectonrollingnoisereduction.althoughthiscoefficientisinprinciplefrequency dependent,nospectraldataareavailableintheliteratureandaconstantvalueisassumedinthis method. Inthecaseofaporousroadsurface,theroadsurfacecorrectionfactoronpropulsionnoiseisgiven by: 40 of 180

41 L WP,road,i,m min i,m ;0 (III20) Thiscorrectionisidenticaltothatforrollingnoiseatthereferencespeed,butwithamaximumof zero.thus,poroussurfaceswilldecreasethepropulsionnoise,butdensesurfaceswillnotincrease it. EUMSareallowedtousetheirownnationaland/orregionalroadsurfaceprovidedthedataused andbasicdocumentationontheroadsurfaces(type,basicmaterialdescription,howthedatawas obtained,etc)arereported.aprocedureonhowtoestablishtheroadsurface coefficients i,m and m andhowtotranslateexistingdatawillbedescribedinthe Guidelinesforthecompetentuseof CNOSSOSEU,togetherwithsomeexamplesofroadsurfacecorrections. It should be noted that road surface corrections may vary from place to place due to different compositionsorcharacteristicsofrawmaterials. III.2.6.b.Ageeffectonroadsurfacenoiseproperties Noisecharacteristicsofroadsurfacesvarywithageandthelevelofmaintenance,withatendency tobecomelouderovertime.inparticular,theacousticlifetimeofalownoisesurfaceisusually shorter than a dense surface, especially for concrete surfaces. Therefore, the road surface correctionshouldbebasedontheaverageeffectovertherepresentativelifetime.aprocedureon how to take this effect into account in the establishment of road surface coefficients will be describedinthe GuidelinesforthecompetentuseofCNOSSOSEU. 41 of 180

42 References 1. R.Notaetal.,Engineeringmethodforroadtrafficandrailwaynoiseaftervalidationand finetuning, EUFP5 project HARMONOISE deliverable report no D18 (HAR32TR DGMR20),DGMR, B. Peeters et al., The Noise Emission Model For European Road Traffic, EUFP6 project IMAGINEdeliverablereportnoD11(IMA55TR060821MP10),M+P, H.G. Jonasson, Acoustical Source Modelling of Road Vehicles, Acta Acustica United with Acustica,Vol.93(2),pp , Guidelinesfortheuseoftrafficmodelsfornoisemappingandnoiseactionplanning,EUFP6 projectimaginedeliverablereportno7(ima02dr tno10),tno, Review of the suitability of traffic models for noise modelling, EUFP6 project IMAGINE report(ima02tr050112tml10),tml, Guidancemanualfortheimplementationoflownoiseroadsurfaces,EUFP5projectSILVIA finalreport,fehrl,brussels, H. Jonasson et al., Source modeling of road vehicles, EUFP5 project HARMONOISE deliverablereportnod09(har11tr041210sp10),sp, Prévision du bruit routier Partie 1: Calcul desemissions sonores dues au traffic routier, GuideméthodologiqueSETRA, R. van Moppes, Spectral analysis of noise measurements on truck tyres, EUFP6 project IMAGINEreport(IMA53TR060512MP11),M+P, H.Jonasson,AcousticSourceModellingofNordicRoadVehicles,SPRapport2006:12,final revision,borås(sweden), U.Sandberg,J.A.Ejsmont, Tyre/RoadNoiseReferencebook,1stEdition,Informex,Kisa (Sweden), B.Andersen,H.Bendtsen,Noiseemissionfrom4000vehiclepassbys,ProceedingsofInter noise2004,prague, S. Sakamoto, A. Fukushima, K. Yamamoto, Road traffic noise prediction model ASJ RTN Model 2008 proposed by the Acoustical Society of JapanPart 3: Calculation model of soundpropagation,proceedingsofinternoise2009,ottawa,canada, H.Steven,CharakterisierungderSchallemissionenvonFahrzeugeninnerorts,Reportfrom TÜVNORDMobilitätGmbH&CoKG(FE /2007/LRB), TRANECAMandROTRANOMO:ROTRANOMO,DevelopmentofaMicroscopicRoadTraffic Noise Model for the Assessment of Noise Reduction Measures, Project No GRD ,ProjectfundedbytheEuropeanCommunityunderthe CompetitiveandSustainable Growth programme, of 180

43 Appendix IIIA (mandatory) Table of coefficients for sound power emissionofroadvehicles Thetablesbelowgivethecoefficientsnecessaryforthecalculationof: therollingnoiseasdefinedinequation (III5) (coefficients A R,i,m and B R,i,m ) L WR,i,m A R,i,m B R,i,m lg v m v ref L WR,i,m v m (III5) thecorrectionforstuddedtyresasdefinedinequation (III7)(coefficients a i and b i ) stud,i,m1 v m1 a i b i lg(v m1 /70) a i b i lg(90/70) a i b i lg(50/70) for 50 v m1 90 km/h for v m1 90 km/h (III7) for v m1 50 km/h thepropulsionnoiseasdefinedinequation (III10) (coefficients A P,i,m and B P,i,m ) L WP,i,m A P,i,m B P,i,m v v m ref L v WP,i,m v m ref (III11) andthecorrectiononrollingandpropulsionnoiseduetoacceleration,asdefinedin Equations (III12) and (III13) (coefficientsc R,m,k and C P,m,k ) L WR,acc,i,m L WP,acc,i,m C R,m,k Max(1 x ;0) 100 (III17) C P,m,k Max(1 x ;0) 100 (III18) TableIII.A.1:Coefficientsforcategorym=1vehicles(passengercars) Octavebandcentre frequency(hz) A R B R A P B P a b of 180

44 TableIII.A.2:Coefficientsforcategorym=2 vehicles(mediumheavyvehicles) TableIII.A.3:Coefficientsforcategorym=3 vehicles(heavydutyvehicles) Octaveband centrefrequency (Hz) A R B R A P B P Octavebandcentre frequency(hz) A R B R A P B P TableIII.A.4:Coefficientsforcategorym=4a vehicles(poweredtwowheelers50cc) TableIII.A.5:Coefficientsforcategorym=4b vehicles(poweredtwowheelers>50cc) Octavebandcentre frequency(hz) A R B R A P B P Octavebandcentre frequency(hz) A R B R A P B P TableIII.A.6:Coefficientsforaccelerationanddecelerationeffect (datatobeconfirmedduringphasebofcnossoseu) k=1:crossing k=2:roundabout Categorym C R C P C R C P a 4b 44 of 180

45 CHAPTERIV.RAILWAYTRAFFICNOISESOURCEEMISSION IV.1.Sourcedescription IV.1.1.Classificationofvehicles Therelevantsoundsourcescontributingtothegenerationandradiationofrailwaynoiseandtram noiseconsistofvariouscomponentsofthetracktrainsystem,namely:therailsandthesleeperor slab, the wheels, the fans, the compressors and the engines, the electrical equipment and the exhaustinthecaseofdieselpoweredlocomotivesandthesuperstructureoffreighttrains.athigh speeds,aerodynamicsofthebogiesandofthepantographandthetrainbodybecomerelevantas well.dependingonthespeed,contributionsfromthesesourceschangetheirrelativeimportance. Therefore,itisnotpossibletoexcludeapriorianyofthesesources.Thesourcesmentionedare mostlydependentonthespecificfeaturesofsinglesubunitswithinatrain,ratherthanbeingofa constanttypealongthewholetrain.forthisreason,itisappropriatetoclassifyeachsinglesub unit of a train and add up the number of single subunits travelling on a specific track section, ratherthanusingclassificationsbythewholetraintype. Definitionofvehicleandtrain Forthepurposesofthisnoisecalculationmethod,avehicleisdefinedasanysinglerailwaysub unitofatrain(typicallyalocomotive,aselfpropelledcoach,ahauledcoachorafreightwagon) thatcanbemovedindependentlyandcanbedetachedfromtherestofthetrain.somespecific circumstancesmayoccurforsubunitsofatrainthatareapartofanondetachableset,e.g.share one bogie between them. For the purpose of this calculation method, all these subunits are groupedintoasinglevehicle.see Remarksondigit1and2 belowforfurtherexplanation. Forthepurposeofthiscalculationmethod,atrainconsistsofaseriesofcoupledvehicles. Table IV.1 defines a common language to describe the vehicle types included in the source database. It presents the relevant descriptors to be used to classify the vehicles in full. These descriptors correspond to properties of the vehicle, which affect the acoustic directional sound powerpermetrelengthoftheequivalentsourcelinemodelled. Thenumberofvehiclesforeachtypeshouldbedeterminedoneachofthetracksectionsforeach of the time periods to be used in the noise calculation. It should be expressed as an average numberofvehiclesperhour,whichisobtainedbydividingthetotalnumberofvehiclestravelling in a given time period by the duration in hours of this time period (e.g. 24 vehicles in 4 hours means6vehiclesperhour).allvehicletypestravellingoneachtracksection(definedinsection IV.1.2)willbeused. Remarksondigit1 Inthecaseofmultipleunitpassengertrainswithpoweredandunpoweredvehicles, m isusedif the train is analysed as a whole. In the case where unpowered vehicles can be moved independently, p shouldbeused,while m isappliedforthosethatarepowered.forinstance,in theexampleofthethreeelementtraininfigureiv.3below,theoutervehiclesaremotoredand thereforenamed m3nn. 45 of 180

46 TableIV.1: Classificationanddescriptorsforrailwayvehicles Digit Descriptor Vehicletype Numberofaxles pervehicle Braketype Wheelmeasure Explanation ofthe descriptor Possible descriptors Aletterthat describesthetype h highspeedvehicle (>200km/h) m selfpropelled passengercoaches p hauledpassenger coaches c citytramorlight metroself propelledand nonselfpropelled coach d dieselloco e electricloco a anygenericfreight vehicle o other(i.e. maintenance vehiclesetc.) Theactualnumber ofaxles 1 c 2 k 3 A letterthat describesthe braketype castironblock compositeor sintermetalblock n nontreadbraked, likedisc,drum, magnetic 4 o etc. Aletterthat describesthe noisereduction measuretype n nomeasure d dampers s screens other 46 of 180

47 Remarksondigit2: Therearevehicletypesthatremaincoupledduringtheirlifetime. Many passenger trains consist of two or more elements that are never disconnected. Theseshouldnormallyberegardedasonesinglevehicle(alsoknownasa multipleunit if selfpropelled). An example of a threeelement selfpropelled passenger train (multiple units)isshowninfigureiv.1. FigureIV.1:Threeelementsarecoupledwithoutthepossibilityofuncouplingtheminnormal conditions Inthecaseofcoupledelements,thenumberofaxlescanalsobeodd:e.g.ifacommon twoaxle bogie is shared by two coupled elements, the number of axles per vehicle (comprisingtwocoupledelementsasexplainedunderthefirstbulletandinfigureiv.1)is 3. Somepassengertrains,liketheoneillustratedinFigureIV.1,haveafractionalnumberof axlespervehicleifthetrainisnottreatedasasinglevehicle.thistrainhas8axleson3 vehicles.inthiscase,thenumbershouldberoundedtothenearestwholenumber,i.e. 8/3=2.7~3axlesperunit. Also,somefreightwagonsetsconsistoftwo(ormore)coupledelementsthathaveone singleuicdesignation.anexampleisshowninfigureiv.2.asitisnotalwaysclearduring waysidedatacollectionwhetherafreightvehicleispartofasetornot,allfreightwagon setshavetobeconsideredasseparatevehicles. FigureIV.2:Twoelementsthatareinternationallyclassifiedasonesinglevehicle,butinfact behaveacousticallyastwoseparatevehicles In the case of calculations, if the number of axles is unknown, four axles per vehicle shouldbeassumed. Remarks on digit 3 Thebraketypeisusuallynotclearfromwatchingthetrainspassingby.Brakingblocks,ifvisible, canbecastiron,compositeblocks,sinter,etc.onlybyusingaprioriknowledgeoftherollingstock canthebrakingtypebeidentified.inthecaseofcombinationsofbrakingtypeonthesamevehicle, the type that can be expected to affect the wheel tread most is considered dominant ('c' is dominant over 'k', and 'k' is dominant over 'n'). The brake type can also be estimated from measurementofsoundorrailvibrationandspeed,giventhatitisknownthatdifferentbraketypes producedifferentroughnesslevelsandthereforedifferentvibrationsandnoiseareexpected. 47 of 180

48 h highspeedvehicles Digit1: vehicletypes m selfpropelledvehicles p pulledvehicles FigureIV.3:Classificationofcommonvehicletypes IV.1.2Classificationoftracksandsupportstructure The existing tracks may differ because there are several elements contributing to and characterisingtheiracousticproperties.thetracktypesusedinthismethodarelistedintableiv.2 below.someoftheelementshavealargeinfluenceonacousticproperties,whileothershaveonly secondaryeffects.ingeneral,themostrelevantelementsinfluencingtherailwaynoiseemission are:railheadroughness,railpadstiffness,trackbase,railjointsandradiusofcurvatureofthetrack. Alternatively,theoveralltrackpropertiescanbedefinedand,inthiscase,therailheadroughness andthetrackdecayrateaccordingtoiso3095arethetwoacousticallyessentialparameters,plus theradiusofcurvatureofthetrack. Atracksectionisdefinedasapartofasingletrack,onarailwaylineorstationordepot,onwhich thetrack sphysicalpropertiesandbasiccomponentsdonotchange. TableIV.2definesacommonlanguagetodescribethetracktypesincludedinthesourcedatabase. TableIV.2:Classificationofthetracktypes Digit Descriptor Trackbase Railhead Roughness Explanationofthe descriptor Codesallowed B Typeoftrack base Ballast S Slabtrack E Indicator for roughness Well maintainedand verysmooth M Normally maintained Railpadtype Represents anindication ofthe acoustic stiffness S Soft ( MN/m) M Medium (250to800 MN/m) N Additional measures Aletter describing acoustic device None D Raildamper N Railjoints Presenceof jointsand spacing None S Singlejointor switch Curvature Indicatethe radiusof curvaturein m N Straighttrack L Low ( m) 48 of 180

49 Digit Descriptor Trackbase Railhead Roughness Railpadtype Additional measures Railjoints Curvature L N H B D M Ballasted bridge Notwell maintained Stiff ( MN/m) Lowbarrier Twojointsor switchesper 100m Medium (Lessthan 500mand morethan 300m) N B A M H Nonballasted bridge Notmaintained andbad condition Absorber plateonslab track Morethan twojointsor switchesper 100m High (Lessthan 300m) T E Embedded track Embedded rail O Other O Other TheparametersassociatedwiththedifferenttracksectiontypeswillbefoundintheCNOSSOSEU database,whichwillbedevelopedduringphasebofthecnossoseuprocess. Remarksondigit1 The classification C is considered valid for concrete bridges or steel bridges with a fulllength ballasttrack. Remarksondigit2 The wavenumber spectrum of the roughness is obtained according to the standard EN 15610:2009,measuredindBre.1m,and: should be less than the spectrum defined in the Commission Decision of 23 December 2005concerningthetechnicalspecificationforinteroperabilityrelatingtothesubsystem rollingstocknoiseofthetranseuropeanconventionalrailsystem(2006/66/ec)inallthe 1/3octavebandstobeclassifiedas E ; shouldbeastheapprovedtesttrackdefinedinannexa,pointa.3ofthestandardisoen 3095:2005,tobeclassifiedas M ; exceeds at least for one 1/3 octave band the limits as set for the approved test track definedinannexa,pointa.3ofthestandardisoen3095:2005,tobeclassifiedas N ; exceedsinnumerous1/3octavebandsbetweentheonecorrespondingto0.005mtothe onecorrespondingto0.160mthespectrumdefinedasreferencespectrumasdefinedin AnnexA,pointA.3ofthestandardISOEN3095:2005,tobeclassifiedas B. 49 of 180

50 IV.1.3.Numberandpositionoftheequivalentsoundsources 4.0 m B 0.5 m A FigureIV.4:Equivalentnoisesourcesposition Thedifferentequivalentnoiselinesourcesareplacedatdifferentheightsandatthecentreofthe track.allheightsarereferredtotheplanetangenttothetwouppersurfacesofthetworails. Theequivalentsourcesrepresentphysicalsources(index p), whicharemodelledinthefollowing Section IV.2. These physical sources are divided into different categories depending on the generationmechanism,andare:1)rollingnoise(includingnotonlyrailandtrackbasevibration and wheel vibration but also, where present, superstructure noise of the freight vehicles); 2) tractionnoise;3)aerodynamicnoise;4)impactnoise(fromcrossings,switchesandjunctions);5) squealnoiseand6)noiseduetoadditionaleffectssuchasbridgesandviaducts. 1) The roughness of wheels and railheads, through three transmission paths to the radiatingsurfaces(rails,wheelsandsuperstructure),constitutestherollingnoise.thisis allocatedto h = 0.5 m (radiatingsurfaces A)torepresentthetrackcontribution,including the effects of the surface of the tracks, especially slab tracks (in accordance with the propagation part), to represent the wheel contribution and to represent the superstructureofthevehicletonoise(infreighttrains). 2) The equivalentsourceheightsfortractionnoisevarybetween0.5m(source A) and4.0 m(source B),dependingonthephysicalpositionofthecomponentconcerned,andcan be evaluated by measurements using special techniques such as microphone array measurements.sourcessuchasgeartransmissionsandelectricmotorswilloftenbeatan axle height of 0.5 m (source A). Louvres and cooling outlets can be at various heights; engineexhaustsfordieselpoweredvehiclesareoftenataroofheightof4.0m(sourceb). Othertractionsourcessuchasfansordieselengineblocksmaybeataheightof0.5m (source A) or4.0m(source B).Iftheexactsourceheightisinbetweenthemodelheights, thesoundenergyisdistributedproportionatelyoverthenearestadjacentsourceheights. Forthisreason,twosourceheightsareforeseenbythemethodat0.5m(source A), 4.0m (source B), andtheequivalentsoundpowerassociatedwitheachisdistributedbetween thetwodependingonthespecificconfigurationofthesourcesontheunittype. 3)Aerodynamicnoiseeffectsareassociatedwiththesourceat0.5m(representingthe shrouds and the screens, source A), and the source at 4.0 m (modelling all over roof apparatusandpantograph,source B). Thechoiceof4.0mforpantographeffectsisknown to be a simple model, and will be considered carefully if the objective is to choose an 50 of 180

51 appropriatenoisebarrierheight. 4)Impactnoiseisassociatedwiththesourceat0.5m(source A). 5)Squealnoiseisassociatedwiththesourcesat0.5m(source A). 6)Bridgenoiseisassociatedwiththesourceat0.5m(source A). NB:Inthefollowingsections,sourceheightsaredenotedbytheindex h, andeachphysicalsource by the index p, so there can exist various source heights for the same physical source (e.g. aerodynamicnoiseat0.5mand4.0m)anddifferentphysicalsourcesforthesamesourceheight (e.g.rollingnoiseat0.5mandsquealnoiseat0.5m).moreover,thedirectivitycoefficient,whichis introducedlater,dependsonthesourcetypeandsourceheight,andisthereforelinkedtoboththe p andthe h coefficients. For several situations, detailed information on the sound power contribution of the different sourcesatdifferentheightsismissing. IV.2.Soundpoweremission IV.2.1.Generalequations Individualvehicle The model for railway traffic noise, analogously to road traffic noise, describes the noise sound poweremissionofaspecificcombinationofvehicletypeandtracktypewhichfulfilsaseriesof requirementsdescribedinthevehicleandtrackclassification,intermsofasetofsoundpowerper eachvehicle(l W,0 ).Thisdescriptionisconsistentwiththepropagationcalculationschemedetailed inchapterv. Trafficflow The noise emission of a traffic flow on each track is to be represented, for the purpose of the calculation(chapterv),byasetof h sourcelinescharacterisedbyitsdirectionalsoundpowerper metre per frequency band. This corresponds to the sum of the sound emissions due to the individual vehicles passing by in the traffic flow and, in the specific case of stationary vehicles, takingintoaccountthetimespentbythevehiclesintherailwaysectionunderconsideration. Thedirectionalsoundpowerpermetreperfrequencyband,duetoallthevehiclespassingby,is defined: foreachfrequencyband (i), foreachtracksection (j) withthesametracktype(seetableiv.2), foreachgivensourceheight (h) (forsourcesat0.5m h=1,at4.0m h=2), and is the energy sum of all contributions from all vehicles running on the specific jth track section.thesecontributionsare: fromallvehicletypes (t) attheirdifferentspeeds (s) undertheparticularrunningconditions(constantspeed) (r) 51 of 180

52 for each physical source type (rolling, impact, squeal, traction, aerodynamic and additionaleffectssourcessuchasforexamplebridgenoise) (p). To calculate the directional sound power per metre (input to the calculation part) due to the averagemixoftrafficonthe j-thtracksection,thefollowingisused: X L W ',eq,t,dir 10 lg 10 L w',eq,line,x /10 x1 (IV1) where T = referencetimeperiodforwhichtheaveragetrafficisconsidered X = totalnumberofexistingcombinationsof i, t, s, r, p foreachj-thtracksection t = indexforvehicletypesonthe j-thtracksection(seetableiv.1) s = indexfortrainspeed:therewillbeasmanyindexesasthenumberofdifferentaverage trainspeedsonthe j-thtracksection r = indexforrunningconditions: 1 (forconstantspeed), 2 (idling) p = indexforphysicalsourcetypes:1(forrollingandimpactnoise),2(curvesqueal),3 (tractionnoise),4(aerodynamicnoise),5(additionaleffects) L W,eq,line,x = x-thdirectionalsoundpowerpermetreforasourcelineofonecombination of t, s, r, p oneach j-thtracksection Ifasteadyflowof Q vehiclesperhourisassumed,withanaveragespeed v, onaverageateach momentintimetherewillbeanequivalentnumberof Q/v vehiclesperunitlengthoftherailway section. The noise emission of the vehicle flow in terms of directional sound power per metre L W,eq,line (expressedindb/m (re W))isintegratedby: where L W ',eq,line Q, L W,0,dir,10 lg (for r4) 1000 v (IV2) Q istheaveragenumberofvehiclesperhouronthe j-thtracksectionforvehicletypet, averagetrainspeedsandrunningcondition r (1/s) v istheirspeedin(km/h)onthe j-thtracksectionfor vehicletype t andaveragetrain speed s L W,0,dir isthedirectionalsoundpowerlevelofthespecificnoise(rolling,impact,squeal, braking, traction, aerodynamic, other effects) of a single vehicle in the directions, definedwithrespecttothevehicle sdirectionofmovement(seefigureiv.5). Inthecaseofastationarysource,asduringidling,itisassumedthatthevehiclewillremainforan overall time T at a location within a track section with length L. Therefore, with T ref as the referencetimeperiodforthenoiseassessment(e.g.12hours,4hours,8hours),thedirectional soundpowerperunitlengthonthattracksectionisdefinedby: T L W ',eq,line, L W,0,dir,10 lg T ref L (for r=4) (IV3) Ingeneral,directionalsoundpowerisobtainedfromeachspecificsourceas: 52 of 180

53 where L W,0,dir, L W,0 L W,dir,vert L W,dir,hor (IV4) L W,dir,vert istheverticaldirectivitycorrection(dimensionless)functionof (FigureIV.5) L W,dir,hor is the horizontal directivity correction (dimensionless) function of (FigureIV.5). And where L W,0,dir (,) should, after being derived in 1/3 octave bands, be expressed in octave bands by energetically adding each pertaining 1/3 octave band together into the corresponding octaveband. Emission direction Vehicle (equivalent point source) Travelling direction Plane defined by the intersection with the two railheads FigureIV.5:Geometricaldefinition Forthepurposeofthecalculations,thesourcestrengthisthenspecificallyexpressedintermsof directional sound power per 1 m length of track L W,tot,dir, to account for the directivity of the sourcesintheirverticalandhorizontaldirection,bymeansoftheadditionalcorrections. SeveralLW,0,dir,areconsideredforeachvehicletrackspeedrunningconditioncombination: fora1/3octavefrequencyband (i) foreachtracksection (j) (seetableiv.2) sourceheight (h) (forsourcesat0.5m h=1,at4.0m h=2) directivity (d) ofthesource Asetof LW,0,dir,areconsideredforeachvehicletrackspeedrunningconditioncombination, eachtracksection,theheightscorrespondingto h=1 and h=2 andthedirectivity. Notes: In the rest of this chapter, all the inputs to the calculation expressed in spectral componentsarein1/3octavebandsintherange(100hz5khz),althoughasexplained abovetheoveralloutputoftherailwaysourcewillbeinoctavebands. By default, all the subscripts j corresponding to the track section are implicit in all the indicators:theyareomittedfromtheequationsintherestofthischaptertoimprovetheir readability. 53 of 180

54 Equation(IV1)isthegeneralequation:notethatseveralcombinationsofindexesmaynot correspond to an existing equivalent sound source, e.g. vehicle type t=1 may only be for constantspeed (r=1), thereforethecombinationofindexes (t,r)=(1,2)doesnotcorrespond toanexistingequivalentsoundsource.also,thedirectivitymaybenotthesameforallthe sourcesatagivenposition A, B. IV.2.2.Rollingnoise The vehicle contribution and the track contribution to rolling noise are separated into four essentialelements:wheelroughness,railroughness,vehicletransferfunctiontothewheelsandto thesuperstructure(vessels)andtracktransferfunction.wheelandrailroughnessrepresentthe causeoftheexcitationofthevibrationatthecontactpointbetweentherailandthewheel,and thetransferfunctionsaretwoempiricalormodelledfunctionsthatrepresenttheentirecomplex phenomenaofthemechanicalvibrationandsoundgenerationonthesurfacesofthewheel,the rail, the sleeper and the track substructure. This separation reflects the physical evidence that roughnesspresentonarailmayexcitethevibrationoftherail,butitwillalsoexcitethevibration of the wheel and vice versa. Not including one of these four parameters would prevent the decouplingoftheclassificationoftracksandtrains. IV Wheelandrailroughness Rollingnoiseismainlyexcitedbyrailandwheelroughnessinthewavelengthrangefrom5500 mm. Definition Theroughnesslevel L r isdefinedas10timesthelogarithmtothebase10ofthesquareofthe meansquarevalue r 2 oftheroughnessoftherunningsurfaceofarailorawheelinthedirectionof motion(longitudinallevel)measuredinmoveracertainraillengthortheentirewheeldiameter, dividedbythesquareofthereferencevalue r 2 0 : where r 0 =1m L r 10 lg r r 0 2 db (IV5) r =r.m.s.oftheverticaldisplacementdifferenceofthecontactsurfacetothemeanlevel The roughness level L r is typically obtained as a spectrum of wave number and it must be converted to a frequency spectrum f= v/, where f is the centre band frequency of a given 1/3 octave band in Hz, is the wavelength in m, and v is the train speed in m/s. The roughness spectrumasafunctionoffrequencyshiftsalongthefrequencyaxisfordifferentspeeds.ingeneral cases,afterconversiontothefrequencyspectrumbymeansofthespeed,itisnecessarytoobtain new1/3octavebandspectravaluesaveragingbetweentwocorresponding1/3octavebandsinthe wavelengthdomain.toestimatethetotaleffectiveroughnessfrequencyspectrumcorresponding totheappropriatetrainspeed,thetwocorresponding1/3octavebandsdefinedinthewavelength domainshouldbeaveragedenergeticallyandproportionally. Therailroughnesslevel(tracksideroughness)forthe i-thwavenumberbandisdefinedas L r,tr,i 54 of 180

55 Byanalogy,thewheelroughnesslevel(vehiclesideroughness)forthe i-th wavenumberbandis definedas L r,veh,i. Thetotalandeffectiveroughnesslevelforwavenumberband i (L R,tot,i ) isdefinedastheenergy sumoftheroughnesslevelsoftherailandthatofthewheelplusthe A 3 () contactfiltertotake intoaccountthefilteringeffectofthecontactpatchbetweentherailandthewheel,andisindb: A 3,i (IV6) L R,TOT,i 10lg 10 L r,tr,i L r,veh,i 10 where A 3,i is the contact filter expressed as a function of the i-th wavenumber band correspondingtothewavelength. Thecontactfilterdependsontherailandwheeltypeandtheload,andforsomespecificcommon casesitispresentedinappendixiva. Itis practicaltowork withthetotaleffectiveroughnesslevelasitis relateddirectlytothereal excitation.thetotaleffectiveroughness L R,TOT,i (forwavenumberband i) canbederivedfromrail vibrationmeasurementsorfromdirectroughnessmeasurementsonwheelsandrailsandacontact patchfilter.thetotaleffectiveroughnessforthe j-thtracksectionandeach t-thvehicletypeatits corresponding v ts speed is used in the method. Indirect roughness measurements can also be performed (e.g. noise measurement under a special reference vehicle to assess the trackside roughness over long distances) to get effective rail roughness. Also, wheel roughness can be derivedfromdatabasesonwheelsetsbasedonthebrakingsystemused. IV Vehicleandtracktransferfunction Twospeedindependenttransferfunctions, L H,tr,i and L H,veh,i, aredefinedforeach j-thtracksection andeach t-thvehicletype.theyrelatethetotaleffectiveroughnesslevelwiththesoundpowerof the track and the wheels respectively. These functions can be obtained from specific measurementsbutarealsotabulatedforsomecommoncasesinappendixivb. For rolling noise, therefore, the contributions from the track and from the vehicle are fully describedbythesetransferfunctionsandbythetotaleffectiveroughnesslevel. Forsoundpowerpervehicletherollingnoiseiscalculatedataxleheight,andhasasaninputthe totaleffectiveroughnesslevel L R,TOT,i (seeequation(iv6))asafunctionofthevehiclespeedv,the trackandvehicletransferfunctionsl H,TR,i and L H,VEH,i andthetotalnumberofaxles N a : for h =1: for h =2: for h =3: L W,0,i L R,TOT,i L H,TR,i 10lgN a db (IV7) L W,0,i L R,TOT,i L H,VEH,i 10 lgn a db (IV8) L W,0,i L R,TOT,i L H,VEH,SUP,i 10 lgn a db (IV9) where N a isthenumberofaxlespervehicleforthe t-thvehicletype. 55 of 180

56 Train speed v Wheel roughness r veh Vehicle transfer function for wheel and bogie emission H veh Sound power of wheel and bogie emission L W,0,veh Contact filter C f Total effective roughness Vehicle transfer function for superstructure emission H sup Sound power of superstructure emission L W,0,sup Rail roughness r tr Track transfer function for rail sleeper and ballast/slab emission H tr FigureIV.6:Schemeoftheuseofthedifferentroughnessandtransferfunctiondefinitions Onlytherunningconditionatconstantspeed,thetwotransferfunctions L H,TR,i and L H,VEH,i,need tobeconsidered. Aminimumspeedof50km/h(30km/honlyfortramsandlightmetro)istobe used to determine the total effective roughness and therefore the sound power of the vehicles (this speed does not affect the vehicle flow calculation) to compensate for the potential error introduced by the simplification of rolling noise definition, braking noise and impact noise from crossingsandswitches. IV.2.3.Impactnoise(crossings,switchesandjunctions) Impactnoisecanbecausedbycrossings,switchesandrailjointsorpoints.Itcanvaryinmagnitude and can dominate rolling noise. As it is often localised, it has to be taken into account when choosingtracksegmentation.ifitistobeconsidered,impactnoiseisincludedintherollingnoise termby(energy)addingasupplementaryfictitiousimpactroughnessleveltothetotaleffective roughness level on each specific j-th track section where it is present. In this case a new L R,TOT+IMPACT,i shouldbeusedinplaceofl R,TOT,i accordingtosectioniv.2.2anditwillbe: L R,TOT IMPACT,i 10 lg 10 L R,TOT,i L R,IMPACT,i of 180 db (IV10) L R,IMPACT,i is a 1/3 octave band spectrum (as a function of frequency). To obtain this frequency spectrum, a spectrum is given as a function of wavelength in Appendix IVC and should be convertedtotherequiredspectrumasafunctionoffrequencyusingtherelation = v ts /f, wheref isthe1/3octavebandcentrefrequencyinhzand v ts isthe s-thvehiclespeedofthet-thvehicle typeinm/s. Impactnoisewilldependontheseverityandnumberofimpactsperunitlengthorjointdensity, so inthecasewheremultipleimpactsaregiven,theimpactroughnessleveltobeusedinequation (IV10)istobecalculatedasfollows: n L R,IMPACT,i L R,IMPACT SINGLE,i 10lg l db 0.01 Sound power of rail sleeper and ballast/slab emission L W,0,tr (IV11)

57 where L R,IMPACT SINGLE,i istheimpactroughnesslevelasgivenforasingleimpactinappendixivc and n l isthejointdensity. Thedefaultimpactroughnesslevelisgivenforajointdensity n l = 0.01m 1,whichisonejointper each100moftrack.situationswithdifferentnumbersofjointscanbeapproximatedbyadjusting thejointdensity n l. Itshouldbenotedthatwhenmodellingthetracklayoutandsegmentation, the rail joint density should be taken into account, i.e. it may be necessary to take a separate source segment for a stretch of track with more joints. The L W,0 of track, wheel/bogie and superstructurecontributionareincrementedbymeansofthel R,IMPACT,i for+/50mbeforeand after the rail joint. In the case of a series of joints, the increase is extended to between50 m beforethefirstjointand+50mafterthelastjoint. Theapplicabilityofthesesoundpowerspectrashouldnormallybeverifiedonsite. Impactnoisehastobeconsideredforjointedtracks,andadefault n l of0.01istobeused.for impactnoiseduetoswitches,crossingsandjointsintracksectionswithaspeedoflessthan50 km/h(30km/honlyfortramsandlightmetro),sincetheminimumspeedof50km/h(30km/h onlyfortramsandlightmetro)isusedtoincludemoreeffectsaccordingtothedescriptionofthe rollingnoisechapter,modellingistobeavoided. IV.2.4.Squeal Curvesquealisaspecialsourcethatisonlyrelevantforcurvesandisthereforelocalised.Asitcan be significant, an appropriate description is required. Curve squeal is generally dependent on curvature,frictionconditions,trainspeedandtrackwheelgeometryanddynamics.theemission level to be used is determined for curves with radius below or equal to 700 m and for sharper curvesandbranchoutsofpointswithradiibelow300m.thenoiseemissionshouldbespecificto each type of rolling stock, as certain wheel and bogie types may be significantly less prone to squealthanothers. Theapplicabilityofthesesoundpowerspectrashouldnormallybeverifiedonsite,especiallyfor trams. Takingasimpleapproach,squealnoiseshouldbeconsideredbyadding8dBforR<300mand5dB for 300 m<r<500 m to the rolling noise sound power spectra for all frequencies. Squeal contribution should be applied on railway track sections where the radius is within the ranges mentionedaboveforatleasta50mlengthoftrack. IV.2.5.Tractionnoise Traction noise is generally specific to each characteristic operating condition: constant speed (including deceleration, when it is assumed to be the same noise as for constant speed), acceleration and idling. The source strength modelled here only corresponds to maximum load conditions.thisresultsinthequantities L W,0,const = L W,0,dec = L W,0,acc =L W,0,idling (forconstantspeed, deceleration,accelerationandidlingrespectively).theappropriateoneistobeusedaccordingto theoperatingconditionofthetrainineach j-thtracksegment. The L W,0,idling is expressed as a static noise source in the idling position, for the duration of the idlingcondition,andtobeusedmodelledasafixedpointsource(bymeansofequation(iv3)).it istobeconsideredonlyiftrainsareidlingformorethan30minutes. 57 of 180

58 These quantities can either be obtained from measurements of all sources at each operating condition, or the partial sources can be characterised individually, determining their parameter dependencyandrelativestrength.thismaybedonebymeansofmeasurementsonastationary vehicle,byvaryingshaftspeedsofthetractionequipment,followingiso3095.asfarasrelevant, severaltractionnoisesourceshavetobecharacterisedwhichmightnotbealldirectlydependon thetrainspeed: Noise from the power train, such as diesel engines (including inlet, exhaust and engine block), gear transmission, electrical generators, mainly dependent on engine round per minutespeed(rpm),andelectricalsourcessuchasconverters,whichmaybemostlyload dependent; Noise fromfans and cooling systems, depending on fan rpm; in some cases fans can be directlycoupledtothedriveline; Intermittentsourcessuchascompressors,valvesandotherswithacharacteristicduration ofoperationandcorrespondingdutycyclecorrectionforthenoiseemission. As each of these sources can behave differently at each operating condition, the traction noise must be specified accordingly. The source strength is obtained from measurements under controlledconditions.ingeneral,locomotiveswilltendtoshowmorevariationinloadingasthe numberofvehicleshauledandtherebythepoweroutputcanvarysignificantly,whereasfixedtrain formations such as electric motored units (EMUs), diesel motored units (DMUs) and highspeed trainshaveabetterdefinedload. Thereisnoaprioriattributionofthesourcesoundpowertothesourceheights,andthischoice willdependonthespecificnoiseandvehicleassessed.hereitismodelledtobeatsource A (0.5m height)andatsource B (4.0mheight).InAppendixIVD,thestandardproportionoftractionnoise tobeattributedtothetwosourcesheightsisgiven. IV.2.6.Aerodynamicnoise Aerodynamicnoiseisonlyrelevantathighspeedsabove200km/handthereforeitshouldfirstbe verifiedwhetheritisactuallynecessaryforapplicationpurposes.iftherollingnoiseroughnessand transferfunctionsareknown,itcanbeextrapolatedtohigherspeedsandacomparisoncanbe madewithexistinghighspeeddatatocheckwhetherhigherlevelsareproducedbyaerodynamic noise.iftrainspeedsonanetworkareabove200km/hbutlimitedto250km/h,insomecasesit maynotbenecessarytoincludeaerodynamicnoise,dependingonthevehicledesign. Theaerodynamicnoisecontributionisgivenasafunctionofspeedandsourceheight,forheightat source A (0.5m)andatsource B (4.0m): where L W,0 L W,0 v 0 L W,0 L W,0 v 0 1 lg v ts db v 0 2 lg v ts db v 0 isaspeedatwhichaerodynamicnoiseisdominantandisfixedat250km/h v 0 (IV12) (IV13) 1 is a coefficient determined from two or more measurement points, for sources at knownsourceheights,forexamplethefirstbogie(height=0.5m) 58 of 180

59 2 is a coefficient determined from two or more measurement points, for sources at knownsourceheights,forexamplethepantographrecessheights(height=4m). Examplecoefficientsfor 1, 2 aregiveninappendixive. IV.2.7. Sourcedirectivity The horizontal directivity L W,dir,hor in db is given in the horizontal plane and by default can be assumedtobeadipoleforrolling,impact(railjointsetc.),squeal,braking,fansandaerodynamic effects,givenforeachi-thfrequencybandby: L W,dir,hor,i 10lg sin 2 (IV14) Theverticaldirectivity L W,dir,ver indbisgivenintheverticalplaneforsource A (0.5m),asa functionofthecentrebandfrequency f c,i ofeach ithfrequencybandby: L W,dir,ver,i sin2 sin lg f 600 c,i 200 (IV15) FigureIV.7:Verticaldirectivitycorrectionasfunctionofanglesandfrequencies Forsource B fortheaerodynamiceffect(4.0m): L W,dir,ver,i 10 lg(cos 2 ) for<0 (IV16) L W,dir,ver,i 0 elsewhere (IV17) Directivity L dir,ver isnotconsideredforsource B (4.0m)forothereffects,asomnidirectionalityis assumedforthesesourcesinthisposition. 59 of 180

60 IV.3.Additionaleffects IV.3.1.Correctionforstructuralradiation(bridgesandviaducts) Inthecasewherethetracksectionisonabridge,itisnecessarytoconsidertheadditionalnoise generatedbythevibrationofthebridgeasaresultoftheexcitationcausedbythepresenceofthe train. Because it is not simple to model the bridge emission as an additional source, given the complexshapesofbridges,anincreaseintherollingnoiseisusedtoaccountforthebridgenoise. The increase is modelled exclusively for theaweighted overall leveland corresponds to a fixed increaseinthenoisesoundpower.thesoundpowerofonlytherollingnoiseismodifiedwhen consideringthecorrectionandthenew L W,0,rolling and bridge istobeusedinsteadofl W,0,rollingonly : L W,0,rolling and bridge L W,0,rolling only C bridge db (IV18) where C bridge isaconstantthatdependsonthebridgetypeaccordingtothetableinappendixivf, and L W,0,rolling only istherollingnoisesoundpoweronthegivenbridgethatdependsonlyonthe vehicleandtrackproperties. IV.3.2.Correctionforotherrailwayrelatednoisesources Varioussourceslikedepots,loading/unloadingareas,stations,bells,stationloudspeakers,etc.can bepresentandareassociatedwiththerailwaynoise.thesesourcesaretobetreatedasindustrial noisesources(fixednoisesources)andshouldbemodelled,ifrelevant,accordingtochapter 60 of 180

61 References 1. pren15610,railwayapplicationsnoiseemissionrailroughnessmeasurementrelatedto noisegeneration,cen,jan U. Moehler, U. J. Kurze, M. Liepert, H. Onnich, The new German prediction model for railway noise "Schall ": an alternative method for the harmonised calculation method proposed in the EU Directive on environmental noise, Acta Acustica united with Acustica,Vol.94,pp , M.Dittrich,TheIMAGINEsourcemodelforrailwaynoiseprediction,ActaAcusticaunited withacustica,vol.93,pp , R.R.K.Jones,M.Dittrich,P.vanderStap,X.Zhang,J.R.Block,Railnoisedatabaseand manualforimplementation,eufp6projectimaginereport(ima6tr061015aeatuk10), AEATUK, U.Moehler,M.Liepert,U.Kurze,H.Onnich,ThenewGermanpredictionmodelforrailway noise Schall :someproposalsfortheharmonisedcalculationmethodintheeu directiveonenvironmentalnoise,proceedingsofeuronoise2006,tampere,finland, C. Talotte, P.van der Stap, M. Ringheim, M Dittrich, X. Zhang, D. Stiebel, Railway source models for integration in the new European noise prediction method proposed in Harmonoise,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.293,pp , SCHALL , Richtlinie zur Berechnung der Schallimmissionen von Eisenbahnen und StraßenbahnenEntwurf,Stand: ,Germany,December Vorläufige Berechnungsmethode für den Umgebungslärm an Schienenwegen VBUSch 10, Germany,May M.G.Dittrich,IMAGINErailwaynoisesourcemodel,defaultsourcedataandmeasurement protocol,eufp6projectimaginereport(ima6tr050912tno01),tno, R.R.K.Jones,MeasuredrailwaynoisesourcedatainthepublicdomainorviatheImagine project,eufp6projectimaginereport(ima6tr050110aeatuk01),aeatuk, UNI EN ISO 3095, Applicazioni ferroviarie, Acustica, Misurazione del rumore emesso dai veicolisurotaia,october A.VanBeek,M.Beuving,M.Dittrich,M.Beier,X.Zhang,H.Jonasson,F.Letourneaux,C. Talotte, M. Ringheim, Work package 1.2, rail sources, state of the art, EUFP5 project HARMONOISEreport(HAR12TR020118SNCF10),SNCF, A.E.J.Hardy,R.R.K.Jones,Railandwheelroughnessimplicationsfornoisemappingbased onthecalculationofrailwaynoiseprocedure,aeatechnologyrailreport,march A.E.J.Hardy,R.R.K.Jones,C.E.Wright,Additionalrailwaynoisesourcetermsfor"Calculation ofrailwaynoise1995",defrareport,may C.Talotte,WP1.2Railsources,railwaysourcemodelandusermanualofthedatabase,EU FP5projectHARMONOISEreport(HAR12TR040112SNCF10(D13p1)),SNCF, P.vanderStap,X.Zhang,M.Dittrich,IMAGINE userinterfacedatabase,eufp6project IMAGINEreport(MA6MO041014AEATNL02),AEA, of 180

62 17. E.Verheijen,D.Stiebel,M.Dittrich,A.vanBeek,P.vanderStap,Definitionofothersources andinfluenceofsourcemeasures,eufp5projectharmonoisereport(har12tr AEA11(D12p3)),AEA, M.Beuving,M.Paviotti,Definitionoftrackinfluence:trackcompositionandrollingnoise, EUFP5projectHARMONOISEreport(HAR12TR030403AEA10),AEA, A.vanBeek,E.Verheijen,Definitionoftrackinfluence:roughnessinrollingnoise,EUFP5 projectharmonoisereport(har12tr020813aea10),aea, of 180

63 AppendixIVA Thecontactfilterdependsontherailandwheeltypeandtheload,anditispresentedherefor somespecificcommoncases. Wavelength (cm) AppendixIVB 360mm/ 50kN 680mm/ 50kN 920mm/ 25kN 920mm/ 50kN 920mm/ 100kN Threespeedindependenttransferfunctions, L H,tr,i, L H,veh,i and L H,veh,sup,i, aredefinedforeach j-th track section and each t-th vehicle type. They relate the total effective roughness level to the soundpowerofthetrack,thewheelsandthesuperstructurerespectively.thesefunctionscanbe obtainedfromspecificmeasurementsbutarealsotabulatedbelowforsomecommoncases(tables areprovidedonlyforl H,tr,i and L H,veh,i ). 63 of 180

64 Frequency LH,tr,i (Hz) Monoblock onsoftrail pad Monoblockon mediumstiffness railpad Monoblockon hardrailpad Biblockon softrailpad Biblockon mediumstiffness railpad Biblockon hardrailpad Wooden sleepers Wheelwith diameter 920mm Wheelwith diameter 840mm Wheelwith diameter 680mm Wheelwith diameter 1200mm of 180

65 LH,veh,i Wavelength (cm) Castironbraked wheelondutch typicalrail roughness Diskbrakedwheel ondutchtypical railroughness Diskbraked wheelon smooth roughnessrail ISOspectrum TSI Verysmooth wheelon Dutchtypical rail roughness Composite blockon smooth roughnessrail Maximum roughness combined Minimum roughness combined Roughnessof standarddisk brakedwheel of 180

66 AppendixIVC L R,IMPACT,i isa1/3octavebandspectrum(asafunctionoffrequency).adefaultspectrumisgivenas functionofwavelength here. Wavelength (cm) L R,IMPACT SINGLE,i() of 180

67 AppendixIVD Thestandardproportionoftractionnoisetobeattributedtothetwosourceheightsisgivenhere. L W,0,acc,0.5m =L W,0,acc,4.0m =L W,0,acc -3 Frequency L W,0,acc,i (traction) Traction1: Electric locomotive Traction2: Electrically MotoredUnit withgears of 180

68 AppendixIVE Parametersforthedefaultcalculationofaerodynamicnoisearepresentedhere. Thedefaultvaluessuggestedare: 1 = 2 =50. AppendixIVF C bridge isaconstantthatdependsonthebridgetypeandcanbeobtainedbycomparingthedata frommeasurementstakenoverthebridgetothosenottakenoverthebridge. 68 of 180

69 CHAPTERV.INDUSTRIALNOISESOURCEEMISSION V.1.Sourcedescription V.1.1.Classificationofsourcetypes(point,line,area) Theindustrialsourcesareofveryvariabledimensions.Theycanbelargeindustrialplantsaswellas smallconcentratedsourceslikesmalltoolsoroperatingmachinesusedinfactories.therefore,itis necessary to use an appropriate modelling technique for the specific source under assessment. Dependingonthedimensionsandthewayseveralsinglesourcesextendoveranarea,witheach belongingtothesameindustrialsite,thesemaybemodelledaspointsources,sourcelinesorarea sources. In practice, the calculations of the noise effect are always based on point sources, but severalpointsourcescanbeusedtorepresentarealcomplexsource,whichmainlyextendsovera lineoranarea. V.1.2.Numberandpositionofequivalentsoundsources Therealsoundsourcesaremodelledbymeansofequivalentsoundsourcesrepresentedbyoneor morepointsourcessothatthetotalsoundpoweroftherealsourcecorrespondstothesumofthe singlesoundpowersattributedtothedifferentpointsources. Thegeneralrulestobeappliedindefiningthenumberofpointsourcestobeusedare: Lineorsurfacesourceswherethelargestdimensionislessthan1/2ofthedistance betweenthesourceandthereceivercanbemodelledassinglepointsources; Sourceswherethelargestdimensionismorethan1/2ofthedistancebetweenthe sourceandthereceivershouldbemodelledasaseriesofincoherentpointsources inalineorasaseriesofincoherentpointsourcesoveranarea,suchthatforeachof these sources the condition of 1/2 is fulfilled. The distribution over an area can includeverticaldistributionofpointsources; Forsourceswherethelargestdimensionsinheightareover2morneartheground, special care should be administered to the height of the source. Doubling the numberofsources,redistributingthemonlyinthezcomponent,maynotleadtoa significantlybetterresultforthissource; Inthecaseofanysource,doublingthenumberofsourcesoverthesourcearea(in alldimensions)maynotleadtoasignificantlybetterresult. The position of the equivalent sound sources cannot be fixed, given the large number of configurationsthatanindustrialsitecanhave.bestpracticeswillnormallyapply. 69 of 180

70 V.2.Soundpoweremission V.2.1.General The following information constitutes the complete set of input data for sound propagation calculationswiththemethodstobeusedfornoisemapping: Emittedsoundpowerlevelspectruminoctavebands Workinghours(day,evening,night,onayearlyaveragedbasis) Location(coordinatesx, y)andelevation(z)ofthenoisesource Typeofsource(point,line,area) Dimensionsandorientation Operatingconditionsofthesource Directivityofthesource. Itshouldbenotedthatifsomeoftheinformationlistedaboveismissingandthereforereplaced with assumed or somewhat uncertain information, in many cases the resulting industrial noise assessment may not be compromised because the total error is reduced due to many sources contributingtothecalculationsimultaneously. Thepoint,lineandareasourcesoundpowerarerequiredtobedefinedas: For a point source, sound power L W and directivity as a function of the three orthogonalcoordinates(x, y, z); Twotypesofsourcelinescanbedefined: source lines representing conveyor belts, pipe lines, etc., sound power per metre length L W and directivity as a function of the two orthogonal coordinatestotheaxisofthesourceline; sourcelinesrepresentingmovingvehicles,eachassociatedwithsoundpower L W anddirectivityasafunctionofthetwoorthogonalcoordinatestotheaxis ofthesourcelineandsoundpowerpermetre L W derivedbymeansofthe speedandnumberofvehiclestravellingalongthislineduringday,eveningand night; Foranareasource,soundpowerpersquaremetre L W/m2, andnodirectivity(maybe horizontalorvertical). The working hours are an essential input for the calculation of noise levels. The working hours should be given for the day, evening and night period and, if the propagation is using different meteorological classes defined during each of the day, night and evening periods, then a finer distribution of the working hours should be given in subperiods matching the distribution of meteorologicalclasses.thisinformationshouldbebasedonayearlyaverage. The correction for the working hours, to be added to the source sound power to define the corrected sound power that is to be used for calculations over each time period, C W in db is calculatedasfollows: C W 10 lg t (V1) T 0 70 of 180

71 where t istheactivesourcetimeperperiodbasedonayearlyaveragedsituation,inhours; T 0 isthereferenceperiodoftimeinhours(e.g.dayis12hours,eveningis4hours,nightis 8hours). Forthemoredominantsources,theyearlyaverageworkinghourscorrectionshouldbeestimated atleastwithin0.5dbtoleranceinordertoachieveanacceptableaccuracy(thisisequivalenttoan uncertaintyoflessthan10%inthedefinitionoftheactiveperiodofthesource). V.2.2.Sourcedirectivity The source directivity is strongly related to the position of the equivalent sound source next to nearbysurfaces.becausethepropagationmethodconsidersthereflectionofthenearbysurfaceas wellitssoundabsorption,itisnecessarytoconsidercarefullythelocationofthenearbysurfaces. Ingeneral,thesetwocaseswillalwaysbedistinguished: asourcesoundpoweranddirectivityisdeterminedandgivenrelativetoacertain real source when this is in free field (excluding the terrain effect). This is in agreementwiththedefinitionofsectioni.2.1ifitisassumedthatthereisnonearby surface less than 0.01 m from the source and surfaces at 0.01 m or more are includedinthecalculationofthepropagation; asourcesoundpoweranddirectivityisdeterminedandgivenrelativetoacertain realsourcewhenthisisplacedinaspecificlocationandthereforethesourcesound poweranddirectivityisinfactan equivalent one,sinceitincludesthemodellingof the effect of the nearby surfaces. This is defined in semifree field according to SectionI.2.1.Inthiscase,thenearbysurfacesmodelledshouldbeexcludedfromthe calculationofpropagation. Thedirectivitywillbeexpressedinthecalculationasafactor L W,dir,xyz (x, y, z) tobeaddedtothe soundpowertoobtaintherightdirectionalsoundpowerofareferencesoundsourceseenbythe soundpropagationinthedirectiongiven.thefactorcanbegivenasafunctionofthedirection vectordefinedby(x,y,z) with x y z 1. Thisdirectivitycanalsobeexpressedbymeans ofothercoordinatesystemssuchasangularcoordinatesystems. V.2.3.Measurements Fortrafficnoise,onecanassumethatthevarietyofdifferentcarsoverawholeyearcanbetaken asastandardaveragedcarwithacertainspeed.thisisnotthecaseforindustry,wherethesame sourcestendtobepresentforaverylongtimeandsonoaveragingtakesplace.therefore,each relevantsourceshouldbemeasuredtoobtainaccuratesourcesandnoisemaps. There are a considerable number of standards and guidelines on measurement methods for industrial noise sources. These standards are meant to be the best practices to use for the determination of sound power levels and directivity for different source types, from extended sourcessuchasindustrialsitesasawhole,tosmallappliancesandmachinery. Thefollowingisaclassificationofsuchasetofstandardstobeused: 71 of 180

72 Standards that describe general methods for classes of noise sources, special methodsforspecificsinglenoisesourcesormethodsforwholeplantsorindustries; Standardsthatwereoriginallyintendedtoprovidedatafortheassessmentof thesourcesoundpowerlevel workplacenoise acomparisonofthenoiseemissionsofdifferentsourcesofakind noiseemissionsunderspecificoperatingconditions; Standardsthatapplytomeasurementsinthefieldorinspecialtestrooms; Standardsofdifferentgradesofaccuracy; Standardsthatrequirespecialmeasuringequipment. Itislogicaltoalsorelyonthesestandardsformeasurementswheretheobjectiveistodetermine thesourcesoundpowerlevelanddirectivitytobeusedwiththismethod.alistofsuchstandards isgiveninappendixva. Unfortunately, the methods described in the standards are often not specifically intended for providinginputdatafornoisemappingpurposes,sotheremaybecertainshortcomingsinusinga specificstandardforthatpurposeevenif,inprinciple,itisapplicabletothesource(s)inquestion. Ontheotherhand,insomecasesthedescribedmethodscanbeimprovedbysimplemeansto yieldthedesiredinformationeveniftheywerenotoriginallydesignedtoprovidethatinformation. Accordingly,theenduserwhoislookingforanappropriatemeasurementmethodforacquiring input data from his/her particular sound source for noise mapping has to choose from these differentstandards. V.2.4.Useofpredefineddatabase The preferred approach is to perform measurements of the source, but if this is not possible a databasecanbeusedfordeterminingthesourcesoundpoweranddirectivityaswellastypical working hours for each source. A default database is given in Appendix VB. 72 of 180

73 AppendixVA To collect appropriate sound power spectra for use in the calculation of industrial noise, it is advisabletomakeuseofthefollowingstandards: AppendixVB soundpressureenvelopingsurfacemethod(iso3744and3746) reverberationroommethod(iso3741) referencesoundsourcemethod(iso3747) intensitymethod(iso961413) multisourceindustrialplants(iso8297) transmissionoutdoors(en123544) To find default values for industrial noise, a database will be elaborated during Phase B of CNOSSOSEUandmadeavailablebyCNOSSOSEUWG/DT7. 73 of 180

74 74 of 180

75 CHAPTERVI.SOUNDPROPAGATION VI.1.Scopeandapplicabilityofthemethod This document specifies a method for calculating the attenuation of noise during its outdoor propagation. Knowing the characteristics of the source, this method helps to determine the equivalent continuous sound pressure level at a receiver point corresponding to two particular typesofatmosphericconditions: downwardrefraction propagation conditions (positive vertical gradient of effective soundcelerity)fromthesourcetothereceiver; homogeneous atmospheric conditions (null vertical gradient of effective sound celerity)overtheentireareaofpropagation. Themethodofcalculationdescribedinthisdocumentappliestoindustrialinfrastructuresandland transport infrastructures. It therefore applies in particular to road and railway infrastructures. Aircraft transport is included in the scope of the method only for the noise produced during groundoperationsandexcludestakeoffandlanding. Industrialinfrastructuresthatemitimpulsiveorstrongtonalnoisesdonotfallwithinthescopeof thismethod. Themethodofcalculationdoesnotprovideresultsinupwardrefractionpropagationconditions (negativeverticalgradientofeffectivesoundcelerity). Tocalculatetheattenuationduetoatmosphericabsorptioninthecaseoftransportinfrastructure, thetemperatureandhumidityconditionsaredefinedinaconventionalway. Themethodprovidesresultsperoctaveband,from63Hzto4000Hz.Thecalculationsaremade foreachofthecentrefrequencies. Themethodisbasedonabreakdownoftheinfrastructuresintopointsources. Thelimitofvalidityofthecalculationsintermsofdistanceis800mforanormaldistancetothe road.onlyreceiverpointslocatedatleast2mhighinrelationtothegroundmaybetakeninto account. Themethodofcalculationdoesnotapplytopropagationscenariosaboveawaterbody(lake,wide river,etc.). The method of calculation applies to any type of environment: rural environment, urban environment,including Ushaped streets. Partialcoversandobstaclesslopingmorethan15 inrelationtotheverticalareonlydealtwithby thismethodwhenitisappliedinthreedimensions. Theeffectsoftunnelmouthsarenotdealtwithbythemethodproposedinthisdocument. This method considers obstacles to be equivalent to flat surfaces. Successive diffraction calculationsarenotdealtwithbythisdocument;theyaretreatedasmultiplediffractions. Theapplicationofthisdocumentassumesdetailedknowledgeof: thetopographyofthesites thegeometryofthesourceandobstacles 75 of 180

76 theacousticcharacteristicsoftheobstacles thenatureoftheground thesoundpowerofthesources theoccurrencesofmeteorologicaldownwardrefractionconditionsinalltheoreach propagationdirectionconcerned. VI.2.Setupofthemodel VI.2.1.Definitionsused Alldistances,heights,dimensionsandaltitudesusedinthisdocumentareexpressedinmetres(m). ThenotationMNstandsforthedistancebetweenthepointsMandN,measuredaccordingtoa straightlinejoiningthesepoints. ThenotationMˆNstandsforthecurvedpathlengthbetweenthepointsMandN,infavourable conditions. Itiscustomaryforrealheightsmeasuredverticallyinrelationtothegroundtobenotedbythe letterh;equivalentheightsmeasuredorthogonallyinrelationtothemeangroundplanearenoted bytheletterz. Thesoundlevels,notedbythecapitalletterL,areexpressedindecibels(dB)perfrequencyband whenindexaisomitted.thesoundlevelsindecibelsdb(a)aregiventheindexa. The sum of the sound levels due to mutually incoherent sources is noted by the sign in accordancewiththefollowingdefinition: L 1 L 2 10 lg 10 10L 10L (VI1) VI.2.2.Geometricalconsiderations VI.2.2.a.Sourcesegmentation Realsourcesaredescribedbyasetofpointsourcesor,inthecaseofrailwaytrafficorroadtraffic, byincoherentsourcelines.asourcelineisdividedintolinesegmentswhicharerepresentedby pointsourceslocatedattheircentre. Computationaltimecanbereducedbyreducingthenumberofpointsources:thiscanbeachieved byusinglongersegmentsand,inthecaseofroadtraffic,areducednumberoflanes. VI.2.2.b.Propagationpaths AsmentionedinSectionI.2.1,CNOSSOSEUoperatesonageometricalmodelconsistingofasetof connected ground and obstacles surfaces.apropagation path is a vertical plane through the receiverandapointsource. VI.2.2.c.Calculationofthemeanplane Intheplaneofthepath,thetopographymaybedescribedbyasetofdiscretepoints (x k, z k ); k 76 of 180

77 {1,,n}. Thedeterminationofthemeanplanebylinearregressionaccordingtotheleastsquaresmeans that the (x k, z k ) are linearly spaced. In the opposite case, the mean plane will in general be erroneous. Therecommendedspacingis1minabscissabetween (x k, z k ) and (x k+1, z k+1 ). Choosingawider spacingshouldbejustified. Itisassumedthatthexincreasesfromthesourcetothereceiver.Whentheavailablesetofpoints isnotregularlyspaced,anewsetofpointsshouldbedeterminedasfollows: x j z j x k1 x k j 1 x k1 x k 2 z k1 z k 2 z k1 z k j 1 x k1 x k 2 z k1 z k 2 s x k s z k (VI2) where s isthestepinmetres. AmaincharacteristicofthesetofpointsproducedbyEquation(VI2)isthatitcontainstheoriginal scatterpoints.since,ingeneral,aperfectlyregularsetofpointscannotbecreatedfromasetof pointsthatisnotregular,thesetofpointsproducedbyequation(vi2)coincides totheleft with theoriginalscatter. An irregularly spaced set of points may also be considered as defining a polyline of straight segments z k = a k x+b k, x [x k,x k+1 ]; k {1,.n},andthereforethestraightline z = ax+b; x [x 1, x n ], whichisadjustedtothepolyline,canbeanalyticallyexpressedaccordingtotheleastsquares. Thefollowingiswritten: n1 A 2 a 3 k x k1 x k b k x k1 x k n1 k1 n1 k1 2 2 B a k x k1 x k 2b k x k1 x k k1 n1 k1 Withthesenotations,thestraightlinesoughthasthefollowingcoefficients: a 3(2A B(x n x 1 )) x n x 1 3 x n x 1 B 3x n x 1 4 x n x 1 A 3 b 2 x 3 3 x n 1 (VI3) (VI4) VI.2.2.d.Reflectionsbybuildingfaçadesandotherverticalobstacles Contributionsfromreflectionsaretakenintoaccount,forexamplebytheintroductionofimage sourcesorimagereceivers. 77 of 180

78 VI.2.3.Soundpropagationmodel VI.2.3.a.Calculationapproach ForareceiverRthecalculationsaremadeaccordingtothefollowingsteps: 1) breakdown of the noise sources into point sources, if not already expressed as point sources; 2) determinationofthedirectionalsoundpowerperfrequencybandofeachsource; 3) calculationoftheprobabilityofoccurrenceoffavourableconditionsforeachdirection sources i toreceiverr (S i,r); 4) search for propagation paths between each source and receiver: direct, reflected and/ordiffractedpaths; 5) oneachpropagationpath: calculationoftheattenuationinfavourableconditions; calculationoftheattenuationinhomogeneousconditions; calculationoftheoccurrenceinfavourableconditions; calculationofthelongtermsoundlevelforeachpath; 6) accumulationofthelongtermsoundlevelsforeachpath,thereforeallowingthetotal soundleveltobecalculatedatthereceiverpoint. It should be noted that only the attenuations due to the ground effect (A ground ) and diffraction (A dif ) areaffectedbymeteorologicalconditions. VI.2.3.b.Calculationprocess For a point source S of directional sound power L w,0,dir and for a given frequency band, the equivalentcontinuoussoundpressurelevelatareceiverpoint R ingivenatmosphericconditionsis obtainedaccordingtotheequationsfollowingbelow. VI.2.3.c.Soundlevelinfavourableconditions (L F )forapath (S,R) L F L W,0,dir A F (VI5) Theterm A F representsthetotalattenuationalongthepropagationpathinfavourableconditions, andisbrokendownasfollows: A F A div A atm A boundary,f (VI6) where A div A atm A boundary,f istheattenuationduetogeometricaldivergence; istheattenuationduetoatmosphericabsorption; istheattenuationdue totheboundaryofthe propagationmediuminfavourable conditions.itmaycontainthefollowingterms: A ground,f whichistheattenuationduetothegroundinfavourableconditions; A dif,f whichistheattenuationduetodiffractioninfavourableconditions. 78 of 180

79 Foragivenpathandfrequencyband,thefollowingtwoscenariosarepossible: - either A ground,f (A dif,f =0dB) iscalculatedwithnodiffractionand A boundary,f = A ground,f ; - or A dif,f (A ground,f = 0 db) is calculated. The ground effect is taken into account in the A dif,f equationitself.thisthereforegives A boundary,f = A dif,f. VI.2.3.d.Soundlevelinhomogeneousconditions (L H )forapath (S,R) Theprocedureisstrictlyidenticaltothecaseoffavourableconditionspresentedintheprevious section. L H L W,0,dir A H (VI7) The term A H represents the total attenuation along the propagation path in homogeneous conditionsandisbrokendownasfollows: where A H A div A atm A boundary,h A div istheattenuationduetogeometricaldivergence; (VI8) atm istheattenuationduetoatmosphericabsorption; A boundary,h istheattenuationduetotheboundaryofthepropagationmediuminhomogeneous conditions.itmaycontainthefollowingterms: ground,h whichistheattenuationduetothegroundinhomogeneousconditions; A dif,h whichistheattenuationduetodiffractioninhomogeneousconditions. Foragivenpathandoctaveband,thefollowingtwoscenariosarepossible: - either ground,h (A dif,h =0dB) iscalculatedwithnodiffractionand A boundary,h = ground,h ; - or A dif,h ( ground,h =0dB) iscalculated.thegroundeffectistakenintoaccountinthe A dif,h equationitself.thisthereforegives A boundary,h = A dif,h VI.2.3.e.Longtermsoundlevelforapath (S,R) The longterm soundlevelalongapathstartingfromagivenpointsourceisobtainedbyenergy summing the sound level in homogeneous conditions L H and the sound level in favourable conditions L F. These sound levels are weighted by the mean occurrence p of favourable conditions in the directionofthepath (S,R): L F L LT 10lg 10 p 10 (1 p)10 L H 10 (VI9) NB:Theoccurrencevaluesforpareexpressedinpercentages.Soforexample,iftheoccurrence valueis82%,equation(vi9) wouldhavep = of 180

80 VI.2.3.f.LongtermsoundlevelatpointRforallpaths The total longterm sound level atthe receiver for a onefrequency band is obtained byenergy summingcontributionsfromallnpaths,alltypesincluded: L n,lt 10 L tot,lt 10 lg10 (VI10) n where n istheindexofthepathsbetween S and R. Taking reflections into account by means of image sources is described in Section VI.4.5. The percentage of occurrences of favourable conditions in the case of a path reflected on a vertical obstacleistakentobeidenticaltotheoccurrenceofthedirectpath. If S' istheimagesourceof S, thentheoccurrence p' ofthepath (S',R) istakentobeequaltothe occurrencepofthepath(s i,r). VI.2.3.g.LongtermsoundlevelatpointRindecibelsA(dBA) ThetotalsoundlevelindecibelsA(dBA)isobtainedbysumminglevelsineachfrequencyband: 10 L Aeq,LT 10 lg 10 L tot,lt,iawc f,i (VI11) i where i istheindexofthefrequencyband. AWC is theaweightingcorrectionaccordingtothe internationalstandardiec61672:2003. Thislevel L Aeq,LT constitutesthefinalresult,i.e.thelongtermaweightedsoundpressurelevelat thereceiverpointonaspecificreferencetimeinterval(e.g.dayorevening,ornightorashorter timeduringday,eveningornightwhenconstantsourceconditionsarefound). VI.3Propagationanalysis VI.3.1.Receiver Thereceiverpointsshouldnotbeplacedlessthan2mabovetheground.Thisheightshouldbe known to the nearest 0.10 m at least to limit any uncertainty on the results, in particular if diffractionispresent. Bydefault,themethodcalculatessoundlevelswithouttakingthelastreflectionfromabuilding façadeintoaccountforareceiverclosetoafaçade. To meet the application requirements of the regulations in force in terms of noise thresholds, receiversshouldgenerallybeplaced2minfrontofbuildingfaçades.thefaçadeeffect,ifrequired tobetakenintoaccount,canthenbeapproximatedeitherby: addingapredefinedcorrectionof+3db(a)tothe L Aeq,LT calculated; adding a more precise correction as a function of the frequency and site characteristics;or calculatingthereflectionaccordingtothemethoddescribedinsectionvi of 180

81 VI.3.2.Elementarypropagationpaths Ingeneral,fourtypesofpathscanbeconsideredwhicharedescribedinthefollowingsubsections. VI.3.2.a.Type1paths Theseare direct pathsfromthesourcetothereceiver,whicharestraightpathsinplaneviewand whichmayneverthelessincludediffractionsonthehorizontaledgesofobstacles(seefigurevi.1). Thesearetheeasiestscenariostodealwith. FigureVI.1:Type1path The2Dsectionofthegeometryiscreatedinaverticalplanepassingthroughtheidentifiedpath. VI.3.2.bType2paths Thesearepathsreflectedonverticalorslightlysloping(<15 )obstacles,asshowninfigurevi.2, whichmayalsoincludediffractionsonthehorizontaledgesofobstacles(seefigurevi.3). FigureVI.2:Type2path 81 of 180

82 FigureVI.3:Type2pathwithdiffractiononhorizontaledge Theprincipleistoapplytheimagemethod(seeSectionVI.4.5).A2Dsectionofthegeometryis createdinasuccessionofverticalplanespassingthroughthestraightsegmentslocatedbetween two reflections. The section is obtained by unfolding these planes, which resemble a Japanese screen,andthereflectionsaretakenintoaccountbyallocatingthesoundpowerofatermwhich takes into account the reflection coefficient of each vertical surface encountered. If the order equals1,thepower L' w tobeconsideredisobtainedinaccordancewithequation(vi35).ifthe orderequals2,thepower L" w tobeconsideredisobtainedbyapplyingequation(vi35)where L w is replaced by L' w and L' w by L" w. This continues until the required order n is reached. The calculationisthenmadeinthe2dverticalsectioninaccordancewiththeindicationsinsection VI.4.5. VI.3.2.c.Type3paths Thesearethepathsdiffractedbythelateraledgesofobstacles(seeFigureVI.4). FigureVI.4:Type3path The principle is to determine each term of Equation (VI33) in homogeneous conditions and Equation(VI34)infavourableconditions: 82 of 180

83 theterm dif(s,r) isobtainedbycalculatingthepathdifference betweenthedirectpath andtheconvexhullpathoflateraledgesinthehorizontalplane; theterma ground isdeterminedwithouttakingthepresenceoftheshieldintoaccount. VI.3.2.d.Type4paths These are mixed paths which are diffracted by the lateral edges of obstacles and reflected by verticalsurfaces(<15 ).Thecalculationisthereforethesameasfortype3pathswithasimple correctionofthesourcepowerasfortype2paths. FigureVI.5:Type4paths VI.4.Calculationsonanelementarypath ThissectionapplieswhentheEuclideandistancebetweenthesourceandthereceiverdoesnot exceed2000m.theotherpathsareignored. VI.4.1.Geometricaldivergence Theattenuationduetogeometricaldivergence,A div,correspondstoareductioninthesoundlevel duethepropagationdistance.forapointsoundsourceinfreefield,theattenuationindbisgiven by: A div 20 lg(d) 11 whered isthedirectdistancebetweenthesourceandthereceiver. VI.4.2.Atmosphericabsorption 83 of 180 (VI12) Theattenuationduetoatmosphericabsorption A atm duringpropagationoveradistance disgiven indbbytheequation: where A atm atm d /1000 (VI13)

84 d isthedirectdistancebetweenthesourceandthereceiverinm; atm is the atmospheric attenuation coefficient in db/km at the nominal centre frequencyforeachfrequencyband,inaccordancewithiso Thevaluesofthe atm coefficientaregivenforatemperatureof15 C,arelativehumidityof70% andanatmosphericpressureof101325pa.theyarecalculatedwiththeexactcentrefrequencies of the frequency band. These values comply with ISO Using other temperature and humidityvaluesisallowed,providedthattheserepresentameteorologicalaverageoverthelong term. VI.4.3.Groundeffect The attenuation due to the ground effect is mainly the result of the interference between the reflected sound and the sound that is propagated directly from the source to the receiver. It is physically linked to the acoustic absorption of the ground above which the sound wave is propagated. However, it is also significantly dependent on atmospheric conditions during propagation, as ray bending modifies the height of the path above the ground and makes the groundeffectsandlandlocatednearthesourcemoreorlesssignificant. VI.4.3.a.Significantheightsabovetheground Totakeintoaccounttheactualreliefofthelandalongapropagationpathinthebestpossibleway, thenotionof equivalentheight isintroduced,whichsubstitutesrealheightsinthegroundeffect equations. Inthisdocument,itiscustomaryforrealheightsabovethegroundtobenotedbyhandequivalent heights to be noted by z. The equivalent heights are obtained from the mean ground plane between the source and the receiver. This replaces the actual ground with a fictitious plane representing the mean profile of the land (see Figure VI.6). Instructions on the method for calculatingthemeanplanearegiveninsectionvi of 180

85 1:Actualrelief 2:Meanplane FigureVI.6:Equivalentheightsinrelationtotheground The equivalent height of a point is its orthogonal height in relation to this mean plane. The equivalentheight z s andtheequivalentreceiverheight z r canthereforebedefined.thedistance betweenthesourceandreceiverinprojectionoverthemeanplaneisnotedby d p. Iftheequivalentheightofapointbecomesnegative,i.e.ifthepointislocatedabovethemean groundplane,anullheightisretained,andtheequivalentpointisthenidenticalwithitspossible imageifthereisdiffraction. VI.4.3.b.Acousticcharacterisationofground Theacousticabsorptionpropertiesofthegroundaremainlylinkedtoitsporosity.Compactground isgenerallyreflectiveandporousgroundisabsorbent. Foroperationalcalculationrequirements,theacousticabsorptionofagroundisrepresentedbya dimensionless coefficientg,between0and1. G isindependentofthefrequency.tablevi.1gives theg valuesforthegroundoutdoors.ingeneral,theaverageofthe coefficientgoverapathtakes valuesbetween0and1.herethemeang representstheabsorbentfractionalongthepath.foran example,seefigurevi of 180

86 TableVI.1:Gvaluesfordifferenttypesofground Description Type (kpas/m 2 ) Gvalue Verysoft(snowor mosslike) A Softforestfloor (short,dense heatherlikeorthick moss) B Uncompacted,loose ground(turf,grass, loosesoil) Normal uncompacted ground(forest floors,pasturefield) C 80 1 D Compactedfieldand gravel(compacted lawns,parkarea) Compacteddense ground(gravelroad, carpark) E F Hardsurfaces(most normalasphalt, concrete) G Veryhardanddense surfaces(dense asphalt,concrete, water) H G path isdefinedasthefractionofabsorbentgroundpresentovertheentirepathcovered. Whenthesourceandreceiverareclose d p 30(z s + z r ), thedistinctionbetweenthetypeofground locatednearthesourceandthegroundlocatednearthereceiverisnegligible.ifthereceiveris very close to the edge of the platform, an absorbent ground receiver side should not be considered. To take this comment into account, the ground factor G path is therefore ultimately correctedasfollows: 86 of 180

87 G' path G path d p G 1 s 30 z s z r G path d p 30 z s z r if d p 30z s z r otherwise (VI14) whereg s isthegroundfactorofthesourcearea. G s =0forroadplatforms 7,slabtracks. G s =1forrail tracksonballast.thereisnogeneralanswerinthecaseofindustrialsourcesandplants. G maybelinkedtotheflowresistivity. d d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d d d 3 4 G path 0 d 1 0 d 2 1 d 3 1 d 4 d FigureVI.7:Determinationofthegroundcoefficient G path overapropagationpath SubsectionsVI.4.3.candVI.4.3.dintroducethegeneric G and G notationsfortheabsorptionof w m theground.tablevi.2givesthecorrespondencebetweenthesenotationsandthe G path and G path variables. 7 Theabsorptionofporousroadpavementsistakenintoaccountintheemissionmodel 87 of 180

88 TableVI.2:Correspondencebetween G w and G m and (G path, G path ) Homogeneousconditions Favourableconditions A ground ground(s,o) ground(o,r) A ground ground(s,o) ground(o,r) G w G path G path G m G path G path G ' path G path VI.4.3.c.Calculationsinhomogeneousconditions Theattenuationduetothegroundeffectinhomogeneousconditionsiscalculatedaccordingtothe followingequations: if G path 0 A ground,h max 10 lg 4 k 2 z 2 2 d s 2C f p k where z s C f k z 2 2C f r k z r C f k, A ground,h,min (VI15) k 2 f m c f m is the nominal centre frequency of the frequency band considered, in Hz, c is the celerityofthesoundintheair,takenasequalto340m/s,and C f isdefinedby: C f d p 1 3wd p e 1 wd p wd p (VI16) wherethevaluesof w aregivenbytheequationbelow: f w m G w f m G w f m G w (VI17) G w maybeequaltoeither G path or G path dependingonwhetherthegroundeffectiscalculated withorwithoutdiffraction,andaccordingtothenatureofthesourcepoint.thisisspecifiedinthe followingsubsections. A ground,h,min 3(1G m ) (VI18) isthelowerboundof A ground,h. Forapath (S i,r) inhomogeneousconditionswithoutdiffraction: G w = G path G m = G path Withdiffraction,refertoSectionVI.4.4forthedefinitionsof G w andg m. 88 of 180

89 if G path = 0 : A ground,h =3dB The term 3 1Gm takes into account the fact that when the source and the receiver are far apart,thefirstreflectionsourcesideisnolongerontheplatformbutonnaturalland. VI.4.3.dCalculationinfavourableconditions The ground effect in favourable conditions is calculated with the equation of A ground,h, provided thatthefollowingmodificationsaremade: If G path 0 a) Intheequationof A ground,h, theheights z s and z r arereplacedby z s + z s + z T and z r + z r + z T respectivelywhere z z s a s 0 z s z r z z r a r 0 z s z r 2 2 d p d p a o =2x10 4 m 1 isthereverseoftheradiusofcurvature d p z T z s z r 2 (VI19) b) Thelowerboundof A ground,f dependsonthegeometryofthepath: IfG path =0 A ground,f,min 31G m if d p 30z s z r 3 1G m z z s r dp otherwise (VI20) A ground,f, =A ground,f,min Theheightcorrections z s and z r conveytheeffectofthesoundraybending. z T accountsfor theeffectoftheturbulence. G m may also be equal to either G path or G path depending on whether the ground effect is calculatedwithorwithoutdiffraction,andaccordingtothenatureofsourcepoint.thisisspecified inthefollowingsubsections. Forapath (S i,r) infavourableconditionswithoutdiffraction: G w = G path inequation(vi17); G m = G path. With diffraction, refer to Section VI.4.4 for the definitions of G w and G m. 89 of 180

90 VI.4.4.Diffraction As a general rule, the diffraction should be studied at the top of each obstacle located on the propagationpath.ifthepathpasses highenough overthediffractionedge, A dif =0 canbesetand adirectviewcalculated,inparticularbyevaluating A ground (SectionVI.4.3). Inpractice,foreachfrequencybandcentrefrequency,thepathdifference iscomparedwiththe quantity - / 20. Ifthepathdifference islessthan - / 20,thereisnoneedtocalculate A dif forthe frequencybandconsidered.inotherwords, A dif =0inthiscase. Otherwise, A dif iscalculatedas described in the remainder of this part. This rule applies in both homogeneous and favourable conditions,forbothsingleandmultiplediffraction. When,foragivenfrequencyband,acalculationismadeaccordingtotheproceduredescribedin thissection, A ground issetasequalto0dbwhencalculatingthetotalattenuation.theground effectistakenintoaccountdirectlyinthegeneraldiffractioncalculationequation. Theequationsproposedhereareusedtoprocessthediffractiononthinscreens,thickscreens, buildings, earth berms (natural or artificial), and by the edges of embankments, cuttings and viaducts. Whenseveraldiffractingobstaclesareencounteredonapropagationpath,theyaretreatedasa singlemultiplediffractionbyapplyingtheproceduredescribedinsectionvi.4.4.c. The procedures presented here are used to calculate the attenuations in both homogeneous conditionsandfavourableconditions.raybendingistakenintoaccountinthecalculationofthe pathdifferenceandtocalculatethegroundeffectsbeforeandafterdiffraction. VI.4.4.a.Generalprinciples FigureVI.8illustratesthegeneralmethodofcalculationoftheattenuationduetodiffraction.This methodisbasedonbreakingdownthepropagationpathintotwoparts:the sourceside path, located between the source and the diffraction point, and the receiver side path, located betweenthediffractionpointandthereceiver. Thefollowingarecalculated: agroundeffect,sourceside, ground(s,o) agroundeffect,receiverside, ground(o,r) andthreediffractions: betweenthesourcesandthereceiver R: dif(s,r) betweentheimagesource S ' and R: dif(s',r) between S andtheimagereceiver R': dif(s,r'). 90 of 180

91 1:Sourceside 2:Receiverside FigureVI.8:Geometryofacalculationoftheattenuationduetodiffraction where S isthesource; R isthereceiver; S ' istheimagesourceinrelationtothemeangroundplanesourceside; R' istheimagereceiverinrelationtothemeangroundplanereceiverside; O isthediffractionpoint; z s istheequivalentheightofthesources inrelationtothemeanplanesourceside; z o,s istheequivalentheightofthediffractionpoint O inrelationtothemeangroundplane sourceside; z r istheequivalentheightofthereceiver R inrelationtothemeanplanereceiverside; z o,r istheequivalentheightofthediffractionpoint O inrelationtothemeangroundplane receiverside. The irregularity of the ground between the source and the diffraction point, and between the diffractionpointandthereceiver,istakenintoaccountbymeansofequivalentheightscalculated inrelationtothemeangroundplane,sourcesidefirstandreceiversidesecond(twomeanground planes),accordingtothemethoddescribedinsubsectionvi.4.3.a. VI.4.4.b.Purediffraction Forpurediffraction,withnogroundeffects,theattenuationisgivenby: 10C dif h lg 3 40 C 40 '' if C '' 2 0 otherwise (VI21) 91 of 180

92 where C h min f h m 0 250,1 (VI22) where f m isthenominalcentrefrequencyofafrequencyband; h 0 isthegreatestoftwoheightsofthediffractionedgeinrelationtoeachofthetwomean groundplanessourcesideandreceiverside; isthewavelengthatthenominalcentrefrequencyofthefrequencybandconsidered; isthepathdifferencebetweenthediffractedpathandthedirectpath(seesubsection VI.4.4.c); C" isacoefficientusedtotakeintoaccountmultiplediffractions: C" =1forasinglediffraction. Foramultiplediffraction,if e isthetotaldistancebetweenthediffractionclosesttothesourceand thediffractionclosesttothereceiver(seefiguresvi.9andvi.11)andif e exceeds0.3m(otherwise C" =1),thiscoefficientisdefinedby: C ''' 2 (VI23) e e Thevaluesof dif shallbebound: if dif <0: dif =0dB if dif >25: dif = 25dBforadiffractiononahorizontaledgeandonlyontheterm dif whichfiguresinthecalculationof A dif. Thisupperboundshallnotbeappliedinthe dif termsthatinterveneinthecalculationof ground, orforadiffractiononaverticaledge (lateraldiffraction). VI.4.4.c.Calculationofthepathdifference Thepathdifference iscalculatedinaverticalplanecontainingthesourceandthereceiver.thisis anapproximationinrelationtothefermatprinciple.theapproximationremainsapplicablehere (sourcelines).thepathdifference iscalculatedasinthefollowingfiguresofsubsectionvi.4.4.c, basedonthesituationsencountered. 92 of 180

93 VI.4.4.c.1.Homogeneousconditions FigureVI.9:Calculationofthepathdifferenceinhomogeneousconditions.O, O 1 ando 2 arethediffraction points Note: Foreachconfiguration,theexpressionof isgiven. VI.4.4.c.2.Favourableconditions In favourable conditions, it is considered that the three curved sound rays SO, OR, and SR have an identical radius of curvature defined by: = max(1000,8d) (V-6) (33) where d is the length of the straight segment SR. 1 st case 2 nd case 3 rd case FigureVI.10:Calculationofthepathdifferenceinfavourableconditions(singlediffraction) Infavourableconditions,itisconsideredthatthethreecurvedsoundraysSO,OR,andSRhavean identicalradiusofcurvaturedefinedby: max 1000,8d (VI24) 93 of 180

94 ThelengthofasoundraycurveMNisnoted ˆMN infavourableconditions.thislengthisequalto: ˆMN 2arcsin MN 2 (VI25) In principle, three scenarios should be considered in the calculation of the path difference in favourableconditions F (seefigurevi.10).inpractice,twoequationsaresufficient: ifthestraightsoundray SR ismaskedbytheobstacle(1 st and2 nd caseinfigurevi.10): F ŜO ÔR ŜR (VI26) ifthestraightsoundray SR isnotmaskedbytheobstacle(3 rd caseinfigurevi.10): F 2ŜA 2ÂR ŜO ÔR ŜR (VI27) where A is the intersection of the straight sound ray SR and the extension of the diffracting obstacle. Forthemultiplediffractionsinfavourableconditions: determinetheconvexhulldefinedbythevariouspotentialdiffractionedges; eliminatethediffractionedgeswhicharenotontheboundaryoftheconvexhull; calculate F based on the lengths of the curved sound ray, by breaking down the diffractedpathintoasmanycurvedsegmentsasnecessary(seefigurevi.11) in1 F SÔ1 O Ô Ôn i i1 R ŜR (VI28) i1 FigureVI.11:Exampleofcalculationofthepathdifferenceinfavourableconditions,inthecaseofmultiple diffractions InthescenariopresentedinFigureVI.11,thepathdifferenceis: F SÔ1 O 1 Ô 2 O 2 Ô 3 O 3 Ô 4 Ô4 R S ˆR (VI29) VI.4.4.d.Calculationoftheattenuation A dif Theattenuationduetodiffraction,takingthegroundeffectsonthesourcesideandreceiverside intoaccount,iscalculatedaccordingtothefollowinggeneralequations: A dif dif (S,R) ground (S,O) ground (O,R) 94 of 180 (VI30)

95 where dif (S,R) istheattenuationduetothediffractionbetweenthesource S andthereceiver R; ground(s,o) istheattenuationduetothegroundeffectonthesourceside,weightedbythe diffractiononthesourceside(seesubsectionvi.4.4.d.1); ground(o,r) istheattenuationduetothegroundeffectonthereceiverside,weightedbythe diffractiononthereceiverside(seesubsectionvi.4.4.d.2). VI.4.4.d.1.Calculationoftheterm ground(s,o) where A ground ( S,O ) dif 20 ground (S,O) 20 lg ( S ',R)dif ( S,R ) 20 (VI31) A ground(s,o) is the attenuation due to the ground effect between the source S and the diffraction point O. This term is calculated as indicated in Subsection VI.4.3.c in homogeneous conditions and in Subsection VI.4.3.d in favourable conditions, with the followinghypotheses: z r =z o,s ; G path iscalculatedbetween S and O; Inhomogeneousconditions: G w = G ' path inequation(vi17), G m = G ' path inequation(vi18); Infavourableconditions: G m = G path inequation(vi17), G m = G ' path inequation(vi20); dif(s',r) is the attenuation due to the diffraction between the image source S and R, calculatedasinsubsectionvi.4.4.b; dif(s,r) is the attenuation due to the diffraction between S and R, calculated as in SubsectionVI.4.4.b. VI.4.4.d.2.Calculationoftheterm ground(o,r) ground (O,R) 20lg 1 10 A ground (O,R) where 95 of 180 dif ( S,R') dif ( S,R ) 20 (VI32) A ground (O,R) istheattenuationduetothegroundeffectbetweenthediffractionpoint O and thereceiver R. ThistermiscalculatedasindicatedinSubsectionVI.4.3.cinhomogeneous conditions and in Subsection VI.4.3.d in favourable conditions, with the following hypotheses: z s = z o,r G path iscalculatedbetween O and R. The G ' path correctiondoesnotneedtobetakenintoaccounthereasthesourceconsideredisthe diffraction point. Therefore, G path should indeed be used in the calculation of ground effects,

96 includingforthelowerboundtermoftheequationwhichbecomes -3(1- G path ). Inhomogeneousconditions, Gw inequation(vi17)(and Gm inequation(vi18))isequal tog path ; Infavourableconditions, Gw inequation(vi17)(and Gm inequation(vi20))isequalto G path ; dif(s,r') is the attenuation due to the diffraction between S and the image receiver R', calculatedasinsectionvi.4.4.b; dif(s,r) is the attenuation due to the diffraction between S and R, calculated as in SubsectionVI.4.4.b. VI.4.4.e.Verticaledgescenarios Equation(VI.21)maybeusedtocalculatethediffractionsonverticaledges(lateraldiffractions).If thisisthecase, A dif = dif(s,r) istakenandtheterm A ground iskept.inaddition, A atm and A ground will becalculatedfromthetotallengthofthepropagationpath. A div isstillcalculatedfromthedirect distanced.equations(vi8)and(vi6)respectivelybecome: A H A div A path path A atm ground,h dif,h (S,R) A F A div A path path A atm ground,f dif,h (S,R) (VI33) (VI34) dif isindeedusedinhomogeneousconditionsinequation(vi34). VI.4.5.Reflectionsonverticalobstacles VI.4.5.a.Attenuationthroughabsorption The reflections on vertical obstacles are dealt with by means of image sources. Reflections on buildingfaçadesandnoisebarriersarethustreatedinthisway. Anobstacleisconsideredtobeverticalifitsslopeinrelationtotheverticalislessthan15. Whendealingwithreflectionsonsignificantlyslopingobstacles,themethodshouldbeappliedin 3D. Theobstacleswhereatleastonedimensionislessthan0.5mshouldbeignoredinthereflection calculation,exceptforspecialconfigurations. 8 Notethatreflectionsonthegroundarenotdealtwithhere.Theyaretakenintoaccountinthe calculationsofattenuationduetotheboundary(ground,diffraction). If L W is the power level of the source S and r the absorption coefficient of the surface of the obstacle,thenthepowerleveloftheimagesources' isequalto: L W ' L W 10 lg 1 r (VI35) where0 r <1 Thepropagationattenuationsdescribedabove(seeSectionsVI.4.1toVI.4.4)arethenappliedto 8 Anetworkofsmallobstaclesinaplaneandatregularintervalsconstitutesoneexampleofaspecialconfiguration 96 of 180

97 thispath(imagesource,receiver),asforadirectpath. FigureVI.12:Specularreflectiononanobstacledealtwithbytheimagesourcemethod (S: source, S': image source, R: receiver) VI.4.5.b.Attenuationthroughretrodiffraction Inthegeometricalresearchofsoundpaths,duringreflectiononaverticalobstacle(barrierwall, building), the position of the impact of the ray in relation to the upper edge of this obstacle determines the more or less significant proportion of energy effectively reflected. This loss of acousticenergywhentherayundergoesareflectioniscalledattenuationthroughretrodiffraction. In the case of multiple reflections between two vertical walls, not taking this retrodiffraction phenomenon into account results in overestimating the sound level calculated, with this overestimationincreasingwiththeorderofreflectionconsidered. In the case of a trench (see for example Figure VI. 13), the attenuation through retrodiffraction shouldbeappliedtoeachreflectionontheretainingwalls. FigureVI.13:Soundrayreflectedtotheorderof4inatrackinatrench:actualcrosssection(top),unfolded crosssection(bottom) In this representation, the sound ray reaches the receiver by successively passing through the retainingwallsofthetrench,whichcanthereforebecomparedtoopenings. Whencalculatingpropagationthroughanopening,thesoundfieldatthereceiveristhesumofthe 97 of 180

98 directfieldandthefielddiffractedbytheedgesoftheopening.thisdiffractedfieldensuresthe continuityofthetransitionbetweentheclearareaandtheshadowarea.whentherayapproaches theedgeoftheopening,thedirectfieldisattenuated.thecalculationisidenticaltothatofthe attenuationbyabarrierinthecleararea. Thepathdifference ' associatedwitheachretrodiffractionistheoppositeofthepathdifference betweens and R relativelyateachupperedge O, andthisinaviewaccordingtoadeployedcross section(seefigurevi.14). (VI36) ' SO OR SR FigureVI.14:Thepathdifferenceforthesecondreflection The minus signofequation(vi36)meansthatthereceiverisconsideredhereinthecleararea. Attenuation through retrodiffraction retrodif is obtained by Equation (VI37), which is similar to Equation(VI21)withreworkednotations. 10C retrodif h lg3 40 ' 40 if ' 2 0 otherwise (VI37) Thisattenuationisappliedtothe directrayeachtimeit passesthrough (reflectson)awallor building.thepowerleveloftheimagesources'thereforebecomes:: L W ' L W 10 lg1 r retrodif (VI38) Incomplexpropagationconfigurations,diffractionsmayexistbetweenreflections,orbetweenthe receiver and the reflections. In this case, the retrodiffraction by the walls is estimated by considering the path between source and first diffraction point R' (therefore considered as the receiverinequation(vi36)).thisprincipleisillustratedinfigurevi.15. FigureVI.15:Thepathdifferenceinthepresenceofadiffraction:actualcrosssection(top),unfoldedcross section(bottom) 98 of 180

99 References 1. French standard, NF S 31133, Acoustics Outdoor noise Calculation of sound levels, February2011.ISSN ,71p. 99 of 180

100 100 of 180

101 CHAPTERVII.AIRCRAFTNOISEPREDICTION VII.1.ThecomponentofCNOSSOSEUforaircraftnoise InordertomatchtheobjectivesoftheENDandinthecontextofthepreparationofcommonnoise assessmentmethodsintheeu(cnossoseu),theeuropeancommission sjrcinliaisonwiththe DG ENV and the EEA organised, on 1920 January 2010 in Brussels, an ad hoc workshop on Aircraft Noise Prediction to bring together EU experts to discuss the aircraft noise module of CNOSSOSEU. Theworkshopon AircraftNoisePrediction followedtheworkshoponthe Selectionofcommon noiseassessmentmethodsineu organisedbythejrc,dgenvandtheeea,whichtookplaceon 89 September 2009 in Brussels. This latter workshop s recommendations included taking Document 29 3 rd Edition of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) as the basis for the aircraft module of the CNOSSOSEU method. Some potential improvements were identified and discussedduringtheworkshopon AircraftNoisePrediction injanuary2010.theseweremainly concernedwithconsideringtheuseofsomefeaturesofthegermananleitungzurberechnungvon Lärmschutzbereichen(AzB)methodforimprovingtheECACDoc.293 rd Editionmethod. Duringthediscussions,itwasrecognisedthataircraftnoisemodellingisspecificcomparedtothe other three noise sources (road traffic, railway traffic and industrial). There is longstanding experience in aircraft noise assessment, and prediction methods together with associated performancedatabasesthathavebeenestablishedanddefinedatinternationallevel.however,it was recognised that for some of the issues discussed, there is scope for improving the existing methodsandprocedures. TherepresentativesoftheEuropeanCommissionandtheaircraftnoiseexpertsparticipatinginthe workshoprecognisedthatworldwideresourcestodevelopandmaintainaircraftnoisemodelling toolsarelimited,andassuchitiscriticaltoincreasesynergiesamongthestakeholdersaffected andmaximisethecommonalityofboththemethodologyandtheinputdata. Following the formal creation of a CNOSSOSEU Technical Committee in November 2010, a WG specifically for aircraft noise (WG 4) was tasked with continuing the previous work and making formalrecommendationsonthecalculationmethod.wg4heldtwomeetings,oneinfebruary 2011 and one in May 2011.This chapter summarises the recommended methodology and the associatedrecommendationsmadebythecnossoseuwg4. VII.2.Recommendedmethodology VII.2.1.Fixedwingaircraftnoisecalculationmethodologyandnoise& performancedatabase CNOSSOSEUWG4reviewedthetwopreviouscandidatemethodologies,ECACDoc.293 rd Edition and AzB 2008.The two methodologies define two different noise and performance database structures.the International Civil Aviation Organization Aircraft Noise and Performance (ICAO ANP) database has been developed to fulfil the requirements of ECAC Doc. 29. A national databasehasbeendevelopedtoaccompanyazb2008. AsignificantrequirementofthemethodologyisthatitmustalsobeusedbyDirective2002/30/EC, the airport operating restrictions Directive.This requires that the methodology and supporting 101 of 180

102 databasebeabletoassesspolicyoptionsatanairport,suchasfleetchangesandchangesofnoise abatementprocedures.whilstthereviewnotedthatazb2008,inparticularitsdatabase,couldbe developedovertimetomeettheseneeds,doc.29andtheanpdatabasewerebettersuitedtothe additionalrequirementsimposedbydirective2002/30/ecatthistime. Secondly, it was noted that ECAC Doc rd Edition is consistent with ICAO Doc As an agency of the European Commission, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will use the CNOSSOSEUmethodologyforEuropeanregulatoryimpactassessment,e.g.changesofICAOnoise standards.thereisthereforeaneedtoensurethatthecnossoseumethodisalignedwiththe ICAOmethod. ECAC Doc rd Edition (December 2005) and the ICAO ANP database version 2 are therefore recommendedastheaircraftnoisecalculationmethodanddatabaseforincorporationintoannex IIoftheEnvironmentalNoiseDirective2002/49/EC(END). VII.2.2.ECACDoc.293 rd Edition ThefundamentalcalculationmethodologyinDoc.29hasevolvedoverseveraldecades.Itincludes an aircraft performance model where the source location is calculated as a function of aircraft type,weightandoperatingprocedure.theseparametershaveasignificanteffectonthelocation ofthesourceandhencethesoundpropagationdistance.asalreadynoted,theseparameterswill oftenbevariedtomitigateaircraftnoiseandtoassesstheeffectsofoperatingrestrictionsusing Directive2002/30/EC. Once the geometry of the aircraft source is established (using the performance model), sound exposureiscalculatedusingnoisepowerdistance(npd)data.acousticdataisstoredasafunction of both source emission and propagation distance, the latter incorporating both spherical spreading and air absorption. The stored NPD data represent noise associated with an infinitely long flight path where flight path parameters remain constant.various corrections are then applied to the infinite flight path noise level to correct for varying flight path parameters, i.e. speed, height, power and propagation distance, in order to calculate the noise contribution for eachflightpathsegment. Because the NPD data is already 2D (power and distance), historically it was considered more efficienttostorethedatainanaggregatedaweightedform,ratherthana1/3octavebandformat. Thisdoesnotmeantosaythattherecommendedmethodisnota1/3octavebandmethod.NPDs aredevelopedfroma1/3octaveband,assumingareferenceatmosphereforsoundabsorption.in most cases this will be sufficient for strategic mapping purposes. However, the calculation methodology includes a process by which the reference atmosphere may be adapted to local conditions.toenablethisprocess,a1/3octavebandspectrumisdefinedforeachaircraftandfor takeoffandlandingseparately.thisspectrumisusedtorecalculatethenpddataforanyspecific meteorological conditions, thereby fully incorporating the principles of a 1/3 octave band calculationmethodasappliedtotheothersourcescoveredbythedirective. VII.2.3.AdaptationoftheANPdatabasetolocalmeteorologicalconditions Localmeteorologicalconditionsaffectbothaircraftperformanceaswellassoundpropagation.The effectonaircraftperformanceistoaltertheeffectivesourcepowerandthelocationofthesource. Thelocationofthesourceisgenerallyofmuchgreaterimportancethanthemeteorologicaleffect onsoundpropagation. 102 of 180

103 Thedefaultconditionsareanairtemperatureof15 Candaheadwindof8knots(4.1m/s).The aircraftperformancecalculationmethodologydescribedindoc.293 rd Edition(Vol.2,AppendixB) directly permits the use of local temperature and headwind speed on aircraft performance and thussourcelocationintheverticalplane. Sound absorption rates vary depending on temperature and relative humidity. The noise data providedintheanpdatabasearebasedonaveragesoundabsorptionratesforarangeoftypical airport conditions and thus do not represent a single set of temperature and humidity values. However, Doc. 29 (Vol. 2, Appendix D) describes a method for reprocessing the NPD data to specificlocaltemperatureandrelativehumidityvalues.thejanuary2010workshoprecommended thatthenpddatashouldbeadaptedtolocalconditionsasstandardpractice. Inorderthatthisprocedureisperformedcompetentlyandconsistently,guidanceisrequiredon theproceduretobeappliedandthefidelity/resolutionofthemeteorologicaldatarequired.this hasyettobedevelopedandwillneedtoconsiderbothseasonalmeteorologicaleffectsandday, evening,nighteffectsbecauseoftheweightingsincorporatedintothel den index. [NB:AttheNoiseRegulatoryCommittee(NRC)meetingwhichtookplaceon18May2011in Brussels, the additional resources required to make meteorological adaptations was questioned. Members of CNOSSOSEU WG 4 are reluctant to commit resources to the developmentofguidanceiftheneedforadaptationmaybedroppedandtheguidancenot needed.] VII.2.4.Aerodrome/Airportcoverage(Article3item(p)) MembersofWG4reportedsignificantvariationininterpretationofArticle3item(p)oftheENDin termsofaerodromesandairportscovered.althoughnotedasbeingbeyondthetermsofreference of WG 4, it was observed that if a major aspect of CNOSSOSEU is to increase standardisation acrosseums,thenconsistenttreatmentastotheaerodromes/airportscoveredisasimportantas calculationmethodology.thevariabilityidentifiedcentredonaerodromesinsideagglomerations, but below movements, the inclusion of helicopter operations and heliports, and the inclusionofmilitaryoperationsatcivilianairportsidentifiedbythedirective. Since the aim is to comprehensively map noise inside agglomerations, it was agreed that all aerodromes inside agglomerations should be included, regardless of size. Secondly, helicopter operations should be included at airports covered by the Directive where significant. Dedicated helicopteraerodromes(heliports)insideagglomerationsshouldalsobeincluded. AlthoughtheDirectivespecificallyexcludesmilitaryaircraftnoise,itwasnotedthattherearesome civilianairportscoveredbythedirectivewheremilitaryaircraftnoisedominates.forsuchcases wherethereisasignificantnoisecontributionfrommilitaryaircraft,theseshouldbeincludedto obtainacompletepictureoftheaircraftnoiseenvironment. All of the recommendations impose additional requirements on the calculation method and supportingdata.thesearediscussedinturn. VII.2.5.Generalaviationnoiseandperformancedatabase WhilsttherearealimitednumberofgeneralaviationaircraftintheICAOANPdatabase,coverage isinsufficient.itisthereforeproposedthatgeneralaviationdatafromtheazb2008databaseare alsoincorporated,convertingthemtotheformatrequiredforusewithecacdoc.293 rd Edition. 103 of 180

104 ItisproposedthattheadditionaldatatosupplementANPversion2bepublishedbytheEuropean Commissionalongwiththeguidanceonapplyingtherecommendedmethod. VII.2.6. Rotary aircraft (helicopter) noise calculation methodology and noise & performancedatabase In contrast to fixedwing aircraft noise, there is at present no internationally agreed helicopter noisecalculationmethodology.helicopternoiseishighlycomplex,withmultiplediscretesources contributing broadband and tonal noise. A promising development is the European HELENA helicopternoisemodel.atpresentthemodelincludesdataforonlyfourhelicopters,andtherefore cannot be recommended for incorporation into Directive 2002/49/EC. It is recommended that development of the HELENA model and the acquisition of noise and performance data are encouragedwiththeaimofdevelopingtheminthelongtermintotheeuropeanandultimately globalhelicopternoisecalculationmethodology. Theotheralternative,atpresent,istoexcludehelicopternoisealtogetheruntilaviablemethodis developed with supporting data. This was considered unacceptable and thus the compromise position recommended, as an interim method, applying the fixedwing noise calculation methodology to helicopters, but with helicopterspecific noise and performance data. It is proposed that the ANP database is supplemented with helicopter noise and performance data fromazb2008orfromamemberstate sexistingnationalmethod.thesupplementarydatawould thenbepublishedbythecommissionalongwithguidanceonitsapplication.furthereffortson helicopter data development are dependent on a decision from the NRC that helicopter noise shouldbeincludedwithinthedirective. VII.2.7.Militaryaircraftnoisecalculationmethodologyandnoise&performance database Somemilitarytransportaircraft,derivedfromcivilaircraft,arealreadyincludedintheICAOANP database.however,therearenotablemilitarytransportaircraftomissions.secondly,insomecases thereisaneedfortheinclusionofdataformilitaryfighteraircraft.itisthereforeproposedthatthe ICAO ANP database version 2 is supplemented with data for military aircraft from both the IntegratedNoiseModel(INM)/NoisemapandAzBdatabases. In terms of calculation methodology, ECAC Doc rd Edition will be used, but in the case of militaryfighteraircraft,theywillbemodelledassumingnonoiseshieldingeffects(inpracticethis meansmodellingtheaircraftasthoughitisapropelleraircraft). It is noted that in some MS, proprietary noise and performance data exist that may be more applicablethantherecommendeddefault,yetthedatacannotbesharedduetotheproprietary natureofsomemilitaryaircraftnoisedata.insuchcasesmsshouldbepermittedtousethisdata. WG4alsorecommendsthattheNoiseRegulatoryCommittee(NRC)encouragesMStosharedata and collaborate to provide common data for the purposes of military aircraft noise calculation where they operate at civil airports. Further efforts on military aircraft data development are dependent on a decision from the NRC that helicopter noise should be included within the Directive. 104 of 180

105 VII.2.8.Definitionoffixedwingaircraftgroundnoise Extensivediscussionstookplaceonthepossibleinclusionofaircraftgroundnoise.Insomeisolated cases,itisbelievedthatsomeelementsofaircraft ground noisewereincludedinfirstroundof mapping.sinceaircraft air noiseincludesnoisewhilstanaircraftisonthegroundduringtakeoff andlanding,groundnoisecouldincludeallotheraircraftnoise.e.g.taxinoise,auxiliarypowerunit (APU)noiseandenginerunup(testing)noise.CNOSSOSEUWG4concludedthatenginerunup noisewasthemostsignificantaspectofaircraft ground noise,sinceaproportionofenginetesting is often done at night. WG 4 therefore recommended that engine runup (testing) noise be includedinaircraftnoisemaps. VII.2.9.Groundnoisecalculationmethodologyandnoise&performancedatabase Recognising that the problem of engine runup noise is essentially a groundbased fixed point source, it was concluded that engine runup noise should be modelled with the same ground basedsoundpropagationmethodologyasforindustrialnoise.itisthereforeproposedthatengine runup emission and directivity data be derived and compiled from the ICAO ANP database information.thiswillincludeasourcespectrumforeachpowersettingandadirectivitypattern. Guidancewillthenbeprovidedontheapplicationofthisdatainconjunctionwiththeindustrial noisecalculationmethod. AttheNRCmeeting,whichtookplaceon18May2011inBrussels,concernwasraisedaboutthe potential for significant added expenses/resources for little overall contribution, except for very isolatedcases.furthereffortsondevelopingthisdatasetandanyaccompanyingguidanceonits applicationisthereforedependentonadecisionfromthenrcthatenginerunupgroundnoise shouldbeincludedwithinthedirective. Theeffectofmovingthereceiverpointtoaheightof4m(atthemomentANPdataarerecorded ataheightof1.2m) 4.0mistherequiredpositionintheENDforallfournoisesources(roadtraffic,railway traffic,aircraftandindustry). Theexistingevidenceshowsthatingeneralthedifferencebetween1.2mand4.0mis well below 1 db for soft grounds and angles of incidence above 15. Over reflecting groundandforloweranglesofincidence,thereiscurrentlynoclearevaluationofthe difference. Even if the difference is small, the number of people affected may vary significantly (possibly tens of thousands of people). Thus, any correction value or methodology chosenwillneedastrongevidencebase. It is therefore recommended that it is stated in CNOSSOSEU that the height of the assessmentpointmayhaveaninfluence,butforthetimebeingandinthetransition timeadefaultcorrectionofzerowillbeacceptedandexistingnpddataat1.2mwillbe accepted(seeabove). 105 of 180

106 Considerationofsoundreflectionsontheground The existing evidence shows that, in general, a difference exists between different ground types because of the change in the absorption factor, and measurements confirmthatitcanbeupto23dbintheoverallaweightedlevel. It is also recognised that, at the moment, more evidence is needed to propose a correctionforgroundreflectionandthatitissuggestedthatthecorrectionbeavoided because of: (a) the increase in calculation times, (b) the difficulty in gathering input valuesongroundtype,and(c)theimpactthatafragmentednoisecontourmayhave whencommunicatedtothepublic. ItisrecommendedthatitisstatedinCNOSSOSEUthatthegroundabsorptionfactor may have an influence. It was suggested that this issue be further investigated, and otheralternativeapproachesalsobeconsideredbeforeanymethodologyisconsidered forimplementation. Considerationofscreeningeffectsandreflectionsonverticalobstacles Itisrecognisedthatthepresenceofverticalreflectingobjectsclosetothereceivermay haveaneffectonnoisewhichmaybepositiveornegative. The inclusion of screening/reflections on obstacles would result in much longer calculationtimes(andisthusconsideredimpractical)becauseitwouldrequireamuch finerresolutiongridandmoreinputdataontheseobstacles,whichisnotavailablein someeums.therefore,itisrecommendedthatthescreeningandreflectioneffectsof theseobstaclesarenotconsideredincnossoseu. VII Specific issues and recommendations regarding the aircraft noise emissiondatabase Validationofaircraftnoisepredictions The European Commission is interested in assessing noise in residential areas and supports the definition of accurate guidelines that allow validation of predictions in such areas. Such validation is, however, dependent on an agreed process for the collectionandprocessingofnoisemeasurements. More comparisons between measurements and calculations should be produced and published,providedacomparisonprocesscanbeagreed. Acommonvalidationprocedureofaircraftnoisecalculationsshouldbeestablished. VII.2.11.Genericrecommendationsregardingtheaircraftpredictionmethodology ECACDoc.293rdEdition(2005)willbeadoptedasthecommonmethodforstrategic noisemapsforaircraftnoiseintheeu(i.e.theaircraftmoduleofcnossoseu),anda processwillbeputinplacetoconsiderproposedmodifications/amendmentstoecac Doc.293rdEdition. The fixedwing calculation method will also apply to General Aviation (GA) aircraft, helicopters and military aircraft. Supplemental data will be provided, along with 106 of 180

107 guidelinesforapplicationtoga,helicopterandmilitaryaircraft.forthespecialcaseof militaryfighteraircraft,noenginenoiseshieldingwillbeassumed. Enginerunup(groundnoise)willbeincludedinnoisestrategicnoisemaps.Thiswillbe calculatedusingtheindustrialnoisecalculationmoduleofcnossoseu.therequired inputdatawillbederivedfromtheanpdatabase(seedatabasesbelow). The European Commission will take ownership of and oversee any process for maintaining, developing (including software implementation) and disseminating the CNOSSOSEU. It is strongly desirable to reach agreement at the international level, which may best be achieved through the ICAO environmental committee, the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP), and involve all relevant Europeanstakeholders(DGENV,DGMOVE,DGJRC,EUMS,EASA,EEA)associatedwith theimplementationoftheend. A provision to permit modellers to use the updated versions of the CNOSSOSEU, including the aircraft noise module, should be proposed if these are published in betweenanyreviewsoftheend(e.g.adaptationtotechnicalprogresstobeincludedin thereviewoftheend). VII Generic recommendations regarding the aircraft noise & performance database TheICAOANPDatabaseversion2(2011)iscurrentlythebestcandidateforachievinga globalconsensusonanaircraftnoiseandperformanceinputdatabase. Itistheonlydatabasethatfullymeetstherequirementsofassessingnoiserestrictions inaccordancewithdirective2002/30/ec. Useofastandardiseddatabaseshouldensureconsistentpredictednoiseimpactsacross alleums,notwithstandingdifferencesinaircraftoperatingproceduresacrossairlines andsometimesairports. A robust validation process of ANP data should be formalised at the ICAO level. In particular, significant improvements are required in the approval process for aircraft noiseandperformancedatatoensurehighqualitymodelinput,andtoavoidpotential discriminationbetweenaircraftmanufacturers. Duetotheinternationalnatureoftheaviationindustry,alldatashouldbereviewedand approved against an agreed set of international requirements. This could build on existingeuropean(easa)usfederalaviationadministration(faa)approvalprocesses, suchasthatforaircraftnoisecertification,inordertobenefitfromsignificantsynergies. The ANP database should be supplemented with data for additional GA aircraft, helicopterandmilitaryaircraftoperatingateuairports. A database to facilitate the calculation of ground noise from engine runup (testing) shouldbeincluded. An international agreement may best be achieved through the ICAO environmental committee,caep,andwouldinvolveallrelevantstakeholdersincludingthedgenv,dg MOVE,DGJRC,EASAandEUMS. 107 of 180

108 Transition issues for EU MS should also be taken into account in moving towards a common noise modelling methodology/database. As such, proposed future plans shouldbecommunicatedassoonaspossible. 108 of 180

109 CHAPTERVIII.ASSIGNINGNOISELEVELSANDPOPULATIONTO BUILDINGS VIII.1.Backgroundanddefinitions VIII.1.1.Background Directive 2002/49/EC (Environmental Noise Directive (END)) requires Member States to report informationbaseduponstrategicnoisemapstothecommission,includingthestatisticsreferred to in AnnexVI. A phase of modelling to assess exposure to noise will often be undertaken to estimatethesestatistics. Inordertocompleteafitforpurposeexposureassessment,thefollowingshouldfirstbedefined: themannerinwhichtheinformationwillsubsequentlybeapplied thekeytermsanddefinitions themethodsandapproachestobeapplied. Asindicatedintheseconditemabove,forthepurposesofcompletingtheexposureassessments requiredtoreporttheinformationidentifiedinannexvioftheend,avarietyoftermsmayneed tobedefinedorclarifiedfurther.thesetermsandpotentialdefinitionsaresummarisedbelow. Thedefinitionswillneedtobeadaptedandexpandedtoreflectthedetailoftherecommended noise exposure assessment methods being applied for theassignment of population to receiver pointsatthefacadesofbuildings. The potential definitions, listed below, are merely an interpretation of the terms referencing relevant UK definitions, and cannot accurately reflect or describe the reporting or legal requirementsoftheeuropeancommission.thevariousdefinitionsandmethodswillneedtobe revisedtoreflectthepreciserequirementsoftheeuropeancommission,thewaytheresultswill beapplied,therequirementsofothercnossoseuwgsandtheworkoftheeea. VIII.1.2.Definitions AnnexVIoftheENDrequiresthat theestimatednumberofpeoplelivingindwellings exposedto variousnoiselevels 4mabovethegroundonthemostexposedfaçade isprovidedforvarious scenarios. Forthepurposesofcompletingpopulationexposureassessmentstoreportthisinformation,the terms people, dwellings, most exposed façade and their related terms may need further definitionandclarification. VIII Persons/People/ThePublic For the purposes of the statistics required by Annex VI, persons (or people) can be defined as human beings,thusbeingconsistentwiththescopeoftheenddefinedinarticle2,paragraph1. Theyaremembersof thepublic asdefinedinarticle3(v)as oneormorenaturalorlegalpersons and, in accordance with national legislation or practice, their associations, organizations or 109 of 180

110 groups. VIII Population ThetermpopulationisnotreferredtobytheENDinthecontextofanynoiseexposureassessment statisticstobereportedasrequiredbyannexvi.therefore,thedefinitionsheredonotattemptto reflectthedefinitionoftermssuchaspopulation,inhabitantsorresidents. It should be noted that population exposure assessments that estimate the number of people livingindwellings,asdefinedabove,donotdirectlyassesstheexposureofpeople.theexposure assessmentiseffectivelycarriedoutonthebuilding/dwelling,nottheindividual.inanyapplication ofthestatisticsitisimportanttonotethatthereisnoattempttoreflectthetemporaldimensionof themovementofpopulationinthisexposureassessment. VIII Dwelling Fortheestimationofthenumberofpeoplelivingindwellings,inAnnexVIthetermdwellingcan bedefinedas: aselfcontainedunitofaccommodation (UKCensus2001). Selfcontainmentiswherealltherooms(includingkitchen,bathroomandtoilet)inahousehold's accommodationarebehindasingledoorwhichonlythathouseholdcanuse. The dwelling may be within a permanent structure or a nonpermanent structure, such as caravans, mobile homes, converted railway carriages and houseboats, if the nonpermanent buildingbeingusedaspermanentresidenceisstationaryandsuppliedwithmainsservicessuchas electricity,waterandtelephone. Astructuremaycontainonedwelling,suchasadetachedhouse,ormultipledwellings,suchas semidetachedhouses,terracedhouses,flats,maisonettes,apartments,etc. Anindividualdwellingcanalsobedefinedasahousehold,whereahouseholdcanbedefinedas comprising one person living alone or a group of people living at the same address (UK Census 2001). The use of dwellings within the END, see Appendix VIIIA, indicates that vacant or unoccupied dwellingsshouldbeincludedwithintheassessmentofexposureofdwellings,butnotwithinthe assessmentofexposureofpeopleifthedwellingsareknowntobevacant,asthisiscontratothe phrasingused,e.g. howmanypersonsintheabovecategoriesliveindwellingsthathave and Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingindwellings. VIII Building Thetermbuildingisnotreferredtodirectlyinthecontextoftheexposureassessmentsrequiredby AnnexVIoftheEND. TheUKBuildingRegulations2010define building as: any permanent or temporary building but not any other kind of structure or erection, and a referencetoabuildingincludesareferencetopartofabuilding. Abuildingmaycontainzero,oneormoreindividualdwellingsorhouseholds.Residentialbuildings can therefore be considered to be those buildings containing one or more individual dwellings. 110 of 180

111 Noisesensitive buildings may be considered those buildings which contain dwellings, or which haveuseswhichthecompetentauthoritydeemstobenoisesensitive,suchasschoolsorother educationalestablishments,hospitals,nursinghomes,placesofpublicworship,libraries,etc. VIII.1.2.5Façade Thefaçadesofadwellingshallconsistofallexternallyfacingwalls. AnnexI,1oftheENDdefinesL den usingthestatedformula,andinwhich: the incident sound is considered, which means that no account is taken of the sound that is reflectedatthefaçadeofthedwellingunderconsideration. Thisindicatesthatthesubsequentreferencestofaçadeindicatethefaçadeofthedwellingunder consideration.thiswouldbeconsistentwithannexiiiwithrespecttodoseresponserelationships: dwellingswithaquietfaçadeasdefinedinannexvi. VIII Mostexposedfaçade AnnexI,1oftheENDstates: themostexposedfaçade;forthispurpose,themostexposedfaçadewillbetheexternalwallfacing ontoandnearesttothespecificnoisesource;forotherpurposesotherchoicesmaybemade. Subsequent practical experience has demonstrated that selection of the most exposed façade based on distance may lead to contradictory situations. For this reason a revised definition is proposed: themostexposedfaçadewillbetheexternalwallofthedwellingexposedtothehighestvalueof L den /L night fromthespecificnoisesourceunderconsideration(e.g.roadtraffic). Theproposeddefinitionisalsomoreconsistentwiththeexistingdefinitionofquietfaçade(see below). VIII Quietfaçade AnnexVI,1.5oftheENDstates: aquietfaçade,meaningthefaçadeofadwellingatwhichthevalueofl den fourmetresabovethe groundandtwometresinfrontofthefaçade,forthenoiseemittedfromaspecificsource,ismore than20dblowerthanatthefaçadehavingthehighestvalueofl den. VIII.2.Assigningnoiselevelsandpopulationtobuildings Preliminaryremark: ForthepurposesofStrategicNoiseMapping,onlythoseindividualswhocorrespondtothepeople officiallyregisteredasresidents asperthelatestofficialstatisticaldatabaseforeachregistered buildingorblockunit(aspereachmemberstate srelevantregulations) aretobeincluded(and notthosehavingasecondaddress,orbeingsimplyownersofadwellingetc.). 111 of 180

112 Simultaneously,ithastobeacceptedthatsomeindividualsmayberecordedasresidentsthough they are not effectively living in the dwelling for the given annual time period. These potential errorsareconsideredofminorimportanceandarethereforeacceptable. Moreover,onlybuildingsincludingresidents(i.e.noschools,hospitals,orotherpublicorspecial usebuildings)aretobeusedforpopulationassignment. VIII.2.1.Determinationofthenumberofinhabitantsofabuilding Thenumberofinhabitantsofaresidentialbuildingisanimportantintermediateparameterforthe estimationoftheexposuretonoise.unfortunately,dataonthisparameterisnotalwaysavailable. Belowitisspecifiedhowthisparametercanbederivedfromdatamorereadilyavailable. SymbolsusedinthefollowingsectionsofChapterVIIIofthepresentreport: BA =baseareaofthebuilding DFS =dwellingfloorspace DUFS =dwellingunitfloorspace H =heightofthebuilding FSI =dwellingfloorspaceperinhabitant Inh =numberofinhabitants NF =numberoffloors V =volumeofresidentialbuildings VIII CASE1:Dataonthenumberofinhabitantsisavailable 1A: Thenumberofinhabitantsisknownonthebasisofdwellingunits.Inthiscase thenumberofinhabitantsofabuildingisthesumofthenumberofinhabitants ofalldwellingunitsinthebuilding: Inh building n i1 Inh dwellinguniti 1B: Thenumberofinhabitantsisknownonlyforentitieslargerthanabuilding,e.g. sides of city blocks, city blocks, districts or even an entire municipality. In this casethenumberofinhabitantsofabuildingisestimatedbasedonthevolumeof thebuilding: Inh building V building V total Inh total Theindex total herereferstotherespectiveentityconsidered.thevolumeof thebuildingistheproductofitsbaseareaanditsheight: V building BA building H building 112 of 180

113 If the height of the building is not known, it can be estimated based on the numberoffloorsnf building,assuminganaverageheightperfloorof3m: H building NF building 3m Ifthenumberoffloorsisalsonotknown,adefaultvalueforthenumberoffloors representativeofthedistrictortheboroughshallbeused. The total volume of residential buildings in the entity considered V total is calculatedasthesumofthevolumesofallresidentialbuildingsintheentity: V total n V buildingi i1 VIII CASE2:Nodataonthenumberofinhabitantsisavailable In this case the number of inhabitants is estimated based on the average dwelling floor spaceperinhabitantfsi.ifthisparameterisnotknown,anationaldefaultvalueshallbe used. 2A: The dwelling floor space is known on the basis of dwelling units. In this case the number of inhabitants of each dwelling unit is estimated as follows: Inh dwellinguniti DUFS i FSI ThenumberofinhabitantsofthebuildingcannowbeestimatedasinCASE1Aabove. 2B: The dwelling floor space is known for the entire building, i.e. the sum of the dwelling floor spaces of all dwelling units in the building is known. Inthiscasethenumberofinhabitantsisestimatedasfollows: 2C: Inh building DFS building FSI The dwelling floor space is known only for entities larger than a building, e.g. sidesofcityblocks,cityblocks,districtsorevenanentiremunicipality. Inthiscase thenumberofinhabitantsofabuildingisestimatedbasedonthe volumeofthebuildingasdescribedincase1babovewiththetotalnumberof inhabitantsestimatedasfollows: Inh total DFS total FSI 2D: Thedwellingfloorspaceisunknown.Inthiscasethenumberofinhabitantsofa buildingisestimatedasdescribedincase2babovewiththedwellingfloorspace estimatedasfollows: DFS building BA building 0.8 NF building Thefactor0.8istheconversionfactorgrossfloorareadwellingoorspace.Ifa different factor is known to be representative of the area it should be used instead. 113 of 180

114 Ifthenumberoffloorsofthebuildingisnotknown,itwillbeestimatedbasedon theheightofthebuilding,h building,typicallyresultinginanonintegernumberof floors: NF building H building 3m Ifneithertheheightofthebuildingnorthenumberoffloorsisknown,adefault valueforthenumberoffloorsrepresentativeofthedistrictortheboroughwill beused. NOTE:FSIestimation ItisknownfromexperiencethatinGermanythe dwellingspaceperinhabitant inmostcasesis only available from the side of city block level upwards. Statistical offices in Germany are recordingcurrentinformation. Fortheyear2006,theFederalStatisticalOfficespecifiedforexamplethefollowingmeanvalues: FormerfederalterritoryexcludingBerlin: FSI=44m²dwellingspaceperinhabitant NewfederallandsincludingBerlin: FSI=38m²dwellingspaceperinhabitant VIII.2.2.Assigningreceiverpointstothefaçadesofbuildings Theassessmentofpopulationexposuretonoiseisbasedonreceiverpointlevelsat4mabovethe terrainlevelinfrontofbuildingfaçadesofresidentialbuildings. The proposed methodology is based on the German regulation VBEB 9 with some amendments thatwillbetterfulfilthelistofrequirements.thefollowingfigurereflectstheapproach: a) Segmentsofalengthofmorethan5maresplitupintoregularintervalsofthelongest possiblelength,butlessthanorequalto5m.receiverpointsareplacedinthemiddleof eachregularinterval(blue/green). 9 Vorläufige Berechnungsmethode zur Ermittlung der Belastetenzahlen durch Umgebungslärm (VBEB), Federal Ministry of the Environment( ) 114 of 180

115 b) Remainingsegmentsabovealengthof2.5marerepresentedbyonereceiverpointinthe middleofeachsegment(pink). c) Remaining subsequent segments with a total length of more than 5 m are treated as polylineobjectsinamannersimilartothatdescribedina)andb)(red). d) Theinfluenceofanyreceiverposition,forinstancethenumberofinhabitantsallocatedto thisposition,willbeweightedbythelengthoftherepresentedfaçade. e) For buildings with floor sizes that indicate a single dwelling per floor level, the most exposedfaçadenoiselevelisdirectlyusedforthestatisticsandrelatedtothenumberof inhabitants. f) Forotherbuildings,thestatisticsuseallreceiverpointsinaweightedmannersothatthe sumofallreceiverpointsrepresentsthetotalnumberofinhabitants. Alternative: a) Façadesaresplitupevery5mfromthestartpositiononwards,withareceiverposition placedatthehalfwaydistance(blue/green). b) Theremainingsectionhasitsreceiverpointinitsmidpoint(red). c) Forbuildingswithfloorsizesthatindicateasingledwellingperfloorlevel,themost exposedfaçadenoiselevelisdirectlyusedforthestatisticsandrelatedtothenumberof inhabitants d) Forotherbuildings,thestatisticsuseallreceiverpointsinaweightedmannersothatthe sumofallreceiverpointsrepresentsthetotalnumberofinhabitants 115 of 180

116 VIII.3.Methodologicalaspectsofthevoluntaryapplicationforaction planning VIII.3.1.Introduction Thisdocumentdefinesamethodologyfortheassignmentofpopulationtoreceiverpointsatthe façadesofbuildings.whiletheformersectionsofchapterviiiofthepresentreportfocusonthis taskinthecontextofstrategicnoisemapping,sectionviii.3addressesthesametaskinthecontext of action planning. Some aspects of the task depend on the context of the assignment and thereforedifferasdescribedbelow. Inthecontextofthemandatoryapplicationforstrategicnoisemapping,theguidingprincipleis consistency to guarantee comparability between Member States. However, in the context of voluntaryapplicationforactionplanning,thesensitivitytothenoisemitigationmeasuresunder considerationisthekeyfactorforthecorrectassessmentofthebenefitsofthesemeasures. Actionplansaretypicallydevelopedforareasoflimitedextent,wherethereisanoiseconflictor the risk of one developing. This allows and calls for a much more detailed approach than is reasonable for largescale noise mapping. In local action planning, specific local aspects and assessmentparametersdeterminewhichlevelofdetailshouldbeusedanddifferentplatformsof investigationmaybeadopted,especiallyaimingatthebestadaptedassignmentofthepopulation to receiver points. It is therefore not sensible to prescribe a general method for the local assignmenttask,butratherinthenatureoflocalactionplanningtodesignaflexibleframework thatallowslocaladaptationsthattakeintoaccountlocalaspectsoflifeandenvironmentalquality. Noise is an important environmental factor contributing to the degradation of the urban environmentandthequalityoflife.insomeeums,especiallyinsoutherneurope,relevanturban development plans do not include noise as a design parameter, except in certain cases (e.g. protectionofspecialusebuildings). The structure and rhythm of each European city are very important factors for determining the city sdynamicsandsoundscape,whicharepartofthecity ssignature.thebehaviourofpeople livinginthecityandtheclimaticconditionsrequireanobjectiveapproachtotheexistingacoustic environment that introduces the noise factor as a psychosocial and design parameter of urban planning.inparticular,inthecountriesofsoutherneurope,theopenspaceisdominatedbyurban environmental noise corresponding to the diurnal rhythm of life and recreational activities of urban centres. It is the major cause of residential dissatisfaction as far as the environment and quality of life are concerned. The lifestyle characteristics invade the vast majority of open and privatespacesandcauseannoyance.consequently,thestruggleagainsturbannoisemayneeda morespecificapproach. Therefore, it seems useful to address some common aspects and to give guidance for typical applicationsthattakeintoaccountlocalparameters,whichmaybeacauseofalteringcommon noiseassessmenttools. VIII.3.2.Specificaspects Forthesakeofconsistency,somegeneralspecificationsaredefinedintheprecedingsectionsof ChapterVIII.Whiletheyaresensibleinthecontextofnoisemappingtheymaynotbeappropriate ingeneralforlocalactionplanning,asexplainedbelow. 116 of 180

117 VIII Assessmentheight For noise mapping, the height of the receiver points at the façades of buildings is fixed at 4 m above ground. Depending on the specific situation under investigation, a different assessment height may lead to a better estimate of the exposure. For example, the attenuation effect of a noisebarriermayprovideadequateshieldingforthelowerfloorsofamultistoreybuildingwhile theupperfloorsremainlargelyunprotected.inthissituation,theassignmentofallinhabitantsof thebuildingtoreceiverpointsataheightof4mresultsinanunderestimateoftheexposureand an overestimate of the mitigation effect of the noise barrier. The opposite effect occurs in the situationofahighrisebuildingrightnexttoabusyroad.whiletheupperfloorsmayexperience onlylittleexposuretonoisethegroundfloorandlowerlevels oftenoccupiedbybusinesses maybeseverelyaffectedbynoise.theassignmentofallinhabitantstothe4mlevelresultsinan overestimateoftheexposure. Thechoiceoftheheightofthereceiverpointscanhaveasubstantialinfluenceonthemodelled benefitofmitigationmeasures.the standard heightof4mabovegroundusedfornoisemapping purposes should thus be only taken as a reference value useful for reasons of consistency. For actionplans,localsituationsshouldbecarefullystudied,consideringtherealheightofallnoise sensitivereceivers.itisthereforerecommendedthatthedefaultheightof4misadaptedifthis seems necessary for the specific situation under investigation. Often a set of receiver heights is appropriateformodellingthefloorlevelshavingaresidentialorother acousticallysensitive use. VIII Yearlyaveragedexposure Fornoisemapping,theonlyparametersofinterestaretheyearlyaveragedexposurelevelsL den andl night.insomecases,thischoicemaynotbethemostappropriateforthepurposeofaction planning. An example of such a case is a city with a large seasonal variation in the number of inhabitants. This is a quite common phenomenon in many Southern European regions with a pronouncedholidayseason,wheretheremaybelargenumbersoftouristsforuptohalftheyear. Here,extendedoperationofnoisyentertainment(barsanddiscos),excessiveroadtraffic(witha notable motorcycle component) are not representative of the yearly averaged exposure since during the rest of the year mobility and tourist activities are practically absent, with a correspondinglysignificantreductioninpopulationandnoiseemissions. Astheenvironmentalnoiseemissionsvarywithseason,insyncwiththepopulation,thedifference betweentheseasonallyaveragedandtheyearlyaveragedexposurecanbesubstantial.inthese areas,thetimeperiodandpopulationshareshouldthereforebechosentomeetthegoalofthe localactionplanning.anappropriatechoicefortheaveragingintervalcouldbethecoreperiodof theholidayseason,e.g.thesixmonthsfrommaytooctoberforthesouthernmostareasofeurope and the three months from June to August for the northernmost areas. The appropriate population to be assigned should include both the permanent local inhabitants as well as the longterm nonpermanent (holiday) residents for this time period, but excluding shortterm touristseventhoughtheiractivitiesmaycontributetothelocalacousticalclimate. The above clearly shows that actions plans require a detailed knowledge of the specific local situation so that they can include an adequate time period of assessment for which the noise exposureisaveragedfortheoptimalcorrelationwithannoyance. 117 of 180

118 VIII Equaldistribution For noise mapping, the receiver points are equally distributed around the circumference of buildingsasprescribedindetailinsectionviii.2.2.inmostsituations,suchanequaldistributionis alsosuitableforactionplanning. Inspecificsituations,though,theactionplanningteammaychoosetospecifyreceiverpointsnot equallydistributedaroundthebuilding,namelywherenoisesensitiveandnonsensitiveusesco existinthesamebuildingorwheredifferenturbanformationsarepresent.ingeneral,diverting fromtheequaldistributionschemerequiresdetailedknowledgeofthefloorplanofthebuilding suchthatthelocationofindividualapartments(dwellingunits)insidethebuildingcanbetaken intoaccount. Thisinformationmaybeavailableonafloorbyfloororunitbyunitbasis.Anditmaybepossible thateventhetypeofuseofindividualroomsandtherealoccupancyisknownandconsidered. Careshouldbetakennottobasethedecisiononmitigationmeasuresonparametersthatmight change significantly over the lifetime of the measure. This applies particularly to current occupancyandtypeofuseofroomsinsteadoftypicaloccupancyanddesignatedtypeofroom use. Divertingfromtheequaldistributionschemeisappropriateinspecialsituationsonlyifdetailed informationaboutfloorplanshasbeencollectedforallthebuildingsincludedintheactionplan. VIII Buildingsotherthanresidentialbuildings For strategic noise mapping purposes, the assessment focuses on the residential population.. While information on schools and hospitals may also be depicted in strategic noise maps and reportedtotheeuropeancommission,suchinformationisnotmandatory.however,secondaryor vacationresidencesaswellasschools,hospitalsandotherbuildingswithnoisesensitivebutnon residentialusemaybeimportantwithinthescopeoftheactionplan.inthiscase,itisnecessaryto introducereceiverpointsonthefaçadesofthesebuildings. Generally,themethodthatispartoftheequaldistributionschemeinSectionVIII.2maybeused for this task. The task of assigning population to receiverpoints in schools or hospitals is more difficult,asthereisnoresidentialuse. Peopleeitherwork/studyinthebuilding,orgenerallyspendashortperiodoftimethereinthe caseofhospitals.themostappropriatewayofassigningpeopletoreceiverpointsdependsonthe specific goal of the action plan. In some cases, for example when the purpose is to ensure compliance with exposure or noise limits, there may even be no need to assign people to the receiverpoints. Forbuildingswithoutresidentialuse,theequaldistributionschemecannotbereadilyappliedfor lackofinhabitantsintheclassicalsense.itdependsonthegoalofthespecificlocalactionplan whetherpeopleneedtobeassignedtoreceiverpointsatall,andifso,whichmethodologyforthis assignmentwouldbemostappropriate. VIII.3.3.Summary Theconsistencyofnoisemapsrequiresastrictlystandardisedmethodologyfortheassignmentof thepopulationtoreceiverpointsatthefaçadesofbuildings.incontrast,forlocalactionplanningit isnecessarytotakeintoaccountspecificdetailsofthesituationunderconsideration. 118 of 180

119 Different noisesensitive uses other than residential, buildings with sensitive and nonsensitive usesandseasonaldifferencesimplyingshorttermaveragesmayallbetakenintoaccount. Themostappropriatemethodologywilldependonthegoalofthelocalactionplanandmaydiffer widelyfromcasetocase. 119 of 180

120 AppendixVIIIA:ENDReference VIIIA.1.Person(s) Article2Scope,2: theexposedpersonhimself Article3Definitions,(k)agglomeration: apopulationinexcessof100000persons Article3Definitions,(v)thepublic: oneormorenaturalorlegalpersonsand,inaccordancewith nationallegislationorpractice,theirassociations,organisationsorgroups Article11ReviewandReporting,2(a): thereductionofthenumberofpersonsharmfullyaffected byenvironmentalnoise AnnexVI,1.5: howmanypersonsintheabovecategoriesliveindwellingsthathave AnnexVI,1.6: howmanypersonsintheabovecategoriesliveindwellingsthathave AnnexVI,2.5: howmanypersonsintheabovecategoriesliveindwellingsthathave AnnexVI,2.6: howmanypersonsintheabovecategoriesliveindwellingsthathave VIIIA.2.People Article3Definitions,(q)noisemapping: thenumberofpeopleaffectedinacertainarea Article11ReviewandReporting,4: thelowerlimitfortheestimatednumberofpeopleexposed todifferentbandsofl den andl night inannexvi AnnexIV,1: theestimatednumberofpeoplelocatedinanareaexposedtonoise. AnnexV,1: anevaluationoftheestimatednumberofpeopleexposedtonoise AnnexV,3: thenumberofpeopleaffected(annoyed,sleepdisturbed,orother) AnnexVI,1.5: Theestimatednumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingindwellings AnnexVI,1.6: Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingindwellings AnnexVI,2.5: Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingoutsideagglomerations indwellings AnnexVI,2.6: Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingoutsideagglomerations indwellings AnnexVI,2.7: theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingineachoftheseareas VIIIA.3.Population Article 3 Definitions, (k) agglomeration: a population in excess of persons and a populationdensitysuchthat Article3Definitions,(s)limitvalue: differentnoisesensitivenessofthepopulations AnnexIII: theeffectofnoiseonpopulations and vulnerablegroupsofthepopulation 120 of 180

121 VIIIA.4Dwelling Article3Definitions,(q)noisemapping: thenumberofdwellingsexposedtocertainvaluesofa noiseindicatorinacertainarea AnnexVI,1.5: Theestimatednumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingindwellings AnnexVI,1.6: Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingindwellings AnnexVI,2.5: Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingoutsideagglomerations indwellings AnnexVI,2.6: Theestimatedtotalnumberofpeople(inhundreds)livingoutsideagglomerations indwellings AnnexVI,2.7: Theestimatedtotalnumberofdwellings(inhundreds) VIIIA.5Building Article2,1: noisesensitivebuildings AnnexI,1: noiseexposureinandnearbuildings AnnexVI,1.5: specialinsulationofabuilding VIIIA.6Façade/Mostexposedfaçade/Quietfaçade AnnexI,1: thefaçadeofthedwellingunderconsideration Annex I, 1: the most exposed façade; for this purpose, the most exposed façade will be the external wall facing onto and nearest to the specific noise source; forotherpurposesotherchoicesmaybemade AnnexII,2: thefaçadereflection AnnexII,3: infrontofafaçade and thisfaçadeorelement AnnexIII: dwellingswithaquietfaçadeasdefinedinannexvi AnnexVI,1.5: themostexposedfaçade AnnexVI,1.5: aquietfaçade,meaningthefaçadeofadwellingatwhichthevalueofl den four metres above the ground and two metres in front of the façade, for the noise emitted from a specificsource,ismorethan20dblowerthanatthefaçadehavingthehighestvalueofl den. AnnexVI,1.6: themostexposedfaçade AnnexVI,1.6: aquietfaçade,asdefinedinparagraph1.5 AnnexVI,2.5: themostexposedfaçade and aquietfaçade,asdefinedinparagraph1.5 AnnexVI,2.6: themostexposedfaçade and aquietfaçade,asdefinedinparagraph of 180

122 Appendix VIIIB: Demands on methodology of positioning façade receiverpoints Thereareacoupleofaspectswhichshouldberegulatedbythechosenmethodologyforfaçade receiverpointpositioning: 1. Façadereceiverpointpositionsrightnexttothecornerofabuildingshouldbeavoidedas theyarenotrepresentativeduetosignificantchangesinacousticalpropagationneartothe edge of a building. As a kind of wage argument, façade points should represent the architectural visual impression of a building, i.e. should be linked to realistic window positionsfortypicalresidentialbuildingshapes. 2. The practical distance to the façade for a receiver position on the façade needs to be defined,asaposition onthefaçade isdifficulttoimplementinnoisemappingsoftware. 3. Theheightofafaçadereceiverpositionisdescribedinthedirectiveas 4maboveterrain. Thisisunderstoodastheterrainheightatthereceiverposition. 4. Foranalysisofthe quietfaçade thereceiverpositionshouldbekept2minfrontofthe façade,asalreadysuggestedinthedirective. 5. Nofaçadenoiselevelsshouldbetakenintoaccountforreceiverpositionswhichareplaced inside other buildings. There is such a risk if the software being used does not treat receiverpositionsinsidebuildingsseparately,butjust knocksoff thebuildinginorderto createa dummy receiverlevel. 6. In addition, façade noise level statistics will be more in line with what the population experiences if they arenot positioned on façades that areat too short a distanceto an oppositefaçade,e.g.ofaneighbouringbuilding. 7. Two separate façades of identical length and the same noise exposure will have similar statisticalimpact,independentofthefactthattheyareeitherdigitisedasalongstraight segmentorasequenceofshortsegments. 8. Reproducibility of receiver positioning by different software packages should be achievable. The methodology may aim at different target levels and so have different complexity. In the order of increasing complexity of the methodology, the levels of unambiguousfaçadepointpositioningmightbe: a. Building with identical plan view shape, perhaps in rotated position, and with identical segment length for eachcorresponding façade segment of the buildings compared. Each of the buildings compared will have its starting vertex in a similar position withinitsshape. 122 of 180

123 b. Buildingwithidenticalplanviewshape,perhapsinrotatedposition,butwithfaçade segment length varying for corresponding façade segments of the buildings compared. Each of the buildings compared will have its starting vertex in a similar position withinitsshape. c. Buildingwithidenticalplanviewshape,perhapsinrotatedposition,butwithfaçade segment length varying for corresponding façade segments of the buildings compared.thestartingvertexesofthebuildingscompareddonothavematching positionswithinthebuildingshape. 123 of 180

124 This is a useful requirement when similar buildings with an identical number of inhabitants and in identical ambient noise conditions need to result in the same statisticalimpact.therequirementdoesnotneedtoensurereproducibilityofsoftware results,aslongasthestartingvertexofabuildingobjectisnotmodified. Threesegmentsbuilduptoarequiredminimumlengthofatleast5m,asrequiredintheGerman regulation VBEB. On the right, the starting position is replaced after 5 segments, thus representativefaçadereceiverpointswillnolongerbeidentical. 124 of 180

125 CHAPTERIX. GUIDANCEONTHECOMPETENTUSEOF CNOSSOSEU IX.1.Background ForthefirstroundoftheEND,whichwastobereportedtotheCommissioninDecember2007,the competentauthoritieswithintheeumshadanarrayofdifferingdocumentswhichcouldbecalled upontosupporttheirstrategicnoisemappingactivities.theseincluded,butwerenotlimitedto, thefollowingkeyreferences: WGAEN, Good Practice Guide for Strategic Noise Mapping and the Production of AssociatedDataonNoiseExposure,Version2; WGAEN,PresentingNoiseMappingInformationtothePublic,March2008; Wölfel et al., Adaptation and revision of the interim noise computation methods for the purposeofstrategicnoisemapping; OJEU,CommissionRecommendation2003/613/EC; HepworthAcoustics,NANR93; HepworthAcoustics,NANR208; EC,ENDRM2007; IMAGINE,WP1Finalreport; NoMEPorts,GoodPracticeGuide; DIN45687; Variousnationalguidancedocuments. It is not known definitively to what extent these guidance documents were utilised during the strategicnoisemappingprojectsof2007.however,hearsayevidencesuggeststhat,asidefromthe WGAENGPGv2,knowledgeofandsubsequentuseoftheotherreferencedocumentslistedabove wereinconsistent.furthermore,asalltheknowledgeandguidanceonbestpracticeswasmerely informative and nonmandatory, a wide range of acceptable approaches to the strategic noise mapping resulted in As a result, the information reported to the Commission, and subsequentlyanalysedbytheeea,presentsanarrayofapparentinconsistenciesanduncertainties whencomparingresultsbetweenms. InthepreambletotheEND,paragraph7states: Dataaboutenvironmentalnoiselevelsshouldthereforebecollected,collatedorreportedin accordance with comparable criteria. This implies the use of harmonised indicators and evaluationmethods,aswellascriteriaforthealignmentofnoisemapping.suchcriteriaand methodscanbestbeestablishedbythecommunity. Thefracturedanddisparatenatureoftheguidanceinfrastructurearoundthefirstroundstrategic noisemappingnaturallyproducedanarrayofapproaches,andtheintroductionofuncertaintyinto the process when considering equivalence and comparability. Evidence from strategic noise mapping projects across Europe suggests that the differences between approaches included at leastthefollowingaspects: 125 of 180

126 Methodofassessment; Dataquality; Differencesin: o agglomerationdefinitions o smallroadsinagglomerations o populationassignmenttobuildings. Inthelightofthisexperience,itwasdecidedthatthedevelopmentoftheCNOSSOSEUmethods would be accompanied by the development of a unified set of guidelines on the practical application of the CNOSSOSEU methods within the two identified fitforpurpose applications, namelystrategicnoisemappingandactionplanning. AtthekickoffmeetingoftheCNOSSOSEUTechnicalCommitteeinNovember2010,theanalysisof the MS feedback on the May 2010 draft JRC Reference Report on CNOSSOSEU was presented. Therewereanumberofcommentsraisedregardingtheguidelines,whichmaybesummarisedas: GuidanceforacompetentuseofCNOSSOSEUisrequiredbytheEUMSasanintegralpart ofthecommonmethods; NineEUMSalsoexpressedtheirviewsonwhattheguidelinesshoulddo: o indicatetheimpactofsimplificationsofinputdata; o provideinstructionsontheevaluationofemissiondata: howtoimportnationaldatabasesintocnossoseu howtointroducenewdata o be flexible enough to accommodate local and regional variations (complex situationssuchasvalleyzones). These comments acknowledge the role of the guidelines as a key element in ensuring that a common method of assessment is implemented and applied consistently across MS, as far as practicable,inordertoprovidecomparabilitybetweenresultsasdesiredwithintheend. IX.2.DevelopingthescopeoftheCNOSSOSEUguidelines The initial scope of the guidelines has developed alongside the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework. The requirement for unified guidelines was expressed during extensive discussions, andagreedonduringthedgjrcworkshopon TargetQualityandInputValuesRequirements, which took place in March 2009 in Ispra. During this workshop it was recommended that the commonmethodsshouldsupportdevelopmentofnoisepolicyonthreelevels,namelyeu,msand local.itwasalsorecommendedthattheguidelineswouldberequiredtosupporttheapplicationof the methods in two forms of assessment: (1) a simplified approach for strategic noise mapping using default inputs and assumptions, and (2) a more complex approach to support detailed assessments. In September 2009, DG JRC held a second preparatory workshop in Brussels on Selection of commonnoiseassessmentmethodsineu.atthisworkshoptheinitialelementsoftheproposed methods were agreed, and through extensive discussions the initial scope of the proposed guidance began to take shape. At the EURONOISE Conference in October 2009 the Noise Mapping workshop presented recommendations from the September 2009 workshop, and 126 of 180

127 discussionswereopenedtoexpertsfromoutsidethecnossoseupreparatorywgs.therewasa lively debate among the delegates, which predominantly centred on the practical application of theproposedmethods,duringboththestrategicnoisemappingandnoiseactionplanningphases of the work under the END. These discussions both helped to extend the scope and began to providesomedetailedrequirementsfortheguidance. InMarch2010,DGJRChostedanadhocmeetinginIsprawithsoftwaredevelopers.Thiswasone ofanumberofadhocmeetingswhichhavebeenheldsincetheseptember2009workshop.the firstpresentationoftheinitialconcept,scopeandoutlineoftheguidelineswaspresentedatthis meeting, and subsequent discussions produced an outline agreement on the overall form and scopeoftheguidelines. TheCNOSSOSEUWG/DT6on Goodpracticeguidelines wasestablishedduringthecnossoseu TechnicalCommitteekickoffmeetingwhichwasorganisedbyDGJRCinliaisonwithDGENVin November2011inBrussels.Subsequently,thefirstmeetingoftheCNOSSOSEUWG/DT6washeld in Brussels on 1516 February During this meeting the work from the CNOSSOSEU preliminarystagewasreviewedindetailbythecnossoseuwg/dt6members,andamended andrevisedaccordingly.themeetingresultedintermsofreferenceforcnossoseuwg/dt6and areportontheoutcomeofthemeeting.thesehaveformedthebasisofthepositionpaperofthe CNOSSOSEU WG/DT 6, supplemented by the work from the preliminary stage of the process. ThesearesummarisedintheremainingsectionsofChapterIXofthepresentreport. IX.3.ConceptoftheCNOSSOSEUguidelines The CNOSSOSEU guidelines should offer extensive practical guidance to support users in the applicationoftheproposedcnossoseumethodologicalframework.thecnossoseuguidance shouldbepublishedalongsidethetechnicaldescriptionsofthemethods,withtheaimofproviding a framework for the common implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive (END) 2002/49/EC to support its requirements on comparability and equivalence. Whilst the technical descriptionofthecnossoseumethodologicalframeworkfocusesonwhatthemethodsentail, theguidanceistofocusonhowthemethodsaretobeappliedinpractice. The proposed approach of establishing a common framework for implementation needs to recogniseandaccommodatelocal andregionalvariations andbeflexibleinitsapproach,whilst providing EU, MS, Competent Authorities, guiding experts and stakeholders with a means of understandingthesourcesandextentsofuncertaintieswithintheprocess.theapproachshould supportandencouragethesharingofdata,experienceandbestpracticesbetweenstakeholders; supporttheaimsoftheinspiredirective;andassistneighbouringmsandcompetentauthorities tomeettheirobligations.alogicalstagedapproachforundertakingstrategicnoisemappingunder theremitoftheendwasproposed,witheachstageincludingdiscussionsofspecificchallenges, solutions,uncertainties,interpretationsandguidanceasappropriate. ItwasproposedthattheCNOSSOSEUGuidancebedevelopedasaninteractivewebbasedtool, whichlinkstheguidancewithspecificaspectsofthetechnicaldescription(seethedeliverymethod sectionbelowfordetails).thiswasthoughttopresentanopportunitytodevelopacommunityof users able to share challenges, solutions and best practices, whilst enabling the guidance to developintandemwiththeexperienceofapplyingthecnossoseumethodswithinrealworld situations. Theprimaryaimistobringtogetherthekeyaspectsofbestpracticescurrentlysetoutwithinan array of documents and reports. It was also important to consider that the experience of 127 of 180

128 undertakingthestrategicnoisemappingunderthefirstroundofthedirectivein2007,alongwith subsequenttechnicalandpolicydevelopment,hasledtoasecondaryaimthatthecnossoseu guidancebedevelopedandextendedbeyondthepreviouslyavailabledocuments.someofthese aspectswhichwereconsidered,include: Datacapturemethods: o Howtocapturespecificnoiserelateddata,suchastrainemissions,vehiclenoise, rail/wheelroughness,roadsurfacedata,etc; GPGv2Toolkits: o UpdatedandexpandedtodealwithCNOSSOSEUandwhatshouldbedonewhen dataisorisnotavailable; Dataschemadesign: o InputsandoutputsforCNOSSOSEU; o Dataspecificationtablesandschemadiagram; o AnINSPIREcompliant,openandextensiblestandard; o Includesrulesandguidanceonhowadditionalobjectsandattributesmaybeadded totheschema; o Providesacommondataformatwhichallowsinterfacingwithdataproviders,other dataownersandcrossborderprojectliaison. Useofnoisemappingsoftware: o Usersettingsandcalculationprocessing; o ControlofuncertaintyasperDIN45687; o Receptorpointsforpopulationassessment; o Gridsonlyforgraphics; o Guidanceongridresolutionforfinalmappingscale. Postprocessing: o Interpolationofgridsfor missing pointsorcontours,presentationofmaps; o Populationexposureassessment; o ReportingtoEC(ENDRM); o Presentationtothepublicandstakeholders. It may be the case that some aspects from existing guidance documents may no longer be considered relevant and other aspects, which are not discussed above, may be added to the CNOSSOSEUguidance. 128 of 180

129 IX.4.EndusersoftheCNOSSOSEUguidelines ThefollowingendusersareidentifiedaspotentialendusersoftheCNOSSOSEU Goodpractice guidelines : WHO Nationalauthority Competent authority Technical practitioner NEEDS Understandthefinancialcosts,thecomplexityandthenumberof organisationswithinthemsthatneedtobeinvolvedintheprocessof implementingthedirective,includingtransposition. Coordination,managementandproductionoftheresultingdataof strategicnoisemappingoractionplans. Runtheproject(datacollectionandhandling,operatingsoftware, operatingcalculation,producingresultfiles). Dataprovider Providetheappropriateinputdata. Reporting coordinatoratms (totheec) Collectrelevantinformationfromthecompetentauthorities. Note: the public is not a specifically identified end user. As MS and designated bodies have a responsibility to inform the public and undertake public consultations in connection with the activitiesundertheend,the public isnotconsideredtobeanenduseroftheguidelines. IX.5.CNOSSOSEUguidance:outlineoftableofcontents WhilsttheoverallscopeoftheWGAENGPGv2hasgenerallybeensupportedsinceitspublication, a number of additional technical issues have been identified during the preparatory phase of CNOSSOSEUwhichitmaybeconsideredrelevanttocover.Theseareoutlinedaboveandinclude: inputdata,managementofuncertainty,postprocessing,anduseofnoisemappingsoftware. Thisledtotheproposal,setoutbelow,foranoutlineofthecontentsoftheCNOSSOSEUguidance under12mainsections. OutlineTableofContents A brief summary report written to be accessible to policy and nontechnical readers, withaseriesoftechnicalannexes: Outlineofcontents: 1. Introduction Towhomisthisguidanceaddressed? 129 of 180

130 Whatcanyoufindinthisguidancedocument? ImplementingtheEnvironmentalNoiseDirective Somehistory Somechallenges Aimsandobjectivesfollowingthefirstround ApplicationofCNOSSOSEU StrategicnoisemapsunderDirective2002/49/EC Specificdetailedassessments Assessmentofuncertainty Overviewofstrategicnoisemappingprocess Stagesofprocessundercommonframework Areasofassessment Defineagglomerations Definelocationsofmajorsources Defineareasofnoisemodelling Noisecalculationmethods practicalexperience,hints,tips,pitfalls,etc. Roadnoisesourceemission Railwaynoisesourceemission Industrialnoisesourceemission Soundpropagation Meteorologicaldata Aircraftnoisesourceemission GISanddatasetspecifications Terminology GISandENDrequirements TechnicalspecificationsoftheGIS GISlayers,scaleandaccuracy Datamodel Datadictionary Datavalidation Referencesystem Metadata GMLspecification Noisemodeldatasets Bestpracticesinnoisemodelling 130 of 180

131 Specificationfordatacapture AdaptationofgenericGISdatatonoisemodeldata Datavalidation GPGstyleToolkits Noiselevelcalculations Overviewofcalculationprocess Noiseassessmentsystems Softwaresystemrequirements Testmodelsandprotocols Softwarevalidationprocedure Datamanagementstrategy Modeluncertainty Userdefinedcalculationsettings Calculationhardwareenvironment Preflightchecks Postcalculationchecks Measurements Useofmeasurementsinstrategicnoisemapping Roadnoisesourcemeasurement Railwaynoisesourcemeasurement Industrialnoisesourcemeasurement Meteorologicalmeasurements Validationandcalibrationofstrategicnoisemaps Mediumandlongtermnoisemeasurements Postprocessingandanalysis Areas Dwellings fromcnossoseuwg/dt10 People fromcnossoseuwg/dt10 Presentationofresults Reporting Conflictmaps,differencemaps,consolidatedmaps ENDRM fromcnossoseuwg/dt9orlinkthrougheearod website 131 of 180

132 IX.6.CNOSSOSEUguidance:deliverymethod GiventheextensivenatureoftheCNOSSOSEUguidance soutlinetableofcontents,coupledwith thewiderangeofrequirementsofthefiveidentifiedsetsofendusers,ithasbecomeclearthata traditional flat documentorreportstructurewouldnotprovideanefficientorworkablesolution forpublishingthecnossoseuguidelines. Withthischallengeinmind,awebsiteconcepthasbeendevelopedbyDGJRCinordertoaddressa numberofthekeychallengesassociatedtotherequirementsforthecnossoseuguidelines.itis consideredthatthemainbenefitsofthecnossoseuguidelines websiteconceptareasfollows: Multiuserauthoring o Enables CNOSSOSEU WG/DT 6 members to work simultaneously on developing multipleaspectsoftheguidelines. Instantreviewing o Authored or reauthored content is available immediately for review by the CNOSSOSEUWG/DT6priortopublication. Managedpublication o Anofficialversioncanbepublishedtotheusercommunity,whilstthenextversion isbeingdevelopedbythecnossoseuwg/dt6. o Publishedguidelinescanbeversionedandtimestampedfortraceability. Userfocusedcontent o Authoringcontentintierstomatcheachofthefiveidentifiedusergroupsenables eachtypeofusertoaccessguidelinestailoredtotheirneeds,andnotbeforcedto gothroughtheentirecontentseekingspecificaspects. Userfeedback o Commentingbypageenablesuserstoprovidefeedbackonspecificaspects,which in turn can improve the review and update process, whilst providing a more interactiveuserexperience. Projecttracking o UsersareabletorecordtheuseofToolkitoptionsandthesolutionsusedfortypical problems.thesearerecordedwithinanxmlfile,whichmaybedownloadedbythe userasacataloguedescribingtheirproject. o Users may manage multiple spate projects in this manner. By using download/upload project XML data may be shared between users, such as consultantswithclients,ornationalcompetentauthoritieswithdesignatedbodies. Search o The contents of the site will be fulltext indexed to facilitate fast searching and accesstorelevantinformation. Filteredviews o The Mymapping sectionprovidesanumberofprebuiltfilteredviewsthroughthe pagesofdata,eachmatchedtothetypeofuserprofile. OneofthemainbenefitsperceivedoftheconceptistheproposeduseoftheXMLfileunderneath 132 of 180

133 the website to track choices within the Level 3 Toolkits. This was initially envisaged to help practitioners understand their choices. However, it has also become clear that it may provide a numberofotherbenefits: Mappingpractitionercataloguesselections,datasets,etc.; A mandatory buttoncouldpreselecttheminimumrequirementsandprovideashopping listofallitemsrequiredtomeetthis; The XML file could become a method by which authorities manage the actions of contractors,totrackandreporttheirchoices; TheXMLfilecouldpossiblybeimportedintonoisemappingsoftwaretohelpwithmodel setup; UserscouldhavemultipleXMLfilesperprofileinordertorunormanagemultiplemapping projects possible link to Reporting Mechanism Competent Authorities and reporting entities. The MyMapping sectionessentiallyprovidesafilteredsetofpagesspecificallyfocusedoneachof theidentifiedendusergroups. Similarly,thepageswhichconstitute mandatory guidanceforstrategicnoisemappingwouldbe date/versioncontrolled, and a filter could provide a consolidated set of mandatory pages at a givendate/versionwhichwouldbereportedbackwiththemapsastheversionused. Atpresentthereisaproofofconceptversionoftheguidelineswebsitewhichhasbeendeveloped withindgjrctohelptestoutthekeyideasandfeaturesdescribedabove.belowareanumberof screenshotsforthisproofofconceptwebsite,withspecificaspectshighlightedusingyellowboxes andarrows. 133 of 180

134 Fiveembeddedlevelsofusearedefined: Level0:Overview:Frameworkdescriptionofthemethod,aimedatthegeneralpublicandpoliticians; Level1:Theassessmentprocess:ExplanationsfortheenvironmentalofficesandmanagersoftheprocessatMSlevel; Level2:Description:Generalexplanationofinputdatarequirementsanduseofthemethod.Aimedatpeopleperformingthenoise mappingcalculations Level3:Toolkit:Exactlistofinputstobeusedinthecalculation. Level4:Details:Hintsofthesettingsandinputvalues,clarificationofspecificissues,dataformattollsfornationaldatabaseconversion, toolsforintroducingnewvalues,useofmeasurements. Withineachoftheselevels,pagesaregrouptogethertomatchtherequirementsatthatlevel,asindicatedinFigureIX.1. FigureIX.1:ThefiveembeddedlevelsofuseoftheCNOSSOSEUgoodpracticeguidelines 134 of 180

135 135 of 180

136 136 of 180

137 FigureIX.2:ScreenshotsoftheproofofconceptCNOSSOSEUguidelineswebsite 137 of 180

138 IX.7.DetailedcontentoftheCNOSSOSEUguidance ThepotentialfivelevelcontentoftheCNOSSOSEUguidanceisshownindetailinthetablebelow.Itshouldbe noted that the following table was built by CNOSSOSEU WG/DT 6 on the basis of the first version of the CNOSSOSEU methodological framework (May 2010) and should therefore be updated according to the contentofthepresentreportandtheoutcomeofphasebofthecnossoseuprocess. 138 of 180

139 ITEM LEVEL0 LEVEL1 LEVEL2 LEVEL3 LEVEL4 Priority(*) Method related? HOME?? 1 no Overview?? 1 no 1. Introduction?? 1 no 2. Implementingthe EnvironmentalNoise Directive?? 1 No 3. ApplicationofCNOSSOSEU methods?? 2 Yes 4. Overviewofstrategicnoise mappingprocess?? 1 no Theassessmentprocess no 5. Areasofassessment Definitionofthemain ideabehindand explanationoftheoption toredefineareas,effects ofbeingin/outthearea 1 no Defineagglomerations Discussionontheeffect ofincluding/excluding areas Tobedefined Tobedefined 1 no Definelocationsofmajorsources Discussionontheeffect ofincluding/excluding sourcesandthedefinition ofmajorsourceswithin agglomerations Tobedefined Tobedefined 1 no Defineareasofnoisemodelling Areaofdatatobe collectedtobuildthe noisemodel(two differentcasesfor agglomerationandmajor infrastructure) Tobedefined Tobedefined 1 no Definerelevantindustries Purposeoftheselection. Selectionofindustrial activitieswithsignificant Tobedefined Tobedefined 1 no 139 of 180

140 contributiontonoise levels 6. Noisecalculationmethods Roadtrafficsource Roadnoisesourceemission Descriptioningeneral termsofwhatparameters arerequired 1 yes Classesofvehicles Liststheclasses Describestheuseof2,3or4 classes Rollingandpropulsion noisecoefficientsar,br, AP,BPandCP,andother parameterssuchastraffic flow,directivity,road surfaceeffectarealso classdependent.linkwith nationaldatabase 1 yes Numberandpositionofsources Describesthesource positionforeachclassof vehicle(1sentence) Reductioninthenumberofsources Tobedefined 1 yes Trafficflow Describesthegeneric model(1sentence) Whatparametertouse,effectof vehicleclassdistribution Tobedefined 1 yes Speed Describesspeedeffect Whatspeedparametertoconsider Tobedefined 1 yes Rollingnoiseemission Describesrollingnoise calculation.requires speedasinputparameter Linkwithspeeditem DefinitionofARandBRcoefficients Updaterollingnoise coefficientsarandbr,link withnationaldatabase 1 yes Propulsionnoise Requiresspeedand accelerationasinput parameters Linkwithspeedandacceleration parameters Propulsionnoise coefficientsap,bpandcp, linkwithnational database 1 yes Effectoftypeofroadsurface Descriptionofreference roadsurface,potential effectofroadsurfaces Liststheexistingtypesofroad surfacesandtheexpectednoise reductions(lookuptableaccording toms) Linkwithmeasurement standardsandnational databases 1 yes Sourcedirectivity Descriptionofdirectivity andexpectedeffect Adviceonwhentouseit(specific tests) 3 yes Acceleration Descriptionoftheeffect ofacceleration Adviceonwhenandhowtouseit, situationswhereitcanbe consideredandwhereitshouldbe avoided 2 yes 140 of 180

141 Effectofroadgradient Describestheeffectof roadgradientand combinationwith acceleration Adviceonwhenandhowtouseit, addressesthediscontinuitieswith flatparts,whattodowithslopes >6% 2 yes Effectoftemperature Temperature(description oftheeffect) Whatparametertoselect(yearly average,etc?) 2 yes Regionalandfleetspecificeffects Wetnessofroadsurface Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Truckwithmultiaxle Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Truckwithspecifictyre mounting Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Vehicleweight/tyrewidth Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Studdedtyres Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Proportionofvans Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Enginefuel/energy Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 2 yes Truckwithhighexhaust system Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Structuralvibrationof bridges Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Tunnelopenings Adviceonwhentouseitandwhat parametertouse 3 yes Railwaysourceemission Railwaynoisesourceemission Descriptioningeneral termsofwhatparameters arerequired 1 Classesofvehicles Liststhesixbasicclasses Describesthesimplifiedsubdivision (BEWARE!THISISANALTERNATIVE TOTHEUSEOFTHEFOLLOWING PARAMETERS!) Mentionsthattheseare simplifiedversions,and whattheymeangiven theirsimplifications 1 yes Numberofaxlespervehicle Syntheticdefinitionofthe numberofaxles Describestheuseandsub classificationaccordingtosix specificdescriptors Detaileddescriptionof theaxlespervehicle parameter 2 yes 141 of 180

142 Braketype Vehicletype Load Wheeldiameter Wheelmeasure Classesoftracksandsupport structures Trackbase Roughness Railpadtype Railfastener Sleepertype Railtype Sleeperspacing Syntheticdefinitionofthe braketyperelevance Describestheuseandsub classificationaccordingtosix specificdescriptors Detaileddescriptionof thebraketypeparameter 1 yes Syntheticdefinitionofthe vehicletypeclassification Describestheuseandsub classificationaccordingtosix specificdescriptors Detaileddescriptionof thevehicletype 2 yes Syntheticdefinitionofthe loadparameterandits effectiveness Describestheuseandsub classificationaccordingtosix specificdescriptors Detaileddescriptionof theloadeffect 3 yes Syntheticdefinitionofthe wheeldiameterandits effectonnoise Describestheuseandsub classificationaccordingtosix specificdescriptors Detaileddescriptionof thewheeldiametereffect 3 yes Presentationofpossible wheelreduction measuresandtheir effects Describestheuseandsub classificationaccordingtosix specificdescriptors Detaileddescriptionof thenoisereduction measureattachedtothe wheel 2 yes Liststhesixbasicclasses Describesthesimplifiedsubdivision 1 yes Definesthetrackbase andhowitaffectsnoise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof thetrackbaseparameter 3 yes Definestheroughness andhowitaffectsnoise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof theroughnessparameter (e.g.howtomeasureit) 1 yes Definestherailpadand howitaffectsrailnoise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof therailpadtype parameter 2 yes Definestherailfastener andhowitaffectsrailway noise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof therailfastener parameter 3 yes Definesthesleepertype andhowitaffectsrailway noise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof thesleepertype parameter 3 yes Definestherailtypeand howitaffectsrailway noise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof therailtypeparameter 3 yes Definesthesleeper spacingandhowitaffects railwaynoise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof thesleeperspacing parameter 3 yes 142 of 180

143 143 of 180 Additionalmeasures Describeswhatkindof additionalmeasurescan betakenandforwhat reasons Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof theadditionalmeasures parameter 2 yes Railjoints Describesrailjoints, wheretheyarefoundand howthisaffectsnoise Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof therailjointsparameter 2 yes Curvature Describeswhycurvature isimportantandwhatits effectsare Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors Detaileddescriptionof thecurvatureparameter 2 yes Dynamiccharacteristics Expressestheoverall dynamiccharacteristicsof thetrack Describestheuseandsub classificationfollowing11specific descriptors(beware!this PARAMETERISUSEDTOEVALUATE THEEFFECTOFRAIL PAD+SLEEPER+RAILTYPE!) Detaileddescriptionof thedynamic characteristicsparameter Thereisaneedtoclarify theuseofthisparameter inplaceofother parameters 3 yes Numberandpositionofsources Describesthepossible positionofsources(1 sentence) Usesfivesourceheightsorreduces thenumberofsourcestotwo (BEWARE!THISPARAMETER BLOCKSTHECHOICEOFIMPACT SQUEALBRAKINGANDADDITIONAL EFFECTS) Explainsthereasonsfor andeffectsof simplification,andwhat shouldandshouldnotbe includedinthesimplified version 1 yes Trafficflow Describesthegeneric model(1sentence) Describeswhatparametertouse andtheeffectofvehicleclass distribution 1 yes Speed Describestheeffectof speedondifferentparts ofthemethod(1 sentence) Describeswhatspeedparameterto consider(average,maximum,taken fromtrains,etc.)anddefinesspeed dimension Differentminimum speedsinmsareused 1 yes Runningconditions Descriptionoftheeffect ofacceleration Adviceonwhenandhowtouseit, situationswhereitcanbe consideredandwhereitshouldbe avoided. Allowstheuseofsolelystationary speed Describeshowtoobtain theacceleration parameter 3 yes Wheelroughness 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Ifitisselected,specifieswhatlevel ofdetailisrequired Explainswheretogetit, howandinwhatformat, 1 yes

144 Railroughness Vehicletransferfunction Tracktransferfunction Contactfilter Impactnoise Squeal Brakingnoise Tractionnoise 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Ifitisselected,specifieswhatlevel ofdetailisrequired 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Usestheonefromdatabase (dependsonthechoicesofvehicle class) Userdefined 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Usestheonefromdatabase (dependsonthechoicesofvehicle class) Userdefined 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Usestheonefromdatabase (dependsonthechoicesofvehicle class) Userdefined Ifjointdensityisselected,specifies whatlevelofdetailisrequired 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Usesthetableofimpactroughness levelsfromdatabase(dependson thechoicesofvehicleclass) Userdefined 1sentenceonwhatitis andthefunction Ifitisselected,specifieswhatlevel ofdetailisrequiredandwhetherto useornotdefaultvalues Explainswhatbraking noiseisandwhereit occurs Ref.broadbandbraking noise Ref.brakesqueal Explainswhetherornottouseit, whethertousedefaultvaluesora specificcorrection Speeddependencyfactor Durationcorrection Explainswhatitis Explainspossibleoptionsfor introducingit(ornotusingit) 144 of 180 Explainswheretogetit, howandinwhatformat, Ifuserdefined,explains whatitisandhowtoget it Ifuserdefined,explains whatitisandhowtoget it Ifuserdefined,explains whatitisandhowtoget it Explainswheretogetit, howandinwhatformat, Explainswheretogetit, howandinwhatformat,. Explainshowthetableof referencer0valueswas obtained Explainsallthedetailsof thepointsaboveandhow togettheduration correction Descriptionofpossible standardsandtechniques togettractionnoise 1 yes 1 yes 1 yes 1 yes 1 yes 2 yes 2 yes 2 yes

145 Aerodynamicnoise Explainswhatitisand whenitiscommontouse it Explainspossibleoptionsfor introducingit(ornotusingit) Explainshowthe coefficientsareobtained 1 yes Othereffects Explainswhatitisand whenitiscommontouse thecorrectionforbridge Explainspossibleoptionsfor introducingit(ornotusingit) ExplainshowtogettheC bridgeoranyother correctioneffect 1 yes Industrialnoisesourceemission 1 Sourcedescription Asectionontheissueof buildingradiationneeds tobeintroducedin CNOSSOSEU(seeVDI 2571(Germany)orEN (2000) transmissionofindoor soundtotheoutside) 1 yes Numberandpositionofsources 1 yes Soundpoweremission 1 yes Correctionforworkinghours 1 yes Sourcedirectivity 1 yes Measurements 1 yes Soundpropagation 1 Sourcesegmentation 1 yes Propagationpaths 1 yes Reflectionsonbuildingfaçadesand verticalobstacles 1 yes Propagation L geo geometricalattenuation 1 yes h S sourceheight 1 h R receiverheight 1 Rdistancesourcereceiver 1 yes angleofview 1 yes Rmin shortestdistancelinesource receiver 1 yes Latm atmosphericattenuation 1 yes 145 of 180

146 Lexcessexcessattenuation 1 yes Lfordiffractionandreflectionon groundprofile 1 yes LDdiffractionattenuation 1 yes signedgeometricalpathdifference 1 yes d S distancesourcediffractionpoint 1 yes d R distancereceiverdiffractionpoint 1 yes S diffractionangleonsourceside 1 yes R diffractionangleonreceiverside 1 yes LGgroundattenuation 1 yes L G,flat groundattenuation 1 yes LG,valleygroundattenuation 1 yes wkmodifiedfresnelweights 1 yes fctransitionfrequency 1 yes Qksphericalwavereflection coefficient 1 yes Dkgeometricalweightingfactor 1 yes Ckcoherencefactor 1 yes Rpplanewavereflectioncoefficient 1 yes Znormalisedgroundimpedance 1 yes angleofreflection 1 yes FQboundarylossfactor 1 yes Ccohcoherencefactor 1 yes hs standarddeviationofsource height 1 yes hr standarddeviationofreceiver height 1 yes T turbulencefactor 1 yes nffresnelparameter 1 yes 1 yes 146 of 180

147 1 yes Lscat forscatteringbyatmospheric turbulence 1 yes Lrefl+dif correctionforreflectionand diffractionbyverticalobstacles 1 yes Lspecial correctionforspecialcases 1 yes Aircraftnoisesourceemission Tobedefined Tobeconsideredlater yes 7. GISanddataset specifications 1 No 8. Noisemodeldatasets 9. Noiselevelcalculations 2 No Overviewofcalculationprocess Tutorialabout3D propagationconcepts, crosssectionsandpath findings 2 No Noiseassessmentsystems Informationonhowto choosetheadapted software 2 No Softwaresystemrequirements 3 No Testmodelsandprotocols 3 No Softwarevalidationprocedure 3 No Calculationsettings Informationontheuseof thesettingsinthe calculationsoftwareand theireffects Howtotesttheeffectsof thesettingsandchoose therelevantparameters. WilldealwithDIN No Calculationhardwareenvironment Informationonnetwork basis,differentprocesses, etc. Moredetails 2 No Preflightchecks Generalinformation Moredetails 2 No Postcalculationchecks Generalinformation Moredetails 2 No 147 of 180

148 10. Measurements 1 No Useofmeasurementsinstrategic noisemapping 1 No Validationandcalibrationofstrategic noisemaps 1 No Mediumandlongtermnoise measurements 1 No 11. Postprocessing&analysis Reportingofresults 1 No ReportingundertheEND 1 No Presentationofresults 1 No Publicparticipation 3 No 12. Reportingofresults 1 No (*)Priority1:essential,itemsneededforstrategicnoisemapping Priority2:medium,itemscanbeusefulforstrategicnoisemapping Priority3:low,itemscanbeusefulforactionplanningonly 148 of 180

149 References Nugent, C., Overview of noise exposure resulting from Strategic Noise Mapping, ProceedingsofEuronoise2009,2628October2009,Edinburgh. Van den Berg, M. and Licitra, G., EU Noise Maps: analysis of submitted data and comments,proceedingsofeuronoise2009,2628october2009,edinburgh. European Commission Working Group Assessment of Exposure to Noise (WGAEN), PositionPaper,GoodPracticeGuideforStrategicNoiseMappingandtheProductionof AssociatedDataonNoiseExposure,Version2,13thAugust2007. European Commission Working Group Assessment of Exposure to Noise (WGAEN), PositionPaper,PresentingNoiseMappingInformationtothePublic,March2008. HepworthAcoustics,NANR93:WGAEN sgoodpracticeguideandtheimplicationsfor AcousticAccuracy,May2005.ResearchreportforDefra. Hepworth Acoustics, NANR 208: Noise Modelling, Final Report, May Research reportfordefra. IMAGINEWP1Finalreport,Guidelinesandgoodpracticeonstrategicnoisemapping, Deliverable8oftheIMAGINEproject,February2007. European Commission Contract B43040/2001/329750/MAR/C1 Adaptation and revisionoftheinterimnoisecomputationmethodsforthepurposeofstrategicnoise mapping. GoodPracticeGuideonPortAreaNoiseMappingandManagement,NoMEPorts,April DIN45687AcousticsSoftwareproductsforthecalculationofthesoundpropagation outdoorsqualityrequirementsandtestconditions.

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151 CHAPTERX.REVISEDELECTRONICNOISEDATAREPORTING MECHANISM X.1.Background The CNOSSOSEU methodological framework aims to improve the consistency and comparability of the noise assessments conducted by EU MS in accordance with the obligations placed on them by the Environmental Noise Directive (END). The deadlines for completingtheassessmentscontainedintheendarefollowedbykeydeadlinesbywhichthe information must be reported to the Commission. Without proper communication of the assessments to the Commission it cannot be guaranteed that a competent authority has complied with its obligation under the legislation. Therefore, the format for communicating the results of noise assessments to the Commission is the key driver for what should be derivedfromtheassessmentmethods. These noise exposure assessments, in turn, form only one part of a suite of reporting requirements placed upon the MS. In view of this, the EEA has developed a harmonised methodofcommunicatingalldatarelatedinformationassociatedwiththeend.knownasthe ElectronicNoiseDataReportingMechanism(ENDRM),itwaspublishedinadvanceofthefirst roundreportingrequirementfornoisemappingin2007andtodateithasbeenutilisedby mosteumsandothereeamembercountriestodelivernoisedatainaccordancewiththe requirementsofthedirective. UseoftheENDRMnotonlyhelpstoensureMScompliancewiththeENDbutalsotoassistin meetingtheobligationsoftheinspiredirectiveandtheecsharedenvironmentalinformation Service(SEIS)requirements. MuchhasbeenlearntaboutENDRMduringitsuseinthefirstroundreportingofsource,noise mapsandactionplandataandimprovementstoitsefficientoperationhavebeenidentified forimplementationinthecontextofthecnossoseumethodologicalframework. X.2.AimoftheENDRM The ENDRM has been developed to facilitate EU MS reporting in a common format while ensuringthatthereportingrequirementsoftheendaremet. ItaddressesthereportingobligationssetoutintheENDandprovidesreportingtemplatesfor EUMStoutilise. The reporting requirements and corresponding templates are integrated into an organised structureofdataflows,eachofwhichdetailsthecontentandtimelinerequiredforcompliance withtheend. Directive2002/49/ECrequiresMStoreportavarietyofinformationtotheECatthefirstand secondroundofimplementationbetween2005and2014.thereafter,thedataflowsmerge intoacyclicalreportingobligationtobemeteveryfiveyears. Detailsoftheinformationtobereported,orthesedataflows,aresetoutinTableX of 180

152 TableX.1:DataflowscorrespondingtoreportingrequirementsoftheEND Data Flow Summarydescriptionofinformationtobereported Legallybinding deadline Updatesby EUMS END provision DF1 Major roads, major railways, major airports and agglomerations designated by MS and involved in the firstround( ) 30June 2005 Mandatory Every5years Art.71 DF2 Competentbodiesforstrategicnoisemaps,actionplans anddatacollection 18July 2005 Possible Atanytime Art.42 DF3 Noise limit values in force or planned and associated information 18July 2005 Possible Atanytime Art.54 DF4 DatarelatedtostrategicnoisemapsaslistedinAnnexVI for major roads, railways, airports and agglomerations involvedinthefirstround: 30December 2007 Mandatory Every5years Art.102 AnnexVI Peragglomeration250000inhabitants Per major civil airport movements/year For overall major roads 6 million vehicles/year Foroverallmajorrailways60000trains/year. DF5 Major roads, major railways, major airports and agglomerations designated by MS and involved in the secondround( ) 31December 2008 Possible Atanytime Art.72 DF6 Noisecontrolprogrammesthathavebeencarriedoutin thepastandnoisemeasuresinplacebeforeadoptionof actionplans: Peragglomeration250000inhabitants 18January 2009 Noupdate Art.102 AnnexVI 1.3&2.3 Per major civil airport movements/year For overall major roads 6 million vehicles/year Foroverallmajorrailways60000trains/year. DF7 Data related to action plans as listed in Annex VI for major roads, railways, airports and agglomerations involvedinthefirstround+anycriteriausedindrawing upactionplans: 18January 2009 Mandatory Every5years Art.102 AnnexVI +Art.83 Peragglomeration250000inhabitants Permajorairport50000movements/year For overall major roads 6 million vehicles/year Foroverallmajorrailways60000trains/year DF8 DatarelatedtostrategicnoisemapsaslistedinAnnexVI for major roads, railways, airports and agglomerations involvedinthesecondround Per agglomeration and < inhabitants 30December 2012 Mandatory Every5years Art.102 AnnexVI For overall major roads3 million and < 6 millionvehicles/year For overall major railways and < 60000trains/year. 152 of 180

153 DF9 Noisecontrolprogrammesthathavebeencarriedoutin thepastandnoisemeasuresinplacebeforeadoptionof actionplans: Per agglomeration and < inhabitants 18January 2014 Noupdate Art.102 AnnexVI 1.3&2.3 For overall major roads3 million and < 6 millionvehicles/year For overall major railways and < 60000trains/year. DF10 Data related to action plans as listed in Annex VI for major roads, railways, airports and agglomerations involved in the second round + any criteria used in drawingupactionplans: 18January 2014 Mandatory Every5years Art.102 AnnexVI +Art.83 Per agglomeration and < inhabitants For overall major roads3 million and < 6 millionvehicles/year For overall major railways and < 60000trains/year. InordertofacilitateEUMSreportsfromthenationalandregionallevel,theadditionofdata flow zero (DF0) enables the definition of various organisations which have reporting responsibilitywithinthems.df0setsoutresponsibilities,coverageandcontactinformation forallthereferencedorganisations.df0thusdefinesthereportingstructureinwhichthems proposestosubmitallsubsequentreports. X.3.ENDRM:amechanismforcommonreporting Simplereporting AnumberoffactorswereconsideredduringthedevelopmentoftheENDRM.Themainaim wastosimplifythereportingforms.thishasbeenachievedby: reducingrepetitionthroughtheuseofrelationaldatabaseprinciples adoptingformatswhichbestsuitthetypeofinformationtobereported keepingconsistencyofreportingformatbetweenthefirstandsecond implementationstepsandbeyond adoptingformatswhichareinlinewithseisandinspirerequirements. Reportnet TheinformationsubmittedbyMSistobecollatedandmanagedbytheEEAonbehalfofthe EC,usingtheReportnetsystem. Reportnet is a system of integrated IT tools and business processes that create a shared informationinfrastructureoptimisedtosupporteuropeanenvironmentalreporting. 153 of 180

154 Fig.X.1:TheReportnetsystem Reportnet provides an existing framework for the reporting of environmental data flows, includingthoserequiredbydirectivesonairquality,waterandhabitats.whereappropriate, dataformatsandspecificationsfortheendrmtemplateshavebeenharmonisedwiththoseof existingenvironmentalreportingobligationsreportedthroughreportnet. Essentially, Reportnet is an ereporting tool developed by the EEA in order to support this improvement in data and information flows. It is an open system that permits efficient deliveriesfromcountriesinaverytransparentmanner.mostimportantly,reportnetoffersthe abilitytoaddressdataqualityintwodifferentprocesses. Thefirstprocess,whichisbeingimplementeddataflowbydataflow,istheautomatedquality check.duringtheprocessofuploadingdatatothecentraldatarepository,thedeliveriesare checkedagainstthedatadictionaryandfeedbackisgiventothedatasuppliershouldtherebe inconsistencieswiththedatadictionaryentries. AsecondqualitycheckisappliedwhilemergingthenationaldeliveriesintoadraftEuropean data set using conversion and merging tools andbefore entering it into the European data warehouse (in many cases the EEA data service). At this point, the thematic experts take a closelookatthisdraftdataset.thisprocessisconductedinconjunctionwiththeeuropean Topic Centre for Spatial Information and Analysis (ETCSIA) and, if necessary, changes are suggestedtothedatasuppliers,whichmayleadtoareviseddatadelivery. Reportnetfornoise ThedeliveryofnoiserelateddatathroughtheENDRMandReportnetfacilitatesthisquality checkingprocess.ifneithersystemisutilisedbythedataprovider,thenthequalitychecking processisamuchmorecomplicatedtask. During the firstround reporting of noise maps in 2007, only four EEA member countries utilisedreportnettodelivernoiserelateddata.inoctober2008theeeaformallypublished guidelinesfortheuseofreportnettodeliverenddatapertainingtodataflow5forwhichthe originaldeadlinewasattheendofthatyear.followingtrainingontheuseofreportnetfor noiseataworkshopwhichtookplacethatsamemonth,atotalof19countriesusedreportnet todeliverdatarelatingtodataflow5. This guideline document was updated in 2010 in advance of a requirement to provide an updateofdataflow1injuneofthatyear.thecontentsofthisguidelinesdocumentwillform 154 of 180

155 acoreelementoftherevisedendrmanditsassociatedhandbook. Through the CNOSSOSEU project the ENDRM has been fully integrated into the Reportnet systemofereporting,sothatofficiallyrequestedtemplatescanbedirectlydownloadedand subsequentlyreuploadedbyeums. INSPIRE INSPIREisadirectivefortheestablishmentofaninfrastructureforspatialinformationinthe EuropeanUnion(INSPIRE) 10. A key objective of INSPIRE is to make more and better spatial data available for EU policy makingandtheimplementationofeupolicies initiallyenvironmentalpolicy inthemsatall levels. Sinceitsadoptionin2007,theINSPIREDirectivehasdefinedthemostappropriateformatfor datainrelationtomanyotherdirectivesanddatastreams. RelevantelementsoftheENDRMhavebeenformattedinawaythatmeetstherequirements ofinspire.thisincludestheuseoftheetrs89geographicalreferencingsystemandtheuseof spatial metadata standards to accommodate delivery of noise maps, source locations, agglomerationboundariesandactionplanningareas,includingzonesdelimitedasquietareas. Importantly,thereportingformatsaredesignedtomeetaminimumachievablestandardthat takesintoaccountthediversityofapproachestomanagingspatialdatawhichcurrentlyexists acrossms. Reportingentities TheinformationrequiredbytheENDhasatemporalcomponent.Thedataflowsidentifiedby thereportingmechanismandshownintablex.1detailamethodforidentifyingthedeadlines inherentinthedirective.itisalsoapparentfromthesedataflowsandfromthestatementsin the Directive that the reporting obligations can be further subdivided into information requiredbyentityasfollows: majorroads majorrailways majorairports agglomerations. The reporting structure implemented in a MS may be different for each of these entities. Therefore, DF0 defines the reporting structure for each of the four entities separately. Furthermore,theENDalsoindicatesthatthereisarequirementforcertaindataflowswithin agglomerationstobesubdividedbetweenthefoursources: roadsinsideagglomerations railwaysinsideagglomerations 10 Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) ( 155 of 180

156 airportsinsideagglomerations industryinsideagglomerations. FigureX.2presentsthehighleveldesignimplementedfortheReportingMechanisminterms ofdatapertainingtomajorroads.thisisasampledatamodelreflectingboththetemporal aspectsofthereportingobligationsrepresentedbytheindividualdataflowelements,andthe structure of the model by entity. The relationships between all the different pieces of informationrequiredarealsodisplayedtoprovideacompleteoverviewofthestructureofthe ENDRMforthissource.AtthecentreofthemodelisDF0,highlightinghowthisinformationis criticaltothestructureandunderstandingofthesubsequentdatathataretobereported. FigureX.2:SampleENDRMdatamodelformajorroadsonly TheENDRMandfirstroundstrategicnoisemaps 156 of 180

157 The ENDRM was first presented to the Eionet National Reference Centres for Noise at a workshop hosted by EEA in Copenhagen in June Despite the positive response to its introductionandtheprovisionoftrainingonitsuse,theexperiencegainedinprocessingthe country data has revealed many irregularities and problems with the application of the ENDRM. TheENDRMwasinitiallyusedby70%ofcountriestodeliverdatarelatingtothefirstroundof noise maps. However, only a small fraction of these reports could be considered to be complete.thislackofcompletenesswasidentifiedasoneofthekeyproblems.alsoidentified asarecurringerrorwasatendencyforreportstohaveindecipherabledata.inotherwords, data for which the meaning is ambiguous, e.g. a number with several decimal places attributedtoit.thishasbeenattributedtoalackofclarityinthetextofthedirectiveitself. Inothercases,somereportersconsidereditappropriatetoamendthetemplatestosuittheir ownneeds,orsimplytodeliverthedatainacompletelydifferentformat,againtosuittheir ownneeds. All in all, the problems identified have led to delays in quality assurance of the data and misinterpretationofexposurestatistics.this,inturn,meansthattheeeaorthecommissionis unable to make a fully informed and accurate assessment of the impact of noise from key sourcesineurope. X.4.TheENDRMinrelationtoCNOSSOSEU In seeking to define a common approach to noise assessment in Europe, the CNOSSOSEU projectprovidedanopportunityforareviewoftheendrmasthecommonreportingmethod. This includes an evaluation of the use of ENDRM in the first round of noise mapping and implementation of the key changes that are required to ensure that the Commission gains valuefromthesecondroundofreportingdueindecember2012.inaddition,thecommission hastakentheviewthattheendrmcouldbeproposedasamandatorymethodofreporting fornoisedatainthefuture. One driver for this is the Shared Environmental Information Service for Europe (SEIS) communication,asissuedbythecommissionin2008.akeyelementofseisistheelectronic delivery of data, for which task 9 of CNOSSOSEU will ensure that the ENDRM is fully integratedintothereportnetdatamanagementsystemasofferedtocountriesasamethodby whichthisereportingcanbeachieved. Combined with the recent advances in health impact evidence and the introduction of stringentnightnoiseguidelinesforeurope,itisnecessaryforthecommissiontoensurethat maximum value can be derived from the data reported. In other words, a full impact assessmentforallsourcesandaccordingtotheguidelinelevelsneedstobeachieved. 157 of 180

158 CNOSSOSEUWG9 TheprocesstoreviewtheENDRMbeganwiththeestablishmentofareviewgroupcomprising membersfromtheeea,etcsia,eionetandtheeeaexpertpanelonnoise(epon).inaddition, the services of the contractor originally responsible for developing the mechanism, Extrium Ltd,werealsoretained. ThisgroupheldformalmeetingsinJanuary2010andMay2010duringwhichthemaintaskin relation to reviewing the ENDRM were completed. This was of course prior to the official commencementofthecnossoseuproject.withtheformalestablishmentofcnossoseu, thereviewgroupconcludeditsworkascnossoseuwg9,forwhichameetingwashostedby theeeainjanuary2012.themembershipofthisworkinggroupmaybefoundunderthelistof contributorsattheendofthisreport. ItwasconcludedthattheENDRMhasonlybeenutilisedforoneroundofnoisedatareporting anditcouldbethatcountriesarestillonlygettingusedtoitsrequirementsandformat.any reviewoftheendrmshouldberestrictedtoonlytheelementsthatneedtochangeinorder to improve clarity of the data and serve the new needs for a representative assessment of noiseexposureacrosseurope. OnereasonforthisisthatthepotentialforarevisedDirectivemayintroducenewreporting requirements that render the existing ENDRM redundant. Any wholesale changes to the ENDRMnowmayonlyneedtoberepeatedinthenearfuture.Inconclusion,amorefitfor purposeversionofthecurrentendrmiswhatcanbedeliveredbycnossoseu. WithagreementonthetypesofimprovementsthatcouldbeimplementedintheENDRM,it only remained to finetune the key changes that are required to make the ENDRM fitfor purposeinthesecondroundofnoisemappingandbeyond. Suggestedrevisionstothe MSExcel and MSWord templatesweretabledandagreed.the formerwillremaininthe MSExcel formatbutwithadditionaldesirabledatarequirementsfor global exposure assessment for all noise sources combined in agglomerations, expanded decibel banding to take account of the new night noise guidelines for Europe and the expansionofrequirementstodeliverdatausingappropriatelydefinedgisstandards. During 2011, the ENDRM template revisions were implemented and the data dictionary of Reportnet rewritten to accommodate these new requirements. This process involved successiveroundsoftrialdatadeliveriestoreportnetinordertotestthetemplatesanddata dictionary.thesetrialsweretobeconductedbynominateddatareportersfromeionetand ETCSIA. TherevisedENDRM ThroughoutthereviewandamendmentoftheENDRM,ithasbeenaprioritytoensurethat thefundamentalstructureoftheoriginalreportingmechanismremainsthesameasadopted in2007.thiswillensurecontinuityofreportingandsubsequentlyassessmentofnoisedataat Europeanscaleforeachroundofnoisemappingandassociateddatadeliveries. Therefore,theimprovementstotheENDRMwillremainlargelyunnoticedbytheuserandMS nominated reporters. Where the changes have been effected is in the Data Dictionary, the Central Data Repository (CDR) and also the Reporting Obligations Database (ROD) of Reportnet. Totakeaccountoftheimprovements,arevisedENDRMhandbookhasbeenpreparedbythe

159 EEA.Thiswaspublishedinearly2012andisthecornerstoneofatrainingworkshopprovided bytheeeaforallofitsmembersandcooperatingcountriesatthesametime. ThisworkshopwaspresentedasanEioneteventandwasanofficialelementoftheCNOSSOS EU project. Nevertheless, it marked the culmination of the work completed by the ENDRM review group and the CNOSSOSEU WG 9 and represents the key interface between the assessment of noise throughout Europe and the sharing of the results by means of one commonnoisemethodologicalframework(cnossoseu). Keypointstonote: TheENDRMtemplatestructureremainsthesameasin2007 Therearenonewmandatoryreportingrequirements TheENDRMisReportnetready UseofReportnetishighlyrecommendedbytheEuropeanCommission. 159 of 180

160 References 1. EnvironmentalNoiseDirectiveReportingMechanismhandbook orting_mechanism&vm=detailed&sb=title 2. EuropeanTopicCentreonSpatialInformationandAnalysis 3. NoiseObservationandInformationServiceforEurope 4. Reportnet:DeliveryGuidelinesforNoise circle/eione_noise/library?l=/nrc_november_2008/reportnet_environmental&vm=deta iled&sb=title 5. EionetReportingObligationsDatabase 6. CentralDataRepositoryofReportnet 7. DataDictionaryofReportnet 8. SEIS:SharedEnvironmentalInformationSystemforEurope INSPIRE:InfrastructureforSpatialInformationintheEuropeanCommunity NightNoiseGuidelinesforEurope health/noise/publications/2009/nightnoiseguidelinesforeurope

161 LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS ThedevelopmentoftheCNOSSOSEUmethodologicalframeworkbyDGJRConbehalfofDG ENVisthefruitofthecontributionofand/orconsultationwithawidearrayofnoiseexperts fromtheeums,andclosecollaborationwithothereuropeancommissionservices,eea,easa and WHOEurope. The following list of contributors pertains only to the CNOSSOSEU Technical Committee s WGs/DTs which were activated during Phase A of the CNOSSOSEU development. The entries in the list of contributors are colourcoded according to their affiliationorthecategoryofexpertisetheybelongto(seefigurei.1).

162 CNOSSOSEUCOORDINATION CNOSSOSEUTECHNICALCOMMITTEE 162 of 180

163 163 of 180

164 164 of 180

165 165 of 180

166 166 of 180

167 167 of 180

168 168 of 180

169 169 of 180

170 170 of 180

171 Furthermore,awidearrayofnoiseexpertswereinvolvedinthediscussionsduringandafter theworkshopsandadhocmeetingsorganisedandtheycontributedtotherecommendations madeduringthepreparatoryphaseofdevelopmentofcnossoseu.

172 172 of 180

173 173 of 180

174 174 of 180