«Sonderschule Schwechat» Daylight Analysis Based on Lighting- Engineering Measurements

Transcription

1 «Sonderschule Schwechat» Daylight Analysis Based on Lighting- Engineering Measurements

2 Sonderschule Schwechat Daylight Analysis Contents 1. General 2. Summary 3. Daylight fundamentals - brief explanation 3.1 Daylight factor 3.2 Luminance 3.3 Glare 4. General recommendations on using daylight 4.1 Austria 4.2 Germany 4.3 Switzerland 4.4 Europe 5. Measurement conditions 5.1 Overview of measurement areas 6. Measurement results 6.1 Daylight factor 6.2 Luminance ratios 7. Evaluation/assessment 8. Annex 8.1 Overview of measurement areas 8.2 Photographs and measurement reports 8.3 Room sections with daylight factor characteristic curves

3 1. General The aim of these measurement results is to quantify the daylight conditions present and relate them to existing, German-language Directives and Standards. Client: Measurement performed by: VELUX Schweiz AG Vogt & Partner, Lichtgestaltende Ingenieure Measurement date: 27 March 2007 Measurement location: Persons present: Measuring instruments: Measurement parameters: Allgemeine Sonderschule Schwechat, Hauptplatz 6, A Schwechat, Austria Nicolas Roy (VELUX A/S, Strategic Marketing, Denmark) Florian Bylow (Architect, Fasch&Fuchs ZT-ges. m.b.h.) Christian Vogt (Vogt & Partner) Christin Hess (Vogt & Partner) - Luxmeter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, No ) - Luxmeter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, No , No ) - Luminance meter (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS- 100, No ) - Luminance camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modified) - Luminance standard (Hanger Reflection Reference) The distances between the measuring points on the reference surfaces were selected between 80 and 150 cm. The measuring height corresponds to the relevant room occupancy or related target in accordance with EN The illuminance values on the inside and outside (on the roof, not subject to the effects of buildings and other structures) were measured simultaneously in the rooms specified. The measurements were conducted in very clear skies. The luxmeter s measurement cell was shaded by means of a circular section of cardboard (approx. Ø 5 cm) in order to prevent direct sunlight exposure on the measurement cell. The luminance ratios in the most important rooms were recorded with the luminance camera. The reflectances of the relevant surfaces were determined using the luminance meter and the luminance standard.

4 2. Summary The daylight measurements produced high values on average. This means that the building can be rated as good to very good in respect of daylight use. However, the percentage daylight opening is so high at certain points (or sunshading is so low) that above-average room temperatures can be anticipated during the summer months. The subjective sensation in the basement areas that feature comparably low daylight factors is also pleasant and similar to daylight thanks to skilled direction of the daylight. 3 May 2007 Christin Hess/Christian Vogt Vogt & Partner Pionierstrasse 12 Am Schönberg 49 Lichtgestaltende Ingenieure CH-8400 Winterthur D Au/Freiburg i. Brsg. Switzerland Germany

5 3. Daylight fundamentals - brief explanation We shall briefly define the technical terms used in order to facilitate understanding of this report - primarily for readers who are not very conversant with lighting terms. 3.1 Daylight factor [%] The daylight factor is the ratio of horizontal illuminance at a point inside a room to the horizontal illuminance outside in overcast conditions with no influence such as buildings or structures etc. It states what percentage of the outdoor illuminance is available in the interior. If weather conditions on the date of measurement are not overcast, the clear sky is measured, but direct sunlight is avoided (by shading the outside of the measurement cell). 3.2 Luminance [cd/m2] The luminance is the lighting-engineering parameter that best corresponds to the perceived brightness of surface. 3.3 Glare Glare is a perceived visual disturbance and is generally caused by high differences in luminance in a room. In line with the results of several studies and recommendations, a luminance ratio of 1:2 should not be exceeded in the near field of vision and a luminance ratio of 1:10 should not be exceeded in the general area (overall field of vision) (Austrian Federal Energy Agency).

6 4. General recommendations on using daylight 4.1 Austria No specific Standard for daylighting exists in Austria. There is information for the use of artificial light to complement daylighting. The Guidelines of European Standard EN are used. 4.2 Germany German Industrial Standard DIN Daylight in Interiors states that an average daylight factor of D m > 4 % in the working plane should be endeavoured in order to achieve adequate brightness of workrooms and work areas. In addition, it states that a room that is illuminated solely by skylights results in a dark, oppressive sensation if the minimum daylight factor Dmin is < 2 % (DIN : ). In addition, DIN states that illumination of work areas and work rooms solely by daylight entering through windows is considered sufficient only if the illuminance at the most poorly illuminated workplace is at least 0.6 times the value specified in DIN , owing to incidence of lateral light. 4.3 Switzerland Swiss Standard SN Interior Lighting with Daylight states that adequate illumination of the interior with daylight and, in association with this, an appropriate direct view of the outside, are essential for human well-being, health and performance. In addition, the Swiss Stnadard states that the subjective impression in a room is dependent on the daylight factor and on surface brightness (luminance values) regardless of the relevant illuminance. A given nominal illuminance is not necessarily associated with a specific daylight factor. The magnitude of the daylight factor depends on the actual share of the period of room use in which daylight is to solely achieve the nominal illuminance. However, depending on magnitude of the daylight factor, the time during which daylight illumination alone suffices varies in length.

7 Swiss Standard SN Guidelines for Natural and Artificial Lighting of Schools rates the daylight factor as follows: Daylight factor Rating Visibility for school work less than 1 % very low very poor 1 2 % low poor 2 4 % moderate critical 4 7 % medium satisfactory 7 12 % high good over 12 % very high very good The Austrian Federal Energy Agency, in its research report Lighting Engineering for Schools, states that there are few basic rules for use of daylight. The illuminance values and daylight factors recommended in the report are as follows: Type of room/area Illuminance Em [lx] Daylight factor D [%] Classroom Art room Library Toilets and showers Corridors and assembly rooms Stairwells Gymnasiums for gymnastics Gymnasiums for sports

8 4.4 Europe European Standard EN Light and Lighting - Workplace Lighting - Section: Interior Workplaces states values of mean illuminance for school rooms and training rooms. Converted to daylight factors, the values would be as shown below: Type of room/area Illuminance Em [lx] Corresponding daylight factor D [%] School rooms in primary schools and continuing education Blackboards Pedestrian traffic areas/corridors Entrance halls and lobbies Cloakrooms and toilets Sports halls and gymnasiums Swimming baths These values do indicate an order of magnitude but are of only restricted use since the illuminance values are not intended to serve as a substitute for daylighting.

9 5. Measurement conditions Measurements were taken in eleven typical rooms, distributed over three floors in respect of daylight quantity and daylight distribution, besides visual comfort (luminance ratios), at Sonderschule Schwechat school. 5.1 Overview of measurement areas The following rooms and areas were selected for daylight measurement: Storey Point of Measurment Type of Room Basement level M1 Gymnasium M2 M3 Equipment Room Changing Room Ground floor M6 Entrance M7 Corridor M8 Special Classroom M9 Conservatory Top floor M10 Classroom M11 Cloakroom M12 Corridor M13 Conservatory

10 Measurement areas at basement level

11 Measurement areas on the ground floor

12 Measurement areas on the top floor Please refer to Annex 8.1 for the plans showing the measurement areas and the precise arrangement of the measuring points.

13 6. Measurement results 6.1 Daylight factors The highest daylight factor was measured in the conservatory (top floor) at 98 %, and the lowest was measured in the changing room (basement level) at 0.02 %. The table below lists the average daylight factors [%] of the individual rooms and areas and the minimum and maximum values of the relevant measurement areas: Floor Measurement area Type of room/area Dm % Dmin% Dmax % Basement level M1 Gymnasium 3,1 1,3 4,7 M2 Equipment room 0,9 0,2 1,3 M3 Changing room 0,03 0,02 0,08 Ground floor M6 Entrance 11,3 7,2 19,2 M7 Corridor 4,2 2,9 5,2 M8 Special classroom 9,1 1,8 21,2 M9 Conservatory 49,3 38,1 59,7 Top floor M10 Classroom 5,4 2,5 13,2 M11 Cloakroom 6,2 3,5 8,4 M12 Corridor 7,8 6,5 10,2 M13 Conservatory, no shading 83, ,7 M13 Conservatory, shading 32, ,6 The measurement reports and the daylight factor characteristic curves are enclosed in the Annex (8.2 and 8.3).

14 6.2 Luminance ratios Top floor - cloakroom M11 The luminance values can be rated as well-balanced over the entire field of view.

15 Top floor - classroom M10 From the pupils perspective, the window area in the field of view must be assessed as unpleasantly high (ratio approx. 1: 22, mean luminance 313 cd/m2). A simple curtain would be the easiest solution here.

16 Top floor corridor M12 The situation is very well-balanced.

17 Ground floor - special classroom M8 The skylight strip lies in the main field of view and features high luminance values. The shading system does, however, resolve this situation.

18 Basement level - gymnasium M1 The brightness ratios are very well-balanced.

19 7. Evaluation/assessment Classrooms The mean daylight factor of 4 %, demanded in the German Standard, is reached in the classrooms. If we compare with the European Standard, the daylight factor of 6 % listed in the European Standard is reached only in the special classroom (ground floor M8). This is also the case in relation to the targets of the Austrian Federal Energy Agency. A typical light distribution of a side window can be seen in the special classroom. In the area of the window, the daylight factor is over 20 % and drops to almost 1 % in the rear area of the room. This ratio of 1:20 must be rated as unpleasantly high. It can lead either to perceived visibility disturbances (owing to high luminance differences) or additional energy consumption (simultaneous use of sunshading and artificial lighting). The daylight factor in the classroom drops the deeper we go into the room from 13 % to approx. 3 %. This characteristic meets the most important requirements. Entrance area In the entrance area, the mean daylight factor is approx. 11 %. This lies well above the recommendation of European Standard EN that states a mean daylight factor of 4 %. It is also above the values of the Austrian Federal Energy Agency that recommends values of 0.5 to 10 %. The bright reception conditions allow the human eye to adapt well to lighting conditions in the interior, consequently facilitating the process of entering the building. Pedestrian traffic zone The measurement results of the pedestrian traffic zones of 4 % (corridor M7) and 8 % (corridor M12) lie in the range of recommended values ( %) of the Austrian Federal Energy Agency and lie above the specifications of the European Standard (4 %). Gymnasium The mean daylight factor in the gymnasium of 3 % lies below the value specified in the European Standard that states 6 %. However, on the date of the measurement, there was a black carpet installed (for an unusual occasion). Normally, the bright wooden floor has no carpet. The reflectance of the parquet floor is 62 % and that of the black carpet is just under 5 %.

20 Consequently, the daylight factor must be rated higher and probably lies within the recommended range of values. Conservatory The sunshading system (moving steel structure with aluminium slats) on the roof reduces the daylight factor in the conservatory (top floor) by approx. 60 % (see measurement area M13). This is rather mediocre and indicates that a high importance must be attached to ventilation of this room (the air in the room cools greatly during the night-time in the summer). The luminance measurements all provided good values. Simple curtains (such as those largely present) can be used in areas where excessive contrast could occur.

21 8. Annex 8.1 Overview of measurement areas

22 Special School Schwechat Vogt & Partner Point of Measurement Lichtgestaltende Ingenieure 1300/100 = Protocol of Measurement Y / X Pionierstrasse 12 CH-8400 Winterthur Basement T F Overview Area of Measurement mail@lichtgestaltung.ch Massstab Datum Gezeichnet Geprüft Projekt Nr. Filename 1 : CH 4359_SON D001.dwg

23 haupteingang nebeneingang Point of Measurement 1300/100 = Protocol of Measurement Y / X Vogt & Partner Lichtgestaltende Ingenieure Pionierstrasse 12 CH-8400 Winterthur T F mail@lichtgestaltung.ch Ground Floor Special School Schwechat Overview Area of Measurement Massstab Datum Gezeichnet Geprüft Projekt Nr. Filename 1 : CH 4359_SON D002.dwg

24 Point of Measurement 1300/100 = Protocol of Measurement Y / X Vogt & Partner Lichtgestaltende Ingenieure Pionierstrasse 12 CH-8400 Winterthur T F mail@lichtgestaltung.ch Special School Schwechat Upper Floor Overview Area of Measurement Massstab Datum Gezeichnet Geprüft Projekt Nr. Filename 1 : CH 4359_SON D003.dwg

25 8.2 Photographs and measurement reports

26 Basement level - gymnasium M1 Bright wooden floor Dark carpet

27 Special School - Basement level Gymnasium (M1) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / 17:45 Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Reflectance Floor Hall Floor Hall Normal [cd/m²] Area [cd/m²] 3 26 Degree of Reflectance Material 4.5% gymnasium, black carpet 62.0% gymnasium, bright wodden floor Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 3.1 Vogt + Partner / M1_Basement level - Gymnasium.XLS Druckdatum:

28 Basement level - equipment room M2

29 Special School - Basement level Equipment Room (M2) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Reflectance Floor Hall Floor Hall Normal [cd/m²] Area [cd/m²] 3 26 Degree of Reflectance Material 4.5% gym, black carpet 62.0% gym, bright wodden floor Daylight Quotient [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D / / / X [cm] Dm [%] = 0.9 Vogt + Partner / M2_Basement level - Equipment Room.XLS Druckdatum:

30 Basement level - changing room M3

31 Special School - Basement level Changing Room (M2) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Reflectance Floor Normal [cd/m²] 30 Area [cd/m²] Degree of Reflectance Material 18 60% Concrete grey/green Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 0.03 Vogt + Partner / M3_Basement level - Changing Room.XLS Druckdatum:

32 Ground floor entrance M6

33 Special School - Ground Floor Entrance (M6) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 11.3 Vogt + Partner / M6_Ground Floor - Entrance.XLS Druckdatum:

34 Ground floor corridor M7

35 Special School - Ground Floor Corridor (M7) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 4.2 Vogt + Partner / M7_Ground Floor - Corridor.XLS Druckdatum:

36 Ground floor special classroom M8

37 Special School - Ground Floor Special Classroom (M8) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Wien / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 9.1 Vogt + Partner / M8_Ground floor - Special Classroom.XLS Druckdatum:

38 Ground floor conservatory M9

39 Special School - Ground Floor Conservatory (M9) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 49.3 Vogt + Partner / M9_Ground Floor - Conservatory.XLS Druckdatum:

40 Top floor classroom M10

41 Special School - Top Floor Classroom (M10) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Wien / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: 0,75 m Reflectance Wall Floor Floor Ceiling Normal [cd/m²] Area [cd/m²] Degree of Reflectance Material % Concrete % Linoleum, yellow % Wood lackiert, medium bright % Wood, bright Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 5.4 Vogt + Partner / M10 Top Floor - Classroom.XLS Druckdatum:

42 Top floor cloakroom M11

43 Special School - Top Floor Cloakroom (M11) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: 0,75 m Daylight Factor [%] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 6.2 Vogt + Partner / M11_Top Floor - Clockroom.XLS Druckdatum:

44 Top floor corridor M12

45 Special School - Top Floor Corridor (M12) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Reflectance Wall 1 Wall 2 Floor Normal [cd/m²] Area [cd/m²] Degree of Reflectance Material % Acoustics - Wall of Wood orange % white Abbrasion % grey bright Daylight Factor [%] no Shading, with curtain Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 7.8 Vogt + Partner / M12_Top Floor - Corridor.XLS Druckdatum:

46 Top floor conservatory M13

47 Special School - Top Floor Conservatory (M13) Measures: L-Measure (Minolta, Luminance Meter LS-100, Nr ) Location: Vienna / Schwechat Lux-Meter (Minolta, Illuminance Meter F1, Nr ) Date/Time: March 27, 2007 / Uhr Lux-Meter (Minolta, Chroma Meter CL-200, Nr , Nr ) Person of Measurement: Christian Vogt, Christin Hess L-Camera (LMK mobile, Rollei d 30 modifiziert) Height of M.: Floor Reflectance Robinie Floor Floor Normal [cd/m²] Area [cd/m²] Degree of Reflectance Material % Tree in Conservatory % Wood, medium brown % Area of Galss, white - turquoise, printed skylight Daylight Factor [%] no shading, without curtain Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 83.5 Vogt + Partner / M13_Upper Floor - Winter Garden.XLS Druckdatum:

48 Daylight Factor [%] shading, no curtain Y [cm] Ei Ea D Ei Ea D Ei Ea D X [cm] Y [cm] Ei Ea D X [cm] Dm [%] = 32.7 Vogt + Partner / M13_Upper Floor - Winter Garden.XLS Druckdatum:

49 8.3 Room sections with daylight factor characteristic curves

50 haupteingang nebeneingang D [%] Conservatory M13 no shading shading Conservatory M9 Special Classroom M8 Classroom M10 D [%] D [%] [cm] D [%] Corridor M12 D [%] Cloakroom M [cm] [cm] D [%] [cm] Conservatory, Special Classroom Ground Floor, Conservatroy Upper Floor Classroom, Corridor, Clockroom Top Floor D [%] Corridor M D [%] Changing Room M3 D [%] Equipment Room M2 Gymnasium M1 D [%] D [%] Entrance M [cm] Corridor Ground floor, Gymnasium, Equipment Room, Changing Room Basement level Entrance Ground Floor Basement level Ground Floor Top Floor Vogt & Partner Lichtgestaltende Ingenieure Pionierstrasse 12 CH-8400 Winterthur T F mail@lichtgestaltung.ch Special School Schwechat Room Sections Daylight Factor Massstab Datum Gezeichnet Geprüft Projekt Nr. Filename 1 : 50 / 1: CH 4359_SON D004.dwg