Part I Introduction to the Human Visual System (HVS)

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1 Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Listings XXVI XXXI XXXII Part I Introduction to the Human Visual System (HVS) 1 Visual Attention Visual Attention: A Historical Review Von Helmholtz s Where James What Gibson s How Broadbent s Selective Filter Deutsch and Deutsch s Importance Weightings Yarbus and Noton and Stark s Scanpaths Posner s Spotlight Treisman s Glue Kosslyn s Window Visual Attention and Eye Movements Summary and Further Reading Neurological Substrate of the HVS The Eye The Retina The Outer Layer The Inner Nuclear Layer The Ganglion Layer The Optic Tract and M/P Visual Channels The Occipital Cortex and Beyond

2 XX Contents Motion-Sensitive Single-Cell Physiology Summary and Further Reading Visual Psychophysics Spatial Vision Temporal Vision Perception of Motion in the Visual Periphery Sensitivity to Direction of Motion in the Visual Periphery Color Vision Implications for Attentional Design of Visual Displays Summary and Further Reading Taxonomy and Models of Eye Movements The Extraocular Muscles and the Oculomotor Plant Saccades Smooth Pursuits Fixations (Microsaccades, Drift, and Tremor) Nystagmus Implications for Eye Movement Analysis Summary and Further Reading Part II Eye Tracking Systems 5 Eye Tracking Techniques Electro-OculoGraphy (EOG) Scleral Contact Lens/Search Coil Photo-OculoGraphy (POG) or Video-OculoGraphy (VOG) Video-Based Combined Pupil/Corneal Reflection Classifying Eye Trackers in Mocap Terminology Summary and Further Reading Head-Mounted System Hardware Installation Integration Issues and Requirements System Installation Lessons Learned from the Installation at Clemson Summary and Further Reading Head-Mounted System Software Development Mapping Eye Tracker Screen Coordinates Mapping Screen Coordinates to the 3D Viewing Frustum Mapping Screen Coordinates to the 2D Image Measuring Eye Tracker Screen Coordinate Extents Mapping Flock Of Birds Tracker Coordinates Obtaining the Transformed View Vector

3 Contents XXI Obtaining the Transformed Up Vector Transforming an Arbitrary Vector D Gaze Point Calculation Parametric Ray Representation of Gaze Direction Virtual Gaze Intersection Point Coordinates Ray/Plane Intersection Point-In-Polygon Problem Data Representation and Storage Summary and Further Reading Head-Mounted System Calibration Software Implementation Ancillary Calibration Procedures Internal 2D Calibration Internal 3D Calibration Summary and Further Reading Table-Mounted System Hardware Installation Integration Issues and Requirements System Installation Lessons Learned from the Installation at Clemson Summary and Further Reading Table-Mounted System Software Development Linux Tobii Client Application Program Interface Tet Init Tet Connect, Tet Disconnect Tet Start, Tet Stop Tet CalibClear, Tet CalibLoadFromFile, Tet CalibSaveToFile, Tet CalibAddPoint, Tet CalibRemovePoints, Tet CalibGetResult, Tet CalibCalculateAndSet Tet SynchronizeTime, Tet PerformSystemCheck Tet GetSerialNumber, Tet GetLastError, Tet GetLastErrorAsText Tet CallbackFunction A Simple OpenGL/GLUT GUI Example Caveats Summary and Further Reading Table-Mounted System Calibration Software Implementation Summary and Further Reading

4 XXII Contents 12 Using an Open Source Application Program Interface API Implementation and XML Format Client/Server Communication Server Configuration API Extensions Interactive Client Example using Python Using Gazepoint s Built-in Calibration Using Gazepoint s Custom Calibration Capabilities Summary and Further Reading Eye Movement Analysis Signal Denoising Dwell-Time Fixation Detection Velocity-Based Saccade Detection Eye Movement Analysis in Three Dimensions Parameter Estimation Fixation Grouping Eye Movement Data Mirroring Summary and Further Reading Advanced Eye Movement Analysis Signal Denoising Velocity-Based Saccade Detection Microsaccade Detection Validation: Computing Accuracy, Precision, and Refitting Binocular Eye Movement Analysis: Vergence Ambient/Focal Eye Movement Analysis Transition Entropy Analysis Spatial Distribution Analysis Summary and Further Reading The Gaze Analytics Pipeline Gaze Analytics in Five Easy Steps Step 0: Data Collection Step 1 (dirs): Directory Creation Step 2 (raw): Extract Raw Gaze Data Step 3 (graph or process): Graph or Process Raw Data Step 4 (collate): Collate Data Prior to Statistical Analysis Step 5 (stats): Perform Statistical Analyses Gaze Analytics: A Worked Example Scanpath Visualization Traditional Eye Movement Metrics Advanced Eye Movement Analysis Summary and Further Reading

5 Contents XXIII 16 Eye Movement Synthesis Procedural Simulation of Eye Movements Modeling Saccades Modeling Fixations Adding Synthetic Eye Tracking Noise Summary and Further Reading Part III Eye Tracking Methodology 17 Experimental Design Formulating a Hypothesis Forms of Inquiry Experiments Versus Observational Studies Laboratory Versus Field Research Idiographic Versus Nomothetic Research Sample Population Versus Single-Case Experiment Versus Case Study Within-Subjects Versus Between-Subjects Example Designs Measurement and Analysis Summary and Further Reading Suggested Empirical Guidelines Evaluation Plan Data Collection System Identification Constraints User Selection Evaluation Locale Task Selection Practical Advice Considering Dynamic Stimulus Summary and Further Reading Case Studies Head-Mounted VR Diagnostics: Visual Inspection Case Study Notes Head-Mounted VR Diagnostics: 3D Maze Navigation Case Study Notes Desktop VR Diagnostics: Driving Simulator Case Study Notes Desktop Diagnostics: Usability Case Study Notes Desktop Interaction: Gaze-Contingent Fisheye Lens

6 XXIV Contents Case Study Notes Summary and Further Reading Part IV Eye Tracking Applications 20 Diversity and Types of Eye Tracking Applications Summary and Further Reading Neuroscience and Psychology Neurophysiological Investigation of Illusory Contours Attentional Neuroscience Eye Movements and Brain Imaging Reading Scene Perception Perception of Art Perception of Film Visual Search Computational Models of Visual Search Natural Tasks Eye Movements in Other Information Processing Tasks Summary and Further Reading Industrial Engineering and Human Factors Aviation Driving Visual Inspection Summary and Further Reading Marketing/Advertising Copy Testing Print Advertising Ad Placement Television Enhancements Web Pages Product Label Design Summary and Further Reading Computer Science Human Computer Interaction and Collaborative Systems Classic Eye-Based Interaction Cognitive Modeling Universal Accessibility Indirect Eye-Based Interaction Attentive User Interfaces (AUIs)

7 Contents XXV Usability Collaborative Systems Gaze-Contingent Displays Screen-Based Displays Model-Based Graphical Displays Summary and Further Reading Conclusion References Index

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