Stirling Castle Palace

Transcription

1 Stirling Castle Palace Archaeological and Historical Research Analysis of Clay Tobacco Pipe Fragments Dennis Gallagher K I R K D A L E A R C H A E O L O G Y

2 H I S T O R I C S C O T L A N D Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 15H

3 ii Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Discussion 1 3 Pipes in context 3 4 Context summaries 20 References 30

4 1 INTRODUCTION This report considers 4386 fragments of clay tobacco pipe that were retrieved during the Ladies Lookout excavations of The pipes were excavated from 173 contexts. Context numbers are expressed in this document in the form of F99999 and where relevant archival box and bag numbers have been given in the form (xxxx-xxx). 2 DISCUSSION Generally the quality of the pipes is very poor and few of the Scottish examples are stamped. Few pipes can be dated to the period One (from F18007) is comparable in form to those from a pre-1637 context, sealed by the construction of the Tron Kirk, Edinburgh (Gallagher 1987a, 270). A number of slightly larger bowls may be dated to the period and represent the next typological development of the bowl form. There are few early bowls. One (F21006) can be assigned to the period Bowls datable stylistically to c , one of which has a poor impression of an Edinburgh style castle stamp (F21040, F21031). Both are in a pink-buff fabric. Their form may be influenced by the similar London type 10 bowl (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178). A large number are W/B pipes, the product of William Banks. Banks is first recorded as a maker in Canongate, Edinburgh in 1622 where he enjoyed a royal monopoly in the manufacture of pipes. Although this was later challenged, his prime in an expanding market ensured his prominence in Scotland as a pipe manufacturer until his death in There is a wide range of forms that would seem to reflect a wide range of products rather than slow chronological change. A number of small bowls may reflect variation in pipe size in the mid- 17th century rather than being earlier bowl form, e.g. F Some bowls retain a pronounced bulbous biconical form heightened by a somewhat ugly collar forming the upper bowl. Others have a forward-leaning bowl. Others show the tendency away from the biconical form towards a barrel-shaped bowl, with sides more parallel in profile. 1

5 The quality of the mould-imparted WB on the pipes is extremely variable; often the letters are very indistinct, showing signs of extreme wear. On many bowls the W appears more worn than the B, possibly the open form of the letter was more susceptible to wear. Often only the B remains visible. The wear of the maker s marks could be remedied by recutting them on the mould. Many of the WB bowls have superimposed maker s initials where the letters have been recut on the mould, evidence of the long life of the latter. It is possibly that these moulds were confined to the production of poor quality pipes. Few are burnished. Very few are stamped. Any milling is often applied in a careless many, often trailing off to leaving a vertical scar on the side of the pipe. The variations in the forms of mould-imparted WB maker s mark on the side of the base indicates the use of a large number of moulds, as would be expected for such a prolific manufacturer. A number have an unusual marking, a thin WB on one side of heel with a pellet, possible an erased letter, on the other. One bowl fragment has two bore holes, the operation of inserting the bore wire having been repeated after an initial faulty insertion. Evidence of such incompetence is unusual; an example from Hull is illustrated by White (2004, 58). English bowl Stem decorated with ribs and random dots, while probably influenced by Dutch baroque stems, may be English. An example of the same treatment, although in a more regular fashion, has been excavated at Aldgate, London decorating a pipe with a London type 10 dated to c (Grew & Orton 1984, 79, fig 41.2). Pipemaking in Stirling itself commenced in 1664 when John Ferguson was encouraged to set up his workshop in the town. Subsequently others set up as pipemakers and the local industry appears to have flourished into the early years of the 18th century (Gallagher & Harrison ). These makers often employed star basal stamps, often on tall bowls with flared bases. Their high burnish contrasts with the poor quality typical of the mid-17th century pipes from 2

6 this assemblage. They tend to have a slender form with thin neck and flared base. One bowl (F21007) is exception, having a thick-walled bulbous body and only a slight flare to the base. The assemblage contains a large number of Dutch imports. Most are slender biconical bowl of a mid-17th century date. The assemblage includes bowls of the more bulbous Leiden type form (F21048, F21074) (cf. Duco 1981, 243, no 12; Meulen 1988, 118) has a example of a mid- 17th century Gouda form. F21035 included an example of the slim biconical form that may be a Gouda product (F21035). Most are poor quality pipes and cannot be easily ascribed to a tight date range. These include pipes with mould-imparted decoration. These include a fragment of a possible Jonah pipe. Jonah pipes are not common in Scotland but a number of examples have been found: St Andrews (Davey 1997, 98-99, no 294), Balgonie Castle (Martin, C J M 1987a, 265, no 21, Pittenweem (Martin, C J M 1987b, 201, no 100) and stems with scales from Scalloway Castle (Davey 1987b, 316) are possibly part of others. Stems with fleur de lys stamps are indicative of a better quality pipe (F21074). One bowl (F21048) has a strip of clay adhering to the side of the bowl and an adjacent area of green glaze. Pipes with a similar patches of green glaze were recovered from the wreck of the Kennemerland, a Dutch East Indiaman sunk in 1664 (Martin 1987c, 214, no 15 and 216, no 43). Also there is a fragment of a pinched stem (F21048), a mid-17th century form hitherto unknown in Scotland. This effect was produced by contorting the stem whilst the wire was still in the bore (Duco 1981, 248, no 114 and 457; Meulen et al (1992, 55, no 9) for an example from Gorinchem. There are stem fragments decorated around the stem with a crude relief design of lines and pellets (F21048). It lacks the usual curving foliage of Dutch baroque pipes and may be an English product (cf. Le Cheminant 1981, 158, no 162 for a London pipe of c.1660 with similar decoration). 3 THE PIPES IN CONTEXT Many of the pipes came from a series of 17th-century dumps. High in this sequence was F21051 from which 64 fragments were retrieved including 14 bowls. These included bowls with star basal stamps which have been recognised as the mark of Stirling manufacturers and are likely to date from after 1664 when the John Ferguson was encouraged to set up business in the burgh (Gallagher & Harrison 1995, F21050 had 109 fragments including 12 bowls. F21048 contained 1012 fragments. This large assemblage contained no bowls of recognised Stirling manufacture. 3

7 3.1 DUTCH TYPE PIPES 1. Moulded rose bowl with suggestion of sepals, the upper damaged, no visible milling on surviving rim; c ; F Slender moulded rose bowl with well-formed sepals, base damaged and mostly missing; , possibly Amsterdam (cf. Duco 1981, 244, no 36); F14001 ( ). 3. Lower fragment of a moulded rose bowl in red fabric; F Basal fragment with moulded rose; F Fragment of a moulded rose bowl, with sepals, rim damaged, base missing; F21048 ( ). 6. Fragment of a moulded rose bowl with sepals, ; F21007 ( ). 7. Moulded rose bowl, with sepals, bottered; (for form cf. Duco 1981, 245, no 41); F21048 ( ). 8. Moulded rose bowl, with sepals, bottered; ; F21048 ( ). 9. Fragment of moulded rose bowl, with sepals, upper missing; F21048 ( ). 10. Moulded rose bowl with rounded sepals, upper body damaged during firing; ; F Slender biconical bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker; ; F Slender biconical bowl; ; F21048 ( ). 13. Slender biconical bowl, milling facing smoker; ; F21048 ( ). 14. lender biconical bowl with depressed heel, dimple from mould flaw on left of bowl, milling facing smoker; ; F21048 ( ). 15. Heavy bulbous bowl with poorly formed heel, carelessly applied milling on smoker s right, rim damaged; , possibly Leiden, cf. Duco 1981, 243, no 12; Meulen 1988, 118; F21048 ( ). 16. Double conical bowl, Duco Type 1 (Duco 1987, 27) with basal stamp of IC in circular field; ; F Stem and basal fragment with TB in relief in a circular stamp, upper part missing; Dutch, 17th century; F Polished bowl, bottered and finely milled, rim damaged; mid-17th century, possibly an Amsterdam product; F Bowl, bottered and milled, rim damaged; mid-17th century, possibly Amsterdam; F

8 20. Bowl, bottered and milled facing smoker; mid-17th century, possibly Amsterdam; F Bowl, bottered and milled facing smoker, pimple on bowl wall indicating flaw in mould, rim damaged; mid-17th century, possibly Amsterdam; F Bowl, most of rim missing but milled on surviving section; mid-17th century, possible Amsterdam type; F Fragment of a heavy biconical bowl, upper damaged, bottered and finely milled; , possibly Gouda (cf. Duco 1987, 32, nos 24 and 25); F19010; Bowl, bottered and milled, with small flaw on side of body; F21048 ( ). 25. Lower bowl fragment; mid-17th century; F Bowl fragment, rim damaged; F21048 ( ). 27. Bowl, base damaged; mid-17th century; F21065 ( ). 28. Bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker; ; F14054 ( ). 29. Tall bowl of developed Duco, Type 1 (Duco 1987, 27, cf. 38, no 72); , possibly The Hague; F21074 ( ). 30. Large bulbous bowl, bottered, careless milling facing smoker; possibly Gouda, (cf. Duco 1981, 249, no 118 and 458 or Leiden, mid-17th century (cf. Duco 1981, 243, no 12); F21074 ( ). 31. Bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker, rim damaged; ; F21074 ( ). 32. Bowl and stem fragment, milled facing smoker; ; F21074 ( ). 33. Bowl, milled facing smoker; ; F21074 ( ). 34. Bowl, milled facing smoker; ; F21074 ( ). 35. Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, milled facing smoker; ; F21029 ( ). 36. Bowl and stem fragment, bottered and milled facing smoker; ; F21054 ( ). 37. Carefully finished bowl, bottered and fully milled; , possibly Gouda; F21054 ( ). 38. Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, rim damaged; ; F21029 ( ). 39. Bowl and stem fragment, bottered and finely milled, with abraded CT basal stamp in a circular field, rim slightly damaged; c , possibly Gouda; F Basal fragment of burnished bowl, in red fabric, with crowned Tudor rose stamp; F Bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right; ; F21048 ( ). Finely finished bowl, bottered and milled facing smoker; F21048 ( ). 5

9 42. Bowl with poorly formed heel, upper body damaged but surviving rim section is bottered and milled; F21048 ( ). 43. Well finished bowl with trace of milling on damaged rim; ; F21048 ( ). 44. Bowl, bottered, rim damaged; ; F Thick set biconical bowl, bottered, milled on smoker s right; , probably Gouda (cf. Duco 1987, 34, no 44); F21038 ( ). 46. Bowl fragment, missing away from smoker, bottered and milled; F21048 ( ). 47. Basal fragment of burnished bowl with part of a crowned Tudor rose stamp; F Rear of a Jonah type bowl showing detail of hair; ; F Small fragment of rear of a Jonah type bowl showing detail of hair; ; F21048 ( ). 50. Bowl, bottered, with fine milling facing smoker, c ; F16007 ( ). 51. Bowl, bottered, fine milling facing smoker; (cf. Duco 1987, 32, no 28); F21036 ( ). 52. Bowl, bottered and finely milled; c ; F Well finished bowl, bottered and milled and burnished, base damaged; possibly Gouda, (cf. Duco 1981, nos 42-3); F Slender biconical bowl, Gouda form, fumed surface, milled facing smoker, bottered; ; F Slender biconical bowl, Gouda form, bottered; ; F Slender biconical form, bottered; possibly Gouda, (cf. Duco 1982, 111, a); F21035 ( ). 57. Well finished forward-sloping bowl with little heel, bottered, milled facing smoker; ; F21038 ( ). 58. Bowl with partial milling; cf. Duco 1981, 245, no 41; F Biconical bowl, heel damaged, bottered; , possibly Amsterdam (cf. Haan & Krook 1988, 23, type A; F Bowl, bottered and milled; , cf. Duco 1981, 243, no 14; F Bowl, heavily bottered and milled facing smoker; , cf. Duco 1981, 245, no 41; F Fragment of a pinched stem; (cf. Duco 1981, 248, no 114; Duco 1987, 84, no 421); F Fragment of a baroque stem with band circular ornament in relief; (cf. Duco 1987, 84, no 426); F21038 ( ). 6

10 64. Stem fragment with large fleur de lys stamp; F Stem fragment with fleur de lys stamp; F Stem fragment with single fleur de lys stamp with dot border; F Stem fragment with poor impression of a stamp with multiple fleur de lis and fragment of milling; F Stem fragment with relief lines and pellets; F Stem fragment with five individual fleur de lys stamps, three on the top of the stem and one on each side; F Stem fragment with roller stamp decoration with bands of dots and scrolls; F Stem fragment, burnished, with part of roller stamp decoration including ring of pearls and arcading; 17th century; F14012 ( ). 72. Stem fragment with bands of milling imparted with a roller stamp; c ; F Stem fragment with bands of milling imparted with a roller stamp; c ; F21048 ( ). 74. Stem fragment, burnished, decorated with different two roller stamps, 82mm apart, each based on a ring of pearl border; F21050 ( ) 75. Stem fragment with relief lines and pellets; ; F14005 ( ). 76. Stem fragment with crude linear decoration, in relief, extending on to bowl, part of a baroque pipe although the complete form of the design cannot be ascertained; ; F Stem fragment with crude linear decoration, in relief, with pellets; ; F21033 ( ) 78. Stem fragment with short lines of milling and balance mark along length produced by dragging the milling tool; F Stem fragment with lines of milling; F EDINBURGH PIPES William Banks 80. Squat bowl, bottered, base damaged but fragment of castle style basal stamp; , probably William Banks; F Bowl, bottered and partially milled, with mould-imparted W/B in thin lettering; c ; F

11 82. Bowl, bottered, milled away from smoker, base damaged, mould-imparted /B, letter B recut twice; ; F21021 ( ). 83. Well finished bowl, bottered, finely milled away from smoker, W/B in thin lettering, castle basal stamp, burnished; ; F21021 ( ). 84. Well finished bowl, bottered, rim damaged, castle type basal stamp but no internal detail; ; F Bowl, bottered with slight milling, mould-imparted W/B; William Banks, c ; F Large bulbous bowl, bottered and with carelessly applied milling facing smoker leaving vertical scars with dragging of milling tool, mould-imparted W/B; William Banks, c ; F Heavy bulbous bowl, bottered, with WB in thin relief lettering on one side and pellet on other; c ; F Heavy bulbous bowl, rim damaged, mould-imparted W/B; ; F Bowl, bottered, mould-imparted W/B, latter recut and obscured by a pellet; c ; F Lower bowl fragment with mould-imparted W/B with pellet hiding central part of initial; ; F14084 ( ). 91. Lower part of bulbous bowl with mould-impart large recut W/ B; c ; F Bulbous bowl, damaged rim bottered and milled, thin W/ B, double bore; F Bowl bottered and partially milled, with mould-imparted W, other side of base missing; c ; F Elongated bulbous bowl, bottered, fine milling on smoker s right and facing smoker with vertical scar from trailing off of finishing tool, mould-imparted W/B recut, polished; c ; F14013 ( ). 95. Bowl, bottered, with mould-imparted W/B; ; F Bowl, bottered, with mould-imparted W/B; ; F Heavy bulbous bowl, bottered and partially milled, with WB in thin relief lettering on one side and pellet on other; c ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, WB in thin lettering on one side, pellet (obscuring letter?) on other; ; F14086 ( ). 99. Heavy bulbous bowl and stem fragment, bottered, with WB [?] in thin relief lettering on one side and pellet, possibly obscuring another initial, on the other; c ; F

12 100. Heavy bulbous bowl and stem fragment, bottered, with WB [?] in thin relief lettering on one side and pellet, possibly obscuring another initial, on the other; c ; F Heavy bulbous bowl, bottered, slight milling facing smoker, mould-imparted W (mould recut)/b; F21029 ( ) Heavy bulbous bowl, bottered, mould-imparted W/B; F21029 ( ) Bowl, rim damaged, with mould-imparted W/B; ; F Bowl, milled on smoker s right and bottered, with mould-imparted W/B, the W being much fainter; ; F Bowl fragment, upper damaged, bottered and milled, mould-imparted W/B; ; F Bowl, heavily bottered, heel damaged, with mould-imparted W/B; ; F Tall bulbous bowl, bottered and milled, with mould-imparted W/B in thin lettering; ; F Bowl with damaged rim, cracked surface, bottered, mould-imparted W/B; ; F Bowl fragment, damaged rim bottered and milled, mould-imparted /B superimposed on W; ; F Bowl, rim damaged, bottered and milled on smoker s right, mould-imparted W/B; ; F Bowl, rim mostly missing but traces of fine milling survive facing smoker; F21048 ( ) Heavy bulbous bowl, rim damaged, bottered and milled, mould-imparted W/B, W recut twice; ; F Lower bowl fragment in grey fabric, mould-imparted W/B in thin lettering; Unstratified Tr 21 ( ) Bulbous bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right, worn mould-imparted W/B; Unstratified Tr Bulbous bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right, mould-imparted W/B; Unstratified Tr Tall bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right, mould-imparted W/B, Wide W superimposed on thin W, B recut twice; Unstratified Tr Tall bulbous bowl, bottered and milled away from smoker, mould-imparted W/B in thin letters; Unstratified Tr 21. 9

13 118. Well-finished bowl, mould-imparted W/B, bottered and milled on the smoker s right; F F Bowl, bottered, mould-imparted W/B; F Bottered bowl, bottered, carelessly milled on smoker s right, mould-imparted W/B in thin serif initials, ; F Bowl, bottered, rim damaged, poor impression of W/B; F Bowl fragment, rim mostly missing, bottered on surviving rim, crazed surface, mouldimparted blurred W/B; F Thick-walled bowl, bottered, careless milling facing smoker, mould-imparted W/B, blurred high W; UnstratifiedUnstratified, Tr 21 ( ) Bowl fired with grey surface, heavily bottered, mould-imparted W/B, letter B partly obscured by a pellet; F21036 ( ) Bulbous bowl, bottered, rim and base damaged, partly missing mould-imparted thin W/B; ; F Tall barrel-shaped bowl, bottered; mould-imparted W/B, circle of clay covering central area of B; ; F14115 ( ) Bulbous bowl, rim damaged but surviving section bottered and milled, recut large W/B; ; F Lower bowl fragment, burnished, mould-imparted faint W/B, castle basal stamp; F21033 ( ) Bowl, heavily bottered, milled on smoker s right, mould-imparted WB in thin lettering/ pellet; F21050 ( ) Bowl, bottered, mould-imparted W/B, thick letter W replacing thin, B recut twice; F21047 ( ) Bowl, bottered, milled away from smoker; ; F21038 ( ) Bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker, B recut over W/ W recut over B; UnstratifiedTr 21 ( ) Bowl, bottered, milled away from smoker; F21073 ( ) Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, slight milling facing smoker, mould-imparted W (thin) / B; F21044 ( ) Bowl fragment, rim damaged, bottered and milled, mould-imparted W/B; ( ) Well finished bowl, bottered, milled away from smoker, WB in thin lettering/ pellet; F21021 ( ) Bowl, bottered, milled on smoker s right; F21030 ( ). 10

14 William Banks bowls from F Bowl, bottered with milling facing smoker, mould-imparted W/B; F Bowl, bottered, rim damaged, mould-imparted W/B; F Bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted W/B; F Bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted W/B, with recut W, rim damaged; F Bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right; mould-imparted W/B, rim slightly damaged; F Bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted W/B; F Bowl, bottered and milled away from smoker, mould-imparted W/B, orange surface, base slightly damaged; F21048 ( ) Bulbous bowl with mould-imparted W/B, finely finished apart from a parallel scored line on seam away from smoker, bottered and finely milled facing smoker; F21048 ( ) Large bulbous bowl, bottered and fully milled, with poor impression of W/B; F21048 ( ) Large bowl, bottered and milled away from smoker, faint W/B, W high on side of heel; F21048 ( ) Bowl, bottered and milled facing smoker, faint partial impressions of W/B; F21048 ( ) Bowl with buff surface, bottered and milled facing smoker, faint W/B; F21048 ( ) Bulbous bowl, bottered, rim damaged, W in thin lettering/ B; F21048 ( ) Bulbous bowl, upper damaged, bottered, milled on smoker s left, mould-imparted W/B, W in thin lettering; ; F21023 ( ) Bulbous bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right, large recut W/ damaged B, base damaged, flaw smoker s right lower bowl; F21048 ( ) Bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker with parallel score line from dragging of milling tool, faint mark of upper part of W/B; F21048 ( ) Bowl, bottered, cracks on side of bowl from drying process, mould-imparted faint W/B; F21048 ( ). 11

15 Well finished bowl, heavily bottered, mould-imparted W/B; F21074 ( ) Well finished bowl, heavily bottered, mould-imparted W/B, rim damaged; F21074 ( ) Bowl with crazed surface, bottered, careless milling on smoker s right, mould-imparted W/B; F21074 ( ) Bowl, bottered, milling on smoker s right, mould-imparted W/B; F21074 ( ) Lower bowl fragment with mould-imparted faint W/B and castle basal stamp; F21074 ( ). Thomas Banks 160. Bowl with straighter sides, milled facing smoker and bottered, mould-imparted?t/b, rim slightly damaged; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered and carefully milled facing smoker, mould-imparted T/B. The B is an indistinct mark from a worn mould, whereas the T is clearer. The latter is placed to one side of the heel, possibly replacing an erased W mark; ; F21048 ( ) Bowl, bottered and milled facing the smoker, with mould-imparted T/B, the B being a much sharper mark; ; F21048 ( ) Bowl, bottered, with mould imparted faint T/B; F21048 ( ). Banks family 164. Elongated bulbous bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted /B, upper body cracked during firing; ; F Bowl, bottered and finely milled, mould-imparted /B showing signs of at least two recuttings of mould, burnished; c ; F Finely finished, bottered and milled, with mould-imparted /B, upper body cracked during manufacture; ; F Bowl, milled on smoker s right and bottered, mould-imparted /B; ; F Large bulbous bowl, bottered, milled on smoker s right, with mould-imparted W/B; c ; F

16 169. Well finished bowl, bottered, milled on smoker s left, mould-imparted /B; ; F Bowl, bottered, mould-imparted?/b; ; F Bowl, bottered, mould-imparted?/b; ; F Lower bowl fragment with mould-impart /B; ; F Bowl fragment, damaged rim bottered and milled, mould-imparted /B; ; F Bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s left, mould-imparted /B; ; F Bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted /B; F Bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted?/b; F Bowl, bottered and milled, mould-imparted?/b; F Bowl, bottered, with mould-imparted /B, milled on smoker s right; F21048 ( ) Bulbous bowl, mould-imparted /B, rim damaged but bottered and milled facing smoker; F21048 ( ) Bowl, rim missing, milling surviving facing smoker, mould-imparted /B; ; F Bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s left. mould-imparted /B; F21048 ( ) Bowl, heavily bottered, milled on smoker s right, mould-imparted /B; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, milled on smoker s right; ; F William Young? 184. Bowl, bottered, with mould-imparted W/Y?; ; F Stamped bowls without mould-imparted initials 185. Bowl and stem fragment with poor impression of an Edinburgh style castle stamp, rim damaged; ; F Bowl, bottered, with poor impression of an Edinburgh style castle stamp; ; F Bowl with depressed heel, bottered, impression of sub-rectangular basal stamp with no internal detail, rim damaged; ; F21082 ( ). 13

17 3.3 STIRLING 188. Elongated bowl with circular stamp of a star in relief; ; F Bowl, upper damaged, milled, star basal stamp; F Basal fragment, burnished, with star basal stamp; F Basal fragment with star basal stamp; F Bowl fragment, burnished, with IP/S in heart-shaped basal stamp; John or James Paterson, c (Gallagher & Harrison 1995, 1137); F Bowl with flared heel, bottered and milled, burnished, with star basal stamp; ; F Tall narrow burnished bowl with flared heel, bottered, slight milling away from smoker, star basal stamp; F21015 ( ) Tall narrow-necked bowl, bottered and milled, burnished; star basal stamp; ; F21040 ( ) Bulbous bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker, burnished, star basal stamp; ; F21007 ( ) Tall bowl in creamy brown fabric, bottered, star basal stamp, flared base, rim damaged; c ; F Basal fragment, burnished, star basal stamp; late 17th century; F Bowl fragment, most of rim missing but bottered and milled on surviving fragment facing smoker, burnished, star basal stamp, buff fabric; ; F Large bowl, milled on smoker s right side, burnished, star basal stamp in a circular field; ; F Fragment of a tall highly burnished bowl, bottered, star basal stamp; ; F11006-F Tall highly burnished bowl with flared base, bottered and milled, star basal stamp; ; F21051 ( ) Tall bowl with flared base, bottered and milled, burnished, star basal stamp; ; F21073 ( ) Fragment of a tall burnished bowl with small flared base, bottered, star basal stamp; ; F11006-F11007 ( ). 14

18 3.4 TYNESIDE 205. Bowl with heart-shaped basal stamp with IB and star below; Tyneside type 2b/3a, , possibly John Bowman of Gateshead, c (Edwards 1988, 9 and 33); F14004 ( ) Tall bowl, damaged, with I [?B] in heart-shaped stamp; F Tall bowl in cream fabric, bottered and partially milled, with I [B] in heart-shaped stamp; Unstratified Tall bowl in buff fabric, bottered, with IB in heart-shaped basal stamp; ; Unstratified, Tr 14. The stamp is similar in style to that used by John Bowman, but the bowl style is not a Tyneside type. 3.5 LONDON TYPE 209. Heeled bowl, London Type 9 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), ; F21074 ( ) Lower bowl fragment of London Type 15 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), ; F21074 ( ) Heeled bowl, transitional between London types 9 and 14(Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), milled facing smoker, bottered, burnished; ; F Heeled bowl of London type 14 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), bottered; ; F Bowl and stem fragment of heeled bowl, London type 14 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), slag adhering, ; F Heeled bowl of London type 15 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), bottered; ; F Fragment of heeled bowl of London type 15 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), rim mostly missing, bottered and milled on surviving fragment; ; F Spurred bowl, bottered and milled, London type 14 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), ; F Heeled bowl, London type 14 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178) bottered and milled facing smoker, burnished; ; F Heeled bowl (heel damaged), London Type 14, bottered and milled; ; F21047 ( ). 15

19 219. Well finished bowl, bottered and milled, London type 14; ; F21021 ( ) Bowl and stem fragment, London type 14, bottered, milled facing smoker; ; F Lower bowl fragment, London type 14; ; F21040 ( ) Bowl, bottered, rim slightly damaged, London type 14; ; F21006 ( ). 3.6 OTHER 223. Small bowl, bottered, rim and heel slightly damaged, rim blackened from long use; , cf. pipes from Tron Kirk, Edinburgh (Gallagher 1987a, 270); F Small bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker, base mostly missing but with edge of possible stamp; , burnt-out inclusion has created a hole through the bowl wall; F21006 ( ) Small bowl, bottered; , possibly an Edinburgh product; Unstratified Tr 21 ( ) Small bowl in buff fabric, carelessly produced as the wall has been distorted during production, bottered, outline of castle type stamp with no internal detail; ; F21040 ( ) Small bowl in pink-buff fabric, fine bottering, crazed surface; (cf. similar bowl from F21040); F21031 ( ) Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, castle basal stamp; ; F21021 ( ). Bowl with similar stamp from Parliament site, Edinburgh (F215/766, Gallagher forthcoming) Bowl, bottered; ; F21033 ( ) Bowl with heart-shaped heel, rim damaged, heavily bottered; F Fine quality bowl in buff/ yellow fabric, bottered and milled facing smoker; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered; ; F Heavy bowl with depressed heel, bottered, ; F Barrel shaped bowl, bottered, with large milling facing smoker, cracks in surface from clay drying and burnt-out inclusion; F21048 ( ) Short barrel-shaped bowl with shallow heel (similar in form to stamped bowl from same context), bottered; ; F Short barrel-shaped bowl with shallow heel, bottered and mille facing smoker; ; F

20 237. Rounded barrel-shaped bowl with shallow heel, bottered, milled away from smoker; ; F Tall barrel-shaped bowl with shallow heel, bottered, slight milling on smoker s left with vertical scar from careless dragging of milling tool; ; F Bowl, bottered and milled; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, rim slightly damaged, castle basal stamp with little internal detail; ; F21048 ( ) Bowl, bottered, with castle style basal stamp; ; F21048 ( ) Bowl, rim damaged, bottered and lightly milled; F21048 ( ) Bowl, rim damaged, cracked surface, castle basal stamp; ; F Straighter sided bowl with castle type basal stamp; ; F Bowl, milled on smoker s right and bottered; ; F Bowl fragment, bottered; ; F Bowl bottered and partially milled, base damaged; F Large bulbous bowl; F Bowl, bottered, with elongated base; F Bowl with unidentifiable initial on one side in high relief, rim damaged; F Large bulbous bowl, bottered; c ; F Bowl, bottered and carefully milled, initial on one side of base obscured by finishing; c ; F Bowl, bottered and careless partial milling, polished; Unstratified? 254. Tall bulbous bowl, bottered and careless partial milling, rim damaged; c ; Unstratified Bowl with straighter upper body, bottered and partially milled; F Elongated bowl with splayed base, bottered and milled, crudely burnished; c , possibly a Stirling product; F19003 ( ) Bowl with elongated base, bottered and finely milled, rim damaged; c ; F Bowl, bottered, rim damaged; c ; F Bowl, bottered, with oval base; c ; F Well finished bowl, bottered; c ; F Bowl, rim damaged; ; F Bowl with elongated base, bottered; c ; F Bowl, bottered and with large milling; ; F

21 264. Heavy elongated bulbous bowl, bottered, Edinburgh type basal stamp but with no internal detail; c ; F Bowl, bottered, base damaged, part of castle style basal stamp survives; ; F Bowl, rim damaged, bottered, slight milling facing smoker; ; F Bowl, bottered, slight milling facing smoker; ; F Bowl, bottered; c ; F Bowl, bottered, c ; F Bowl, bottered, base damaged; c ; F Well finished bowl and stem fragment, bottered, deep imprint of Edinburgh type basal stamp but no internal detail; ; F Bowl, bottered, crack in body during firing; ; F Bowl with slight flare to rim, bottered; ; F Bowl, bottered; ; F Bowl with damaged heel, bottered and milled, body has indentations from burnt-out inclusions; ; F Bowl, bottered; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, heavily bottered; ; F Bowl, milled on smoker s left and bottered, unclear mould-imparted initials, possibly W/B; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered, slight milling facing smoker; ; F Bowl, bottered, rim slightly damaged; ; F Bowl and stem fragment, bottered and milled facing smoker; ; F Bowl, bottered and with slight milling facing smoker; ; F Bowl in red fabric, bottered; ; F Large barrel-shaped bowl, bottered, careless milling facing smoker, vertical scar from milling tool; ; F21031 ( ) Forward-leaning bowl, bottered, milled facing smoker; ; F Bowl, bottered, rim slightly damaged; ; Unstratified, Tr Wide bowl, bottered, rim slightly damaged; ; Unstratified, Tr Well finished bowl, bottered, polished, carelessly applied milling facing smoker; ; Unstratified, Tr Bowl and stem fragment, well finished, rim mostly missing but milling survives facing smoker; Unstratified Tr 21 ( ). 18

22 290. Fragment of highly burnished bowl, splayed heel, rim missing; possibly a Stirling product; F F Well finished bowl, bottered and milled on smoker s right; F21048 ( ) Tall burnished bowl with splayed heel, milled, star basal stamp; ; F Stem fragment with tow lines of milling; F21006 ( ) Stem fragment with 21mm slash along length of stem crossed by four shorter slashes, possibly a balance mark; F21021 ( ). 3.7 POST-1800 PIPES Glasgow 295. Stem fragment with yellow/ brown glaze marked McDOUGALL G../..ALL GLASGOW; post 1850; F Stem fragment marked A.COGHILL/ GLASGOW, splashes of yellow glaze; Unstratified Stem fragment marked A.COGHILL/ GLASGOW in incuse lettering; F Stem fragment with 55 CHRISTIE/ GLASGOW; F Spur and stem fragment, stem marked McFARLANE/ GLASGOW; post 1800; F21093 ( ). Alloa 300. Stem fragment with T.M[cDONALD]/ [AL] LOA in a rope frame; late 19th century; F Stem fragment with..all/al.. in a rope frame; Charles of Thomas Hall of Alloa, ; F9002 ( ) Stem fragment with incuse 82[2]; F Stem fragment with linear decoration and PETER/DORNI in relief; F Others 304. Spurred bowl with Britannia on one side and sailor on the other, foliage on seams; early-19th century; F

23 305. Rear of bowl in form of head, with hair, ears and part of a collar; post 1800; F9010 ( ) Spurred bowl and stem, fluted with garlands above; early 19th century; Unstratified Tr Body fragment of TW cutty; F Fragment of the rear and spur of a head pipe, with detail of hair, letter U on spur, other side of spur damaged; early-19th century; F TW cutty with Hand of Ulster on one side; F9002 ( ) Lower bowl fragment with relief leaves on seams and stem recessed for metal mouthpiece; post 1850; F TW bowl; post 1800; F Stem and bowl fragment, polished; post 1850; F CONTEXT SUMMARIES F9010 ( ) Rear of bowl in form of head, post F F th -19th century. Stem fragment with yellow glaze; 2 WB bowls. F F11007 Two bowls of late-17th century type (c ), one with a star basal stamp. F Scottish bowls c ; 2 Dutch Tudor rose bowls, one bowl with star basal stamp F Tyneside bowl with IB stamp (Tyneside type 2b/3a, ), bowl , 3 bowls with star stamps

24 F14005 ( ) post Baroque stem fragment ; TW bowl. F14012 Stem with roller stamp, 17th century; castle basal stamp F14012 ( ) One bowl, F14013 ( ) WB bowl F14115 ( ) WB bowl F14016 Three bowl fragments including a well-finished Dutch style bowl, possibly Gouda , a large bulbous WB bowl, , and a late 17th century Stirling fragment with a star basal stamp This gives a date range of c F14054 Dutch bowl F14078 ( ) 3 Scottish bowls, including 2 WB, , Dutch bowl F14079 Fragment of Dutch bowl F14084 WB bowl, ; 1 bowl

25 F14076 Bowl post F14045 ( ) WB bowl F14034 ( ) Early 19th bowl, 19th Peter Dorni stem. F14083 ( ) Three bowls, including WB, F14086 ( ) Three bowls, including one WB, F14086 Two bowl fragments, one WB bowl and one Stirling bowl of c F14115 ( ) WB bowl F14132 Dutch moulded rose bowl, ; Scottish bowls F18007 Bowl , bowl F19001 Stems 17th century to post 1850 (glazed stems); 3 bowls F19003 ( ) Two WB bowls, ; one bowl F19010 ( ) Dutch bowl, , possibly Gouda. 22

26 F19025 ( ) Bowl F19028 ( ) Bowls , including WB ( ). F19030 ( ) One bowl F21001 P McLean stem, post 1830, bowls F21004 Post 1800, probably post 1850, with 2 earlier stems. F Bowl , bowls including London type 14 ( ). F This context contained a minimum of 10 pipes. There were an unusually high proportion of imported products. This included four Dutch-type bowls, including one Jonah pipe, (adjoins with fragment from F21048). There were also two bowls of a form similar to London type 15 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 178), F21007 ( ) Forward leaning bowl, F21007 ( ) Dutch Tudor rose bowl , Scottish bowls including star stamp

27 F21009 ( ) One bowl F21015 Includes C19th glazed stems. Bowls: 17th century ranging from to late-17th century star stamp. F21019 ( ) Bowl F21021 London type 14 bowl ( ). F21021 ( ) 1640-C19th Fragment of cutty bowl. Stem with slash marks made during manufacture balance marks. Basal fragment with star stamp, 1. F21023 ( ) Bulbous WB bowl F21029 Scottish including WB, , Dutch mid-17th century ( ). Scottish moulds include a number of very similar ones, probably from the same mould. Number of forward-leaning bowls, smaller almost parallel-sided bowls and heavy collared WB bowl. F21030 London type 14 bowl, , WB bowl, Scottish bowl F21031 One bowl in pink fabric c , 3 other Scottish

28 F21031 ( ) Large barrel-shaped bowl F21033 ( ) Crude Baroque stem ( ), bowls , Dutch bowl F21033 ( ) Bowls F bowls & 1 base, ; one Dutch bowl, (?Gouda). F21036 WB bowl & 2 other Scottish , Dutch med 17th century bowl ( ). F WB bowls. Dutch baroque stem F21038 ( ) Dutch stems , Scottish stems F21039 WB bowl ( ) and London type 14 spurred bowl ( ). F21039 ( ) WB bowl. F21040 ( , 017) Two barrel-shaped bowls with shallow heel ( ); bulbous W/B; London type 14 ( ); Dutch

29 F21040 ( ) Small biconical bowl , larger bowl F21040 ( ) Star bowl ( ), London type 14 bowl ( ). F21044 Two WB bowls, F Scottish bowls ) including WB (recut), London type 14 ( ). Probable Dutch fragment. F21048 Estimating from surviving bases, this group can be said to include at least 70 pipes. The majority are poor quality Scottish products. Eleven (16%) of the total number are Dutch-style pipes. These include a number of similar bowls of a form of likely Amsterdam origin; this number in one group suggests that their arrival at Stirling was not casual, i.e. as personal possessions, but as part of the mechanisms of trade. The Dutch pipes are of variable quality and include three stems decorated with fleur de lys stamps as well as a low quality moulded rose pipe. There is also a Jonah bowl (F21007, F21048), another low quality product. The Scottish pipes are of all of a low quality. None are burnished and only two have basal stamps. 14 (20%) of the estimated total number of pipes are marked WB thus identifiable as the work of William Banks of Edinburgh, 6 are marked B with the other initial not visible and may be his work. Two have Edinburgh style stamps without initials. The remaining 37 (47%) are unmarked. The group may be dated c F21048 ( ) Includes two London type bowls of a size transitional between Type 9 ( ) and Type 14 ( ). See Higgins 1985, 345, no 62 for similar bowl ascribed to post

30 F21048 ( ) Three bowls F21048 ( ) One bowl is marked TB, probably Thomas Banks. The position of the T, far to the side of the heel, suggests it is placed to one side of an erased W, although evidence of the latter is not visible. F21049 ( ) one bowl, F21050 ( ) Bowls mainly but with one star bowl One stem may be post F21050 ( ) WB bowl , Dutch roller stamped stem F21051 ( ) Two small forward-leaning bowls, barrel shape with slight heel, including one with castle basal stamp. Suggest despite small height. Also taller bowl of similar form. WB bowl. F21051 ( ) Star bowl. F21051 ( ) Star bowl. F21052 Two bowls plus one star bowl of

31 F21053 ( ) Includes Dutch moulded rose bowl in red clay. F21054 ( ) Three barrel-shaped bowls with shallow heels, differing in size but same form. One of has a castle stamp. F21054 ( ) 2 Scottish bowls ; Dutch bowl F21064 Two bowls , one post 1850 bowl fragment. F One mid-17th century Dutch bowl. F21071 ( ) One /B bowl F WB and large star bowl. F Mainly mid-17th century. Possible bowl from The Hague (cf. Duco 1987, 38, no 72). Also Dutch large bulbous bowl ( ), possibly Leiden. London type 15, WB bowls. Many probably from same mould. No thin initials or evidence of recutting of mould. 28

32 F21080 ( ) One extended bulbous /B bowl, 1 bulbous W/B, similar unmarked, Dutch fragment. F21088 ( ). One large WB bowl F21089 Two bowls F21093 Stem fragment McFARLANE/GLASGOW. F WB bowls, Dutch bowl F One /B bowl. 29

33 REFERENCES ATKINSON, D. & OSWALD, A. London Clay Tobacco Pipes, J Brit Archaeol Assoc 32 (1969), CHEMINANT, R. LE 1981 Clay Tobacco Pipes from London and the South East, in Davey, P (ed) The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe VI. Pipes and Kilns in the London Region, BAR British Series 97, Oxford. DAVEY, P. (ed) 1987a The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X Scotland. BAR Brit Ser 178, Oxford. DAVEY, P. 1987b Scalloway Castle, in Davey 1987a, DAVEY, P. J Clay Pipes in Rains, M J & Hall, D W (eds) Excavations in St Andrews A decade of archaeology in a historic Scottish burgh, Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee Monograph 1, Glenrothes. DUCO, D. H De Kleipijp in de Zeventiende Euuwse Nederlanden, in Davey, P (ed), The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe V. Europe 2, BAR International Series 106(ii), Oxford. DUCO, D. H Merken van Goudse pijpenmakers De Tijdstroom, Lochem. DUCO, D. H De Nederlandse Kleipijp. Leiden. EDWARDS, L Seventeenth and Eighteenth century Tyneside Tobacco Pipe Makers and Tobacconists (= The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XI, BAR Brit Series 192). BAR, Oxford. GALLAGHER, D. B. 1987a Edinburgh, Tron Kirk, in Davey, P (ed) The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X,

34 GALLAGHER, D. B. & HARRISON, J Tobacco Pipemakers in 17th century Stirling Proc Soc Antiq Scot 125 (1995), GREW, F. & ORTON, C Clay Tobacco Pipes in Thompson, A, Grew, F & Schofield, Excavations at Aldgate 1974, Post Med Archaeol 18 (1984), HAAN, R. DE & KROOK, W Amsterdam in Tymstra, F van & Meulen, J van der (eds), De Kleipijp als Bodemvondst, Leiden. HIGGINS, D. A Clay Tobacco Pipes from 27, George Street, Hemel Hempstead in Davey, P (ed) The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe IX. More Pipes from the Midlands and Southern England, BAR British Series 146(ii), Oxford. HIGGINS, D. A. & DAVEY, P. J A New Recording System for Excavated Clay Tobacco Pipes. Unpublished, University of Liverpool. MARTIN, C. J. M. 1987a Balgonie, in Davey, P (ed), MARTIN, C. J. M. 1987b A group of pipes from Mid Shore, Pittenweem, in Davey, P (ed), MARTIN, C. J. M. 1987c A group of pipes from the Dutch East Indiaman Kennemerland, 1664, in Davey, P (ed), VAN DE MEULEN, J., BRINKERINK, J. P. & VON HOUT, P Tabakspijpennijverheid in Gorinchem. Pijpelogische Kring Nederland, Leiden. WHITE, S. D The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c (= The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe 18). BAR Brit Ser 374, Oxford. 3