GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY. Module 3: Preparation of Patent Search & Analysis Report

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1 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Module 3: Preparation of Patent Search & Analysis Report From Research to Revenue Gujarat Technological University Nr.Vishwakarma Government Engineering College Nr.Visat Three Roads, Visat - Gandhinagar Highway Chandkheda, Ahmedabad Gujarat Phone: Fax : info@gtu.ac.in, registrar@gtu.ac.in Web : Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 1

2 DISCLAIMER FROM THE AUTHORS SIDE This content is jointly prepared and copyrighted by Dr. Manish A. Rachchh, Associate Professor of GTU, Ahmedabad and Mr. Amit Patel, IPR-Coordinator, GTU, Ahmedabad. We try to acknowledge the references wherever possible. If some portion is not acknowledged then kindly consider that this is going to be used for Fare Use purpose only. Further, this material can be used by readers for Fare Use purpose only and should not be used for commercial purpose directly or indirectly. The authors also duly acknowledge the support received from Honb. Vice Chancellor Dr. Akshai Aggarwal Sir and Mr. Hiranmay Mahanta in drafting this Module-3. For any clarification, suggestion or further assistance on content part, kindly contact authors. Dr. Manish A. Rachchh Mr. Amit Patel (M) (M) Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 2

3 Module-3- Preparation of Patent Search & Analysis Report 1) Introduction about Patent Search & Analysis report 2) Objectives of Patent Search & Analysis report 3) Start Patent search using Open Source Databases 4) Content / Embodiments of Patent document 5) Format of Patent Search & Analysis report 6) Explanation of each field of Patent Search & Analysis Report 7) Demo of Complete report 8) Summary of Relevant patent searched 9) Important web links for Patent related material 1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT PATENT SEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT Patent search in most systems of patent law constitutes all information that has been made available to the public in any form before a given date that might be relevant to a patent s claims of originality. Patent search is the process by which prior inventions or ideas are examined, with the goal being to find information that bears close similarity to a given patent or proposed invention. The documents searched during a patent search may include granted Indian, U.S. and foreign patents, published patent applications, and non-patent literature, such as the Web, product literature, and scientific journals and databases. Patent search may include: Previous patents (Granted/ Published) Trade journal articles Publications (including data books and catalogues) Public discussions (conference and seminar) Trade shows Brochures Products, devices & equipments Once the Patent Search has been done and you have identified few related patent documents, then the question of its interpretation and analysis will come. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 3

4 Patent Analysis report is the process through which you can summarize the relevant patents in brief, concise and precise way and can able to understand the area of protection covered by such patents. Once said analysis is over for 10 to 15 relevant patents, then from that you can able to get very clear cut idea that in your interested field of technology, how much work has been done so far and still how much White space / Blank space is available to work upon from your side. This will make your IDP/UDP/Dissertation project unique itself. 2. OBJECTIVES OF PATENT SEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT Once the Patent search and Analysis report has been prepared, it will be useful to different concerned people in a different ways. These includes. An inventor (like you) can make sure that your invention is unique before you spend time and money to work upon some IDP/UDP/Dissertation topics (this would be a Novelty search). A patent examiner at Patent Office carries out Patent search to check the relevant prior art, if any existed, and cite them on his First Examination Report (FER) to be sent to the applicant. Depending on the similarity between the prior-art cited and accused application, the Controller may reject the patent application for further proceedings or allow it with some amendments. (this would be Novelty Search) A company would like to produce a product, and although they do not wish to patent the product themselves, they want to make sure that they do not get sued by someone else that might have already patented the idea (this would be an Infringement search). Company A is making a product, and is being sued by Company B, which believes it holds a patent on the product, and Company A would like to prove that Company B s patent is invalid (this would be a Validity search). A researcher would like a comprehensive listing of the most recent patents in a certain field, to help guide his research (this would be a State-of-the-Art search). 3. START PATENT SEARCH USING OPEN SOURCE DATABASE There are many open source Patent database are available. The list of which is given in Module- 2 (page no.15). Out of these use two important open source databases which includes. i) Worldwide database available from EPO site ii) Indian Patent Office (IPO) database from Patent office website Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 4

5 Regarding how to do the search using above mentioned two databases, you can refer material of Module-2- Patent Search Methodology available at: Patent%20Search%20Methodology 3rdAug2013.pdf After searching, down load at least 10 (Ten) patent documents from EPO / IPO database, which you feels more relevant to your IDP/UDP/Dissertation topics. After down loading 10 complete patent documents from EPO / IPO database, understand the content / embodiment of Patent document as given under Point no. 4 and thereafter start preparing Patent analysis report as per format given under next Point no CONTENT / EMBODIMENTS OF PATENT DOCUMENT Content/ Embodiments of Patent Application Any Patent Application filed in Indian Patent office should possess following structure: Title of invention Name of applicant(s), nationality and address Name of inventor(s), nationality and address Preamble of application Field of invention Background of Invention Object of invention Summary of Invention Detailed description Claims Figures (if any) Abstract Searchable fields of Indian Patent After 18 months of the date of filing, application get published by the Patent Office in the Paten office journal with following details o Application Number o Date of Application o Date of Publication o Title Of Invention o International Patent Classification (IPC) o Name And Address Of The Applicant o Name Of Inventors o Priority Details (if any) o Abstract (With OR Without Figure) Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 5

6 Patent Search of Indian patents can be possible using Indian Patent office database (available free online) by using any of above mentioned field. Non-searchable fields of Indian Patent At present following fields are not available online for search. These include: Field of invention Background of Invention Object of invention Summary of Invention Detailed description Claims Figures (if any) Searchable fields of International Applications and Worldwide patens Most of the major Patent Offices of the world, viz. USPTO, EPO, WIPO etc. are publishing full text patent articles, in which each above mentioned searchable-fields as well as non-searchable fields can be searched online. After patent search, down load Bibliographic page Form 1 Form 2 Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 6

7 BIBLIOGRAPHIC PAGE Click on View documents Pop up might be blocked, so Allows Pop up from this site Again click on View documents Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 7

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20 5. FORMAT FOR PATENT SEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT After downloading and understanding different parts/embodiments of patent, now you can start entering details of patent in the format given as per below. SAMPLE FORMAT Sr. No. Question Answer Part 1: Patent Search Technique Used 1 Patent Search Database used* 2 Keywords Used for Search* 3 Search String Used* 4 Number of Results/Hits Getting* Select any one from 1. Indian Patent Office database, 2. Espacenet (worldwide), and 3. Other (in case of other give details in next provided text book). Provide minimum 3 keywords, more than three keywords each separated by coma. Provide exact phrase consisting on keywords and Boolean operators used to get relevant results. Give the number of related patents you get after using proper Search String. Part 2: Basic Data of Patented Invention/Bibliographic Data 5 Category/ Field of Invention* Provide the branch of Engineering with which patent is associated (For e.g. Mechanical, chemical, electrical etc) 6 Invention is Related to/class of Invention* Provide the end field of technology with which patent is associated. (For e.g. For automobile field s student: Patent is associated with gear, break, engine etc) 7 Title of Invention* 8 Patent No. Provide the exact title of patent as shown on patent document. For patent applications which are granted, give the patent number of such application here. 9 Application Number* Provide the Application Number of studied patent here. 10 Date of Filing/Application* Mention the date on which application for patent is made. 11 Priority Date 12 Publication/Journal Number Mention the first date i.e. the date on which application for patent is made for this invention in any country. It will be available from patent related documents. Mention the Publication No./Journal No./Bulletin No etc in which application for patent is published. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 20

21 13 Publication Date 14 First Filled Country 15 Also Published as The date on which application for patent is published in official patent journal/bulletin. Mention the country where application for patent is made first for particular invention. Countries Where Filled Application No./ Patent No. Give details of one or more countries and relevant application/patent number in which application for patent is made to protect invention Name of Inventor/s* Address of Inventor* City of Inventor Country of Inventor 16 Give details of one or more inventors associated with development of invention 17 Name of Applicant/ Assignee* Address of Applicant* City of Applicant Country of Applicant Give details of one or more applicant/assignee who has made an application for patent, and who owns the rights of patent. 18 Applicant for Patent is* Mention whether the applicant for patent is an individual person/s or an organisation (Company/College/University etc). Select any one from Individual/Organisation Part 3: Technical Part of Patented Invention Limitation of Prior Technology/Art* Specific Problem Solved/Objective of Invention* Give details about, what are the problems associated with previous available technologies. Give details about objectives and benefits of particular Invention/Patent. 21 Brief about Invention* Give in-detail brief information about patent, and its technical details. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 21

22 22 Key learning Points* 23 Summary of Invention* Give details of key learning points each student has understood after studying each patent. Here students have to give details about what they have understood after reading a patent document. What is the invention about? What are problems of prior art? What are its benefits? Etc. Students have to make summary of each patent in not more than 500 words. 24 Number of claims* Give the number, How many claims are there in patent. 25 Patent Status* Select any one which is suitable for studied patent Published Application/Granted Patent/ In-force Patent/ Failed to maintain the Patent/Expired Patent How much this invention is related with your IDP/UDP? * Do you have any idea to do anything around the said invention to improve it? (Give short note in not more than 500 words) * Select any one indicating % relevance of this patent document with you IDP/UDP. : > 91 %, 71 to 90%, < 70 %, Not related to IDP/UDP After studying each patent thoroughly and by answering all the previous questions, each student has to answer this question very carefully and give your valuable ideas in a very precise manner. Here students have to think for any possible modification/improvement in the studied patent he/she can make so as to maximise its effectiveness/user friendliness. Students have to give idea about possible alterations they can make in briefly about 500 words. Part-4: Student details who has prepared Report 30 Name of student* 31 Enrolment number of student* 32 Branch of study* 33 Semester of study* 34 Institute name* 35 Title of your IDP/UDP* 36 Contact number of student* 37 id of student* 38 Name of your group members working for this IDP/UDP (Provide 4 boxes to enter the name of students)* 39 Name of your Guide/Faculty mentor* 40 Contact number of your Guide/Faculty mentor* 41 id of your Guide/Faculty mentor* Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 22

23 6. EXPLANATION OF EACH FIELD OF PATENT SEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT 1: What is meant by Patent Search Database Used? Student has to give details of patent database from which they got a particular patent, and by studying this patent they have to generate a Patent Search & Analysis Report. Students can select any one from given drop down menu, in case if you have selected other than you have to give details about to it. 2: What is meant by Key words used? Student has to identify keywords related to their respective IDP/UDP definition, and mention those keywords, which they have entered into patent database to get related patents. Students have to give at least 3 keywords. 3: What is meant by Search string used? Search string is the combination of key words along with Boolean operators like AND, OR, NOT used for getting the related results/hits. Students have to give details about which search string they have used to get patents related to their respective IDP/UDP. (e.g. If one wants to search patents related to control speed of bike/car. Then he may use search string like - Control AND Overspeed AND Automobile) 4: What is meant by Number of Results/Hits getting? Here students have to give number of related patents comes after using above search string into patent database search engine. 5: What is meant by Category/ Field of Invention? Here students have to give details about the category/field of Invention. Brach of technology with which patent is related. For example: whether it is associated with Mechanical, Civil, Automobile, Computer etc. branch. 6: What is meant by Invention is related to/class of invention? Give detail about patent is related with which class of a particular branch of technology. For example For automobile related patents, Patent is related with steering, break, suspension, light system etc. Here students have to give final subject area of each patent. 7: What is meant by Title of Invention? Here students have to mention exact title of patent as seen on each patent document. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 23

24 8: What is meant by Application Number? Here student have to take care that application no. and patent no. for each patent are different. So understand the difference between them and exactly provide the application no of each patent. Application Number is the number given by patent office at the time of receipt of application for patent, while the Patent Number is the number given when the patent is granted after fulfilling all the requirements of patent office. 9: What is meant by Patent Number? Patent is granted after around 2-5 years of making an application for patent, after checking novelty feature and all other requirements by patent office. So in this question mention the patent number. 10: What is meant by Date of Filing/Application? Filing Date is the date on which application for the patent is made to respective patent office. 11: What is meant by Priority date? Priority date is the first date on which application for the patent is made. Where an application for patent in India (or any other country) is based on a previously filed patent application in any other country, the priority date of that patent shall be the date of the previously filed application in which the invention was first disclosed. 12: What is meant by Publication/Journal Number? After the application for patent is made, details about the patent application are published in Patent office Journal of respective country. In this question students have to mention the Publication No./Journal No./Bulletin No. etc in which application for patent is published. 13: What is meant by Publication date? For each patent, the publication date is the date on which particular issue of Patent Office Journal containing details of specific patent application is published. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 24

25 14: What is meant by First Filled Country? Patent gives territorial rights. So if inventor wants a patent protection in more than one country than he has to file patent application in different countries separately for the same invention. So the country in which applicant has filled first application is called First Filled Country. 15: What is meant by Also published as (Name of Countries where patent filled & relevant Patent (application) No)? As said in answer of question 14, if inventor wants a patent protection for his invention in more than one country than he has to file patent application in different countries separately. So in answer of this question students have to give details about in which countries application for the same invention is made, and the application number for each such application. Were no data is available just answer it as Not Applicable. 16: What is meant by Name of Inventor/s and other details of Inventor/s? Inventor/s is the one who has developed this invention. So here students have to give name/s of Inventor/s of each patent. Also give other details like: Address, City & Country of Inventor/s. 17: What is meant by Name of Applicant/ Assignee and other details of Applicant/ Assignee? Applicant/ Assignee are the one who owns the rights of Patent. It is possible that the inventor and the applicant for the patent are two different persons/entities. It is particularly true for Patents developed by any legal entities (such as organisation, company, colleges or universities). So in such cases students have to give name of such applicant for the patent. In case where the inventor and applicant for patent both are the same than give name of applicant/s here for one more time. Also give other details like: Address, City & Country of Applicant/ Assignee. 18: What is meant by who is Applicant for patent? To answer this question, Students have to select any one from individual or organisation given under dropdown menu, as explained under answer of question of 17. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 25

26 Students can answer the following questions after thoroughly reading patent document. 19: What is meant by Limitation of Prior Art? Prior art constitutes all information that is available to the public in any form before a given date (i.e before the date of patent application). In answer of this question students have to mention details about Limitations or problems associated with technologies/product available before the patented article for which application for patent is made. 20: What is meant by Specific Problem Solved/Objective of invention? Here students have to describe the advantages/benefits of the patented article. And also to add a note on what kind of problems will be solved by this invention. 21: What is meant by Brief about Invention? Here students have to add a note on each technical detail associated with invention, describe all aspects of Invention in full. Describe all the figures; give the examples mentioned under patent document. In this part students have to give all details of Invention. 22: What is meant by Key Learning Point? Here students have to give details about what things he/she has learnt about particular technical field after reading a patent. 23: What is meant by Summary of invention? Here students have to give details about what they have understood after reading a patent document. What is the invention about? What are problems with present available technology? What are benefits with this invention? Etc. Students have to make summary of each patent in not more than 500 words. 24: What is meant by Number of claims? Here students just have to mention the number of claims under each patent they have studied. 25: What is meant by Patent Status? Here students have to answer this question by selecting any one option from: Published Application/ Granted Patent/ In-force Patent/ Failed to maintain the Patent/Expired Patent. Students can get answer about this question by checking its status and by seeing its renewal fees payment history. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 26

27 26: What is meant by how much this invention is related with your IDP/UDP? Here student have to select any one option from > 91 %, 71 to 90%, < 70 %, Not related to IDP/UDP in relation to the closeness of subject matter between studied patent and the subject matter of everyone s IDP/UDP. 27: What is the meaning of - Do you have any idea to do anything around the said invention to improve it? After studying each patent thoroughly and by answering all the previous questions, each student has to answer this question very carefully and give your valuable ideas in a very precise manner. Here students have to think for any possible modification/improvement in the studied patent he/she can make so as to maximise its effectiveness/user friendliness. Students have to give idea about possible alterations they can make in briefly about 500 words. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 27

28 7. DEMO OF COMPLETE REPORT A sample Patent Search and Analysis Report is generated by studying a TATA s patent on A DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING OVERSPEEDING OF AUTOMOBILES. The hyperlink for the original patent and associated data is available at: 1/MUM/2006&Pbl_No=2031/MUM/2006&Pat_No= The tips on : How to access patent databases, Different parts of patent database and How to interpret original patent document to generate Patent Search and Analysis Report can be found in a downloadable PDF file Compendium of Module 3- Interpretation of Patent documents from different databases available on online project tracking portal. Sample Patent Search and Analysis Report should be like this: Sr. No. Question Answer Part 1: Patent Search Technique Used 1 Patent Search Database Used* Indian Patent Office database 2 Keywords Used for Search* 1. Automobile 2. Speeding 3. Control 4. Carbureted engine 5. Device 6. In case of more than Five Keywords : Not Applicable 3 Search String Used* Control AND Speed AND Automobile 4 Number of Results/Hits Getting* 3 Part 2: Basic data of Patented invention/bibliographic data 5 Category/ Field of Invention* Automobiles 6 Invention is Related to/class of Invention* Speed Control Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 28

29 7 Title of Invention* Device for Controlling Over speeding of Automobiles 8 Patent No Application Number* 2031/MUM/ Date of Filing/Application* 12/12/ Priority Date 12/12/ Publication/Journal Number 10/ Publication Date 06/03/ First Filled Country India Countries Where Filled Application No./ Patent No. 15 Also Published as Not Applicable for this Patent Name of Inventor/s* Address of Inventor* City of Inventor Country of Inventor 16 Shankar Kamanna Kengar Srinivasan Govindarajan Deepak Suryakant Kulkarni Sadagopan Krishnan Name of Applicant/ Assignee* Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Hutatma Chowk, Mumbai Maharashtra, India. Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Hutatma Chowk, Mumbai Maharashtra, India. Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Hutatma Chowk, Mumbai Maharashtra, India. Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Hutatma Chowk, Mumbai Maharashtra, India. Address of Applicant* Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai City of Applicant India India India India Country of Applicant 17 TATA Motors Limited Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Hutatma Chowk, Mumbai Maharashtra, India. Mumbai India Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 29

30 18 Applicant for Patent is* Organization - Company Part 3: Technical Part of Patented Invention Limitation of Prior Technology/Art* Specific Problem Solved/Objective of Invention* 21 Brief about Invention* Carbureted engines do not have speed control unit as an integral part of their design as seen in multipoint fuel injection engines and diesel engines. Carbureted engines now find applications with alternate fuels such as CNG and LPG and so their use in public domain is increases day by day. So by this kind of inventions high speed engines and highly offensive driving practice practiced by many city drivers can be controlled. Maximum speed limit and speed control of vehicles become an essential and lifesaving feature. The main object of this invention is to limit engine speed at the desired and preset maximum, which is achieved by both operating and fuel controls governed by an electronic speed control means. This not only avoids overspeeding and resultant problems but also increases the engine life and fuel efficiency. The air and fuel quantity supplied to the engine governs the speed of the engine and that of the vehicle. The butterfly valve operated by the throttle thro control linkage of the accelator pedal. Air and fuel supply to the engine is controlled by the opening of the butterfly valve. However in a carburetor engine fuel flow is governed by the carburetor which is proportionate to the air flow power produced by the ignition of air and fuel provides speed. It is understood that when the throttle is opened more, increased quantity fuel and air is supplied to the engine resulting in high speed. The engine over speed controller (EOSC) receives the speed signals from the engine as input and compares it with the predetermined maximum speed set point contained in the EOSC unit when the engine speed is less than the set value of maximum speed the unit remains inactive and Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 30

31 22 Key Learning Points* 23 Summary of Invention* 24 Number of claims* 5 no output signal is given. However, when the engine speed is equal or more than the set point, another electronic switch is activated such that the ignition system generates misfire in one cylinder to reduce the power generated by the engine momentarily by tending to reduce the engine speed. This control unit is preprogrammed, that the engine speed still is more than the maximum pre-set value, yet another cylinder is triggered to misfire to impart better control over the engine speed. If the engine speed is still more than the maximum pre-set value, the third cylinder is also triggered to misfire in all the three cylinders for better speed control. This misfire is monitored for a pre-determined time which is settable in the unit and if this time exceeds, the engine over speed control unit deactivates an electronic switch to stop the fuel supply to the engine. This is in addition to the misfire in the cylinders and is aimed at positive reduction in engine speed. Once the speed limit is below the pre-set value electronic switch is actuated to restart fuel supply. Simultaneously the misfire switches is deactuated to stop misfire and the engine restores its normal speed. This device may also be attached to carbureted engines running on bifuels like gasoline and CNG and gasoline and LPG. This patent is about to control over speeding of vehicles with help of new device. The device consists of input and an output units and a programmed speed limit valve. The output is connected to electronic switches which are capable of causing misfire in the cylinders and thereafter deactuating the fuel supply to the engine to reduce the speed. When the speed limit goes below the predetermined limit the fuel supply switch is activated to restart the engine. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 31

32 25 Patent Status* Granted How much this invention is related with your IDP/UDP? * Do you have any idea to do anything around the said invention to improve it? (Give short note in not more than 500 words) * This invention is closely related to the Subject matter of my IDP/UDP. This invention is not much related to the Subject matter of my IDP/UDP. This invention is not related to the Subject matter of my IDP/UDP. We can integrate engine with Electric Controlling Unit (ECU) which controls the opening and closing of valves. We can also attach eddy current generating circuit on crank shaft, which activates once it crosses speed limit. Part-4: Student details who has prepared Report 28 Name of student* 29 Enrollment number of student* 30 Team Id * 31 Branch of study* 32 Semester of study* 33 Institute name* 34 Title of your IDP/UDP* 35 Contact number of student* 36 id of student* Name of your group members 37 working for this IDP/UDP (Provide 4 boxes to enter the name of students)* 38 Name of your Guide/Faculty mentor* 39 Contact number of your Guide/Faculty mentor* 40 id of your Guide/Faculty mentor* All these details will be directly fetched from the data filled by students in the 1 st phase of online tracking system. Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 32

33 8. SUMMARY OF RELEVANT PATENT SEARCHED In this part, students have to give details about what they have understood after reading five patent documents. What is the invention about? What are problems with present available technology? What are benefits with this invention? Etc. Students have to make cumulative summary of total patent studied in not more than 1000 words. PATENT SEARCH SUMMARY REPORT Sr. No Patent number Title of Patent Limitations of prior art Objectives of Patented Invention Looking at above summary, your IDP/UDP/Dissertation is novel up to what extent? Novelty grade: 90%, 50 to 90%, < 50%, Not novel Looking at the objectives of above 10 Patents, can you think about any new solutions for next level of improvement/development of technology? (Write at max. in 500 words)* Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 33

34 9. IMPORTANT WEB LINKS FOR PATENT RELATED MATERIAL MODULE 1: BASICS OF IPR & PATENTS [A] Material [B] Video lecture Part 1 of 3: Part 2 of 3: Part 3 of 3: JjuEKnE&feature=share MODULE 2: PATENT SEARCH METHODOLOGY [A] Material Patent%20Search%20Methodology 3rdAug2013.pdf [B] Video lecture Part 1 of 5: Part 2 of 5: Part 3 of 5: Part 4 of 5: Part 5 of 5: PATENT DATABASES TO BE USED FOR SEARCH: Indian Patent Office Database: European Patent Office Database (Espacenet): OTHER DATABASES: WIPO Patent Database (PATENTSCOPE): US patent database (USPTO) Full text Databases : Google Patents : Free Patents Online: Directory of Country Wise Intellectual Property Offices: Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Page 34