PHYSICS. Sound & Music
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1 PHYSICS Sound & Music
2 20.1 The Origin of Sound The source of all sound waves is vibration.
3 20.1 The Origin of Sound The original vibration stimulates the vibration of something larger or more massive. the sounding board of a stringed instrument the air column within a reed or wind instrument the air in the throat and mouth of a singer This vibrating material then sends a disturbance through a surrounding medium, air, in the form of longitudinal waves. The frequency of the sound waves produced equals the frequency of the vibrating source.
4 20.1 The Origin of Sound We describe our subjective impression about the frequency of sound by the word pitch. A high-pitched sound like that from a piccolo has a high vibration frequency. A low-pitched sound like that from a foghorn has a low vibration frequency.
5 20.1 The Origin of Sound Normal range of human hearing is 20 to 20,000 hertz. As we grow older, our hearing range shrinks, especially at the high-frequency end.
6 20.1 The Origin of Sound Sound waves with frequencies below 20 hertz are called infrasonic. Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasonic.
7 20.2 Sound in Air Sound waves are longitudinal. A compression travels along the spring similar to the way a sound wave travels in air.
8 20.2 Sound in Air Opening and closing a door produces compressions and rarefactions.
9 20.2 Sound in Air
10 20.3 Media That Transmit Sound The speed of sound differs in different materials. In general sound is transmitted: Fast in gases Faster in liquids Fastest in solids.
11 20.3 Media That Transmit Sound Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
12 20.4 Speed of Sound The speed of sound in a gas depends on the temperature of the gas and the mass of the particles in the gas. The speed of sound in a material depends on the material s elasticity.
13 20.4 Speed of Sound TEMPERATURE The speed of sound in dry air at 0 C is about 330 meters per second, or about 1200 kilometers per hour. This is about one-millionth the speed of light. For each degree increase in air temp above 0 C, the speed of sound in air increases by about 0.60 m/s.
14 20.4 Speed of Sound MASS OF GAS PARTICLES Lighter particles such as hydrogen molecules and helium atoms move faster and transmit sound much more quickly than heavier gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. The lighter the gas, the faster sound travels in it.
15 20.4 Speed of Sound The speed of sound in a solid material depends not on the material s density, but on its elasticity. Elasticity is the ability of a material to change shape in response to an applied force, and then resume its initial shape. Steel is very elastic. Putty is inelastic. Sound travels about 15 times faster in steel than in air, and about four times faster in water than in air.
16 20.4 Speed of Sound Question: How far away is a storm if you note a 3-second delay between a lightning flash and the sound of thunder?
17 20.5 Loudness The intensity of a sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude of a sound wave. Loudness, however, differs for different people, although it is related to sound intensity. The unit of intensity for sound is the decibel (db), after Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone.
18 20.5 Loudness
19 20.5 Loudness A sound of 10 db is 10 times as intense as sound of 0 db. 20 db is not twice but 10 times as intense as 10 db, or 100 times as intense as the threshold of hearing. A 60-dB sound is 100 times as intense as a 40-dB sound.
20 20.5 Loudness
21 20.11 Other Topics Reverberation is persistence of sound or re-echoed sound. Occurs when sound waves reflect off of surfaces. Refraction is bending of a sound wave due to differences in speed at different parts of the wave. Can occur in both air and water.
22 20.6 Natural Frequency We speak of an object s natural frequency, the frequency at which an object vibrates when it is disturbed.
23 20.6 Natural Frequency The natural frequency of the smaller bell is higher than that of the big bell, and it rings at a higher pitch.
24 20.7 Forced Vibration A forced vibration occurs when an object is made to vibrate by another vibrating object that is nearby.
25 20.7 Forced Vibration The vibration of guitar strings in an acoustical guitar would be faint if they weren t transmitted to the guitar s wooden body.
26 20.7 Harmonics When you play an harmonic tone, your finger touches the string gently enough to let the string vibrates on both sides of your finger, while still inflicting a node.
27 20.8 Resonance If the frequency of a forced vibration matches an object s natural frequency, resonance dramatically increases the amplitude.
28 20.8 Resonance a. The first compression gives the fork a tiny push.
29 20.8 Resonance a. The first compression gives the fork a tiny push. b. The fork bends.
30 20.8 Resonance a. The first compression gives the fork a tiny push. b. The fork bends. c. The fork returns to its initial position.
31 20.8 Resonance a. The first compression gives the fork a tiny push. b. The fork bends. c. The fork returns to its initial position. d. It keeps moving and overshoots in the opposite direction.
32 20.8 Resonance a. The first compression gives the fork a tiny push. b. The fork bends. c. The fork returns to its initial position. d. It keeps moving and overshoots in the opposite direction. e. When it returns to its initial position, the next compression arrives to repeat the cycle.
33 20.9 Interference Sound waves, like any waves, can be made to interfere. For sound, the crest of a wave corresponds to a compression. The trough of a wave corresponds to a rarefaction.
34 20.9 Interference
35 20.9 Interference
36 20.9 Interference Destructive sound interference is used in anti-noise technology. Noisy devices such as jackhammers have microphones that send the sound of the device to electronic microchips. The microchips create mirror-image wave patterns that are fed to earphones worn by the operator. Sound waves from the hammer are neutralized by mirrorimage waves in the earphones.
37 20.10 Beats This periodic variation in the loudness of sound is called beats. Beats can be heard when two slightly mismatched tuning forks are sounded together.
38 20.10 Beats When one fork vibrates 204 times per second, and the other fork vibrates 202 times per second, they are in step twice each second. A beat frequency of 2 hertz is heard.
39 20.10 Beats
40 20.10 Beats
41 20.10 Beats Beats can occur with any kind of wave and are a practical way to compare frequencies. To tune a piano, a piano tuner listens for beats produced between a standard tuning fork and a particular string on the piano. When the frequencies are identical, the beats disappear.
42 20.10 Beats Question What is the beat frequency when a 262-Hz and a 266-Hz tuning fork are sounded together? A 262-Hz and a 272-Hz?
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Pre Test 1. Name. a Hz b Hz c Hz d Hz e Hz. 1. d
Name Pre Test 1 1. The wavelength of light visible to the human eye is on the order of 5 10 7 m. If the speed of light in air is 3 10 8 m/s, find the frequency of the light wave. 1. d a. 3 10 7 Hz b. 4
Block 3: Physics of Waves. Chapter 12: Sound. Relate pitch and loudness to frequency and amplitude Describe how sound travels
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= 2n! 1 " L n. = 2n! 1 # v. = 2n! 1 " v % v = m/s + ( m/s/ C)T. f 1. = 142 Hz
Chapter 9 Review, pages 7 Knowledge 1. (b). (c) 3. (b). (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 1. (c) 13. (b) 1. (b) 15. (d) 16. False. Interference does not leave a wave permanently altered.