Test Review # 7. Physics R: Form TR7.17A. v C M = mach number M = C v = speed relative to the medium v sound C v sound = speed of sound in the medium

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1 Physics R: Form TR7.17A TEST 7 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 7 Frequency and pitch. The higher the frequency of a sound wave is, the higher the pitch is. Humans can detect sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range of 23,000 to 54,000 Hz. Dogs and cats can hear it, but we can t. The voiced speech of a typical adult male will have a fundamental frequency from 85 to 180 Hz, and that of a typical adult female from 165 to 255 Hz. Speech also has overtones at higher frequencies that affect the quality of the sound and make it understandable. Human sound is formed when air passing the vocal cords causes them to vibrate. The length and thickness of the vocal cords determine the pitch. Shorter, thinner vocal cords vibrate at higher frequencies. Muscles in the throat can stretch the vocal cords, enabling people to vary their pitch within a limited range. Echoes. Sound is a wave. Like other waves it can bounce off surfaces and be reflected. A reflected sound wave is an echo. Echoes are sound waves. They travel at the same speed as other sound waves. This is helpful in making use of echoes. Sonar uses sound waves to map objects under water by sending out sound pulses, and tracking the echoes. The amount of time it takes an echo to return depends on the distance of the reflecting surface. Measuring the time between an emitted pulse of sound and detecting the echo tells the distance to the ocean floor or object reflecting the sonar sound pulse. Some animals use echoes to navigate and hunt. This is called echolocation. The Doppler Effect. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency that occurs when a source of sound is moving relative to the listener. As the sound source and listener approach each other the pitch and frequency increase. This is because the time between when you encounter compressions or rarefactions is shortened as you approach the source of sound. As the sound source and listener separate from each other the pitch and frequency decrease. This is because the time between when you encounter compressions or rarefactions is lengthened as you leave the source of sound. The Doppler effect is used in both radar and ultra sound. Radar detects Doppler shifts in radio wave echoes. This makes it possible to tell whether the object reflecting the radio waves is approaching or receding. Ultrasound consists of sound waves at frequencies above the normal hearing range. Ultrasound waves focused on the kidney or gall bladder can cause stones to vibrate until they break apart. Ultrasound echoes can be used to form images of the inside of the body. Ultrasound can also be used to measure blood flow in arteries by using the Doppler effect. When moving blood reflects ultrasound waves, the frequency gets higher if blood is moving toward the probe and a lower if blood is moving away from the probe. The larger the frequency change is, the faster the blood is moving. Speed of Sound. The speed of sound is affected by the medium. Particles are closest in solids and furthest apart in gases. Since sound is transmitted by collisions between molecules of the medium, sound usually travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases. The higher the temperature is, the faster the molecules move. The faster the molecules move the higher the rate of collisions is. As a result, the speed of sound increases as temperature increases. A whip or a bullet go faster than sound. Prior to the 1950s, however, aircraft could not exceed the speed of sound (343 m/s or 1,235 km/h), due to drag and instability. As a result, the speed of sound actually was a barrier! Changes in airplane design eventually broke through the barrier. On October 14, 1947, Chuck Yeager officially broke the sound barrier in level flight. A jet makes is a sonic boom much like the loud crack a whip when it breaks the sound barrier. A sonic boom is a shock wave that forms from bunched up sound waves. Ernst Mach, an Austrian physicist, described and photographed shock waves. The Mach Number is named after him. The Mach Number describes the speed of an object in a medium relative to the speed of sound. Mach 1 is the speed of sound. Mach 2 is twice the speed of sound. The Mach number depends on the medium. v C M = mach number M = C v = speed relative to the medium v sound C v sound = speed of sound in the medium

2 TEST 7 REVIEW Page 2 Hearing Sound. Your ears collect, amplify, and interpret sound. The outer ear, with its funnel shape, is a sound collector. It funnels sound into the auditory canal which carries the waves to the ear drum. The middle ear, which consists of the eardrum and three small bones, is an amplifier. The eardrum vibrates in response to sound. Three small bones, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup amplify sound by leverage, and transfer vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window on the cochlea. The inner ear, which contains the cochlea, a snail shaped, fluid filled chamber, is a sound interpreter. The stirrup presses on the oval window producing pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea. The oval window, a small membrane on the cochlea, amplifies vibrations of the eardrum (NOTE: P = F/A - the relatively smaller area of the oval window result in an increase in the pressure resulting from the applied force). The cochlea contains the receptors called hair cells. Different hair cells respond to different frequencies and send information to the brain. Constant exposure to loud noise can damage hair cells. Hair cells also degenerate with age and disease. Mammalian hair cells do not regenerate. Damage to hair cells results in hearing loss. MUSIC. Music is a group of sounds that have been deliberately produced to make a pattern. It is caused by vibrations. Musical instruments are objects that vibrate to produce the desired sound. Different objects vibrate at different frequencies depending on the size, shape, and material of which they are composed. The frequencies at which an object will vibrate are called its natural frequencies. Many objects vibrate at one or more natural frequencies when they are struck or disturbed. Musical instruments use the natural frequencies of strings, columns of air in pipes, or drum heads to produce different notes. Resonance occurs when an object is made to vibrate at its natural frequencies by absorbing energy from a sound wave or another object vibrating at these frequencies. Musical instruments use resonance to amplify sound. The combined vibrations of the sound source and other parts of the instrument vibrating at the same frequency produce a wave with a greater amplitude. Most objects have more than one natural frequency. As a result they produce sound waves of more than one frequency. Some objects, such as tuning forks, produce a single frequency known as a pure tone. The lowest frequency produced by a vibrating object is the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the note that you hear. The vibrating object also produces higher frequencies. The higher frequencies are called overtones. Overtones are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. The number and intensity of the overtones give each musical instrument its unique sound. Musical instruments produce notes that are parts of a musical scale. A musical scale is a sequence of 8 notes (an octave) with certain frequencies. The frequency doubles after the eight successive notes of the scale are played. BEATS. When two waves overlap, they interfere and combine to form a new wave. If two notes of similar frequency are played at the same time, they will constructively and destructively interfere with each other in a regular pattern that will cause the sound to get louder and softer several times per second. This regular pattern of volume change is called beats. The number of beats per second is equal to the difference between the frequencies. REVERBERATION. Echoes need to be separated by at least 0.1 s in order to be heard as separate sounds. Indoors, the reflecting surfaces are usually too close together to enable a large enough time difference to hear the separate echoes. Instead, these echoes blend together to produce a richer sound. These blended, repeated echoes of sound are called reverberation. Some reverberation can make sound bright and lively. Too little reverberation can make sound flat and lifeless. Too much reverberation can produce a confusing mess of noise. Acoustical engineers use soft materials to reduce echoes and panels to reflect sound towards an audience in concert halls in order to get it just right. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Different types of musical instruments have unique sounds because of the way they produce and amplify sounds. The main categories of musical instruments are strings, percussion, and horns including woodwinds and brass. Stringed instruments such as the guitar or violin produce sound from vibrating strings. Strings can be made to vibrate by being plucked, struck, or having a bow drawn across them. Strings that are narrower, shorter, or tighter produce a higher pitch. Stringed instruments have a hollow chamber filled with air that acts as a resonator to amplify sound. Percussion instruments, such as the drums and xylophone, are struck to produce sound. The xylophone has wood or metal bars of varying lengths. Longer bars produce lower notes. Brass and woodwinds both consist of pipes of varying lengths that produce sound with a vibrating column of air. With brass, such as a trumpet, trombone, tuba, or French horn, the air column vibrates when the musician makes his/her lips vibrate while blowing into the mouth piece. Blowing harder or softer causes air to resonate at different natural frequencies. Pressing valves changes the length of the tube. With woodwinds, such as a clarinet, saxophone, oboe, or flute, the air column vibrates when the musician makes one or two reeds vibrate by blowing into the mouth piece, or, in the case of a flute, by blowing across a narrow opening. Covering holes changes the length of the tube.

3 TEST 7 REVIEW Page 3 Answer the questions below by circling the number of the correct response. 1. The average human ear cannot hear frequencies above: (1) 20 hertz. (2) 2,000 hertz. (3) 20,000 hertz. (4) 200,000 hertz. 2. Ultrasound is just like ordinary sound EXCEPT: (1) the wavelength is too long to be detected by our ears. (2) the frequency is too high to be detected by our ears. (3) the amplitude is too large to be detected by our ears. (4) the wave has too large a mass to move through air. 3. Sounds that make up the human voice include mostly frequencies: (1) lower than 100 hertz. (2) between 100 and 2,000 hertz. (3) between 2,000 and 10,000 hertz. (4) above 10,000 hertz. 4. The speed of sound in air is approximately: (1) 34 m/s. (2) 340 m/s. (3) 3,400 m/s. (4) 34,000 m/s. 5. The wavelength of low frequency sound is: (1) smaller than the wavelength of high frequency sound. (2) about the same as the wavelength of high frequency sound. (3) larger than the wavelength of high frequency sound. (4) proportional to the loudness of the sound in decibels. 6. Bats and dolphins use echolocation to navigate or the find food or to find their way without relying on sight. The frequencies they use are (1) supersonic (2) infrasonic (3) ultrasonic (4) microsonic 7. If you double the frequency of a sound wave, you also double its (1) wavelength (2) speed (3) amplitude (4) none of the above 8. The range of human hearing is about (1) 10 Hz to 100 Hz (2) 50Hz to 500Hz (3) 50 Hz to 20,000 Hz (4) 1000 Hz to l00,000 Hz 9. Sound travels fastest in (1) air (a gas) (2) water (a liquid) (3) steel (a solid) (4) vacuum 10. The speed of sound in air depends upon (1) wavelength (2) frequency (3) temperature (4) amplitude 11. The "pitch" of a sound is determined by its (1) overtones frequencies (2) harmonics frequencies (3) fundamental frequency (4) resonance frequencies 12. The intensity or loudness of a musical sound is related to the sound wave's (1) wavelength (2) frequency (3) amplitude (4) wave speed 13. Suppose you play a note of a certain pitch on a violin You can produce a lower-pitched note by (1) shortening the length of the string that is allowed to vibrate (2) increasing the tension of the string (3) decreasing the linear mass density of the string (4) lengthening the part of the string that vibrates. 14. A tone that is lower in pitch is lower in what characteristic? (1) frequency (2) loudness (3) wavelength (4) resonance 15. What part of the ear is damaged most easily by continued exposure to loud noise? (1) eardrum (2) oval window (3) stirrup (4) hair cells 16. What is an echo? (1) diffracted sound (2) reflected sound (3) resonating sound (4) an overtone 17. As air becomes warmer, how does the speed of sound in air change? (1) It increases. (2) It doesn't change. (3) It decreases. (4) It oscillates. 18. What does the middle ear do? (1) focuses sound (2) collects sound (3) interprets sound (4) transmits and amplifies sound 19. An ambulance siren speeds away from you. What happens to the pitch of the siren? (1) It becomes softer. (2) It becomes louder. (3) It decreases. (4) It increases. 20. In which of the following materials does sound travel the fastest? (1) empty space (2) water (3) air (4) steel 21. How can the pitch of the sound made by a guitar string be lowered? (1) by shortening the part of the string that vibrates (2) by tightening the string (3) by replacing the string with a thicker string (4) by plucking the string harder 22. If you were on a moving train, what would happen to the pitch of a bell at a crossing as you approached and then passed by the crossing? (1) It would seem higher, then lower. (2) It would remain the same. (3) It would seem lower and then higher. (4) It would keep getting lower. 23. Which combination of frequencies produces an unpleasant oscillation in loudness? (1) 400 hertz and 500 hertz (2) 400 hertz and 4,000 hertz (3) 400 hertz and 404 hertz (4) 400 hertz and 200 hertz 24. When talking about the physics of sound, the term beats refers to: (1) the sound from a drum or percussion instrument. (2) interference between two sound waves that are close in frequency. (3) the lowest frequency present in a complex sound wave. (4) a sound at the fundamental frequency of a vibrating string. 25. A musical scale is best described as a series of sounds: (1) of different frequencies. (2) of different loudness. (3) that travel at different speeds. (4) that can only be made by a musical instrument.

4 TEST 7 REVIEW Page When two sounds are different by an octave: (1) the frequency of one sound is twice the frequency of the other. (2) the loudness of one sound is twice the loudness of the other. (3) one sound has twice as many harmonics as the other. (4) one sound travels twice as fast as the other. 33. The graph shows sound from an electric guitar when the E string is played. Use the information on the graph to decide which of the following statements is FALSE: 27. Musical instruments that use vibrating strings include the piano, violin, and guitar. These instruments are able to play different musical notes because of which physical principle? (1) The resonant frequency of a vibrating string depends on its length. (2) The speed of sound is faster than the speed of light. (3) Sound can be absorbed by some materials. (4) The energy of a sound wave is proportional to its frequency. 28. The note A has a frequency of 440 hertz. A piano playing the note A sounds different from an electric guitar playing the same note because the two instruments: (1) create different wavelengths of sound at a frequency of 440 hertz. (2) contain different mixtures of harmonics at multiples of 440 hertz. (3) have different loudness. (4) create sounds of different speeds that reach your ear at different times. 29. Beats are heard when two sounds have (1) nearly the same amplitude (2) nearly the same frequencies (3) twice the amplitude (4) exactly twice the wavelength 30. The fundamental frequency present in a sound is the (1) sum of all the frequencies mixed together (2) difference between the highest and lowest frequencies present (3) lowest frequency present (4) highest frequency present 31. The quality or timbre the distinctive characteristic of a sound is determined by its (1) overtones or harmonics (2) amplitude or loudness (3) speed (4) direction 32. You hear beats with a frequency of 3 Hz when you strike a tuning fork that vibrates at 256 Hz and a chime. The chime has a frequency of (1) Hz =768 Hz (2) 259 Hz (3) (256/3) Hz =85.3 Hz (4) 250 Hz (1) The third harmonic has a frequency of about 960 hertz. (2) The sixth harmonic is louder than the fifth harmonic. (3) The fundamental frequency is about 320 hertz. (4) The second and third harmonics are an octave apart in frequency. 34. The "pitch" of a sound is determined by its (1) overtones frequencies (2) harmonics frequencies (3) fundamental frequency (4) resonance frequencies 35. The fundamental frequency of a violin string is 440 hertz. The frequency of its second harmonic is (1) 110 Hz (2) 220 Hz (3) 440 Hz (4) 880 Hz 36. Consider a musical note of 440 hertz ("concert 'A'"). Two octaves higher is represented by a musical note of (1) 220 Hz (2) 880 Hz (3) 1320 Hz (4) 1760 Hz 37. Suppose you play a note of a certain pitch on a violin You can produce a lower-pitched note by (1) shortening the length of the string that is allowed to vibrate (2) increasing the tension of the string (3) decreasing the linear mass density of the string (4) lengthening the part of the string that vibrates. 38. A trumpeter depresses keys to make the column of air resonating in the trumpet shorter. What happens to the note being played? (1) Its pitch is higher. (2) Its pitch is lower. (3) It is quieter. (4) It is louder. 39. When tuning a violin, a string is tightened. What happens to a note being played on the string? (1) Its pitch is higher. (2) Its pitch is lower. (3) It is quieter. (4) It is louder. 40. How can the pitch of the sound made by a guitar string be lowered? (1) by shortening the part of the string that vibrates (2) by tightening the string (3) by replacing the string with a thicker string (4) by plucking the string harder.

5 TEST 7 REVIEW Page 5 Use the figure below to answer questions 41 and Answers How are the overtone frequencies of any vibrating object related to the fundamental frequency of vibration? (1) They are multiples of the fundamental. (2) They are not related to the fundamental. (3) They equal twice the fundamental. (4) They are lower than the fundamental. 42. Which of the following is the frequency of the third overtone? (1) 1,572 Hz (2) 1,000 Hz (3) 1,048 Hz (4) 786 Hz

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