History. of the. 1930s. Rennay Craats WEIGL PUBLISHERS INC.

Transcription

1 2 0 T H C E N T U R Y U S A History of the s Rennay Craats WEIGL PUBLISHERS INC.

2 Published by Weigl Publishers Inc. 123 South Broad Street, Box 227 Mankato, MN, USA Web site: Copyright 2002 WEIGL PUBLISHERS INC. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Weigl Publishers Inc. Senior Editor Jared Keen Series Editor Carlotta Lemieux Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request from the publisher. Fax (507) for the attention of the Publishing Records Department. ISBN Printed and bound in the United States of America Copy Editor Jay Winans Layout and Design Warren Clark Carla Pelkey Photo Research Angela Lowen Joe Nelson Photograph Credits Archive Photos: pages 11, 24; Bettmann/CORBIS: pages 14, 43; CORBIS: page 38; Disney/Photofest: pages 3MR, 41; George Eastman House/Lewis W. Hine/Archive Photos: page 39; Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS: page 8; Hulton/Archive: pages 3BL, 6BL, 7BR, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 42; Lambert/Archive Photos: page 35; National Archives of Canada C-5144: page 18; National Archives of Canada PA : pages 7BL, 19; National Archives of Canada PA-60427: page 37; New York Times Co./Archive Photos: page 29; Photofest: pages 3TL, 6BR, 10, 12, 20, 21, 33, 40; Sporting News/Archive Photos: page 31. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace ownership and to obtain permission to reprint copyright material. The publishers would be pleased to have any errors or omissions brought to their attention so that they may be corrected in subsequent printings

3 USA s Contents Introduction Time Line Disasters Literature Science & Technology Sports Society Economy Fashion Immigration Entertainment 10 Trends World Events Political Issues 20 Music 40 Foreign Affairs Activities Glossary Learning More Index

4 USA s Nobel Prizes Introduction Stalin s Reign Ellis Island AVIATORS Prison Blaze Spain a Republic Unrest in India Computing Machines Peace Mission Nuremberg Laws The s were known by some fitting names the Dirty Thirties, the Hungry Thirties, the Depression Years. The stock market crash of 1929 started the thirties off with economic hardships that only got worse before they got better. Each year, more and more people could not find work. President Roosevelt created a system of social services to help Americans who were down on their luck. He established organizations to create jobs and get people back on their feet. The Depression affected most Americans, but many managed to forget their problems from time to time. Some did so by losing themselves in the lives of their favorite stars at the movies. Gary Cooper, Shirley Temple, and Clark Gable kept Americans in theater seats. Other stars brought entertainment to the sports fields. Helen Hull Jacobs wowed the tennis world with her talent and style she wore shorts rather than a skirt to play. Sports fans 4 20th Century USA

5 What to Wear Radio Play Panic Café Crowds Dancing Duo Making Work TRADE DEALS Paperback Penguins Drive-in Movies Tough Times cheered on their heroes and wished others well. Baseball fans cried as Lou Gehrig left the Yankees to fight his disease. As people battled and overcame the Depression, they were faced with another challenge. Conflict in Europe promised to explode into war. At the end of the decade, Americans watched their overseas allies become involved in World War II. More than drought and economic hard times shaped the thirties. 20th Century USA: History of the s discusses only a few of these events. To find out more about this decade, visit your local library. It has books, encyclopedias, and old newspapers and magazines on microfilm for you to explore. The Internet is also a great resource to find out more about the stories in this book or about other topics you find interesting. So turn the page and take a ride back to the Dirty Thirties. 20th Century USA 5

6 USA s Time Line A prison fire breaks out in Columbus, Ohio. Many inmates are trapped in their cells. Find out more about this disaster on page 8. Mohandas Gandhi marches for Indian rights. He also goes to jail for his efforts. Find out why on page 16. Congress passes a bill to help struggling farmers. Turn to page 20 for the story. A huge computing machine is built by scientists in Boston. Learn more about this amazing tool on page A Spanish king is dethroned. Read about the birth of a new republic on page Japan crosses into China and takes over Manchuria. The world responds. Find out how on page 16. The Jack Benny Show begins its two-decade run. Page 10 has the scoop on this radio hit Movie-watching history is made when Richard Hollingshead applies for a patent. Learn about his invention on page Herbert Hoover s last day as president is a rough one. Learn about the collapse of the U.S. banking system on page Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn into office. He faces many obstacles immediately. Page 21 has more about how this great leader tried to turn the economy around Americans stand up and cheer for a new movie star. Page 13 has the story about the little actor who could Benny Goodman forms his first orchestra. He strikes a chord with Americans. Find out more on page 41. California shakes. Millions of dollars in damages result. Page 9 has the details about this deadly earthquake. Computing machine Mickey Rooney 6 20th Century USA

7 1935 Baseball hits the airwaves. Fans can now listen to games broadcast over the radio. Page 29 has the details Adolf Hitler strips Jews of their civil rights. Page 17 has the details about the Nuremburg Laws Books become a whole lot lighter when paperbacks are introduced. Turn to page 25 to learn about this shift in publishing Joseph Stalin rules the Soviet Union with ruthlessness and terror. Millions of Soviets are arrested and killed. For more about the Great Purge, turn to page The Olympic Games produce American heroes. The biggest hero is Jesse Owens. Learn about his achievements on page The Big Apple sweeps the country. It has young people trucking. Discover more about this fad on page Social Security is a reality for all Americans. Each person is given a social security card. Find out what that means on page America is happy to surround itself with singing animated characters. Disney s first feature length animated movie is received with open arms. Find out more on page A new style of air travel ends with a huge explosion. Page 8 has the details about the Hindenburg disaster Many Americans think a Halloween joke is reality. They panic and scramble to escape the terrifying threat. Find out what they were afraid of on page A new invention has writers flocking to stationery stores. Page 27 has the story of the ballpoint pen. Lou Gehrig says goodbye to his devoted New York Yankee fans. Find out why he cannot play baseball any longer on page 28. Adolf Hitler invades Poland and sparks a World War. Find out about how other countries react to Germany s aggression on page 19. New York opens the doors to the most incredible fair. Read more about the success of the World s Fair on page 11. The country s attention is focused on Georgia. A Civil War movie has people cheering. Page 12 has more about the epic tale of Scarlett and Rhett. Adolf Hitler Lou Gehrig 20th Century USA 7