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1 Bad Girls of Japan

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3 Bad Girls of Japan Edited by Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley

4 BAD GIRLS OF JAPAN Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bad girls of Japan / edited by Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Women Japan Social conditions. 2. Sex role Japan. 3. Feminism Japan. 4. Women Psychology. I. Miller, Laura. II. Bardsley, Jan. HQ1762.B dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: November

5 For our colleagues and friends

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7 Contents Illustrations Acknowledgments ix xi Introduction 1 Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley 1. Mythical Bad Girls: The Corpse, the Crone, and the Snake 15 Rebecca Copeland 2. Bad Girls Confined: Okuni, Geisha, and the Negotiation of Female Performance Space 33 Kelly Foreman 3. Bad Girls from Good Families: The Degenerate Meiji Schoolgirl 49 Melanie Czarnecki 4. Not That Innocent: Yoshiya Nobuko s Good Girls 65 Sarah Frederick 5. So Bad She s Good: The Masochist s Heroine in Postwar Japan, Abe Sada 81 Christine Marran 6. Bad Girls Like to Watch: Writing and Reading Ladies Comics 97 Gretchen I. Jones 7. Branded: Bad Girls Go Shopping 111 Jan Bardsley and Hiroko Hirakawa 8. Bad Girl Photography 127 Laura Miller 9. Black Faces, Witches, and Racism against Girls 143 Sharon Kinsella 10. Filipina Modern: Bad Filipino Women in Japan 159 Nobue Suzuki

8 viii CONTENTS 11. Sex with Nation: The OK (Bad) Girls Cabaret 175 Katherine Mezur Afterword: AND some NOT SO BAD 191 Miriam Silverberg Bibliography 197 Contributors 211 Index 213

9 Illustrations Cover illustration Hisashi Tenmyouya s work Chiba Lo-Rider Girls from his Notorious Street Group series Onibaba by Meiko Ando 14 The iemoto Imafuji Chkjlrk IV teaching nagauta shamisen to geisha (geiko) and maiko in Kyoto 32 An illustration of Hibiya Park, by Yamamoto Shkkoku 48 Dust cover image by Nakahara Jun ichi 64 The file photo of Abe Sada taken when she was 31 years old 80 Watanabe Yayoi, final page of Bachelor Party 96 Book cover, Shopping Queen by Nakamura Usagi 110 Girls yabapuri 126 Girl in a crowd 142 A Filipina Japanese couple, christening their son, surrounded by their friends and an American priest 158

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11 Acknowledgments B ad girls have been on our mind for some time. Our research on media attention to women in Japan has introduced us to numerous icons of deviancy created to capture a particular historical moment. There were the wellknown New Women and Modern Girls as well as Salary Girls, the Real Estate Siren, Philandering Housewives, Hip Bijin (Beauties), Split-Personality Women, and that maven of the leisure ethic, the Three-Hour-Lunch Woman. Tracing the paths of these and other bad girls in Japanese popular culture and establishment codes led us to articles, presentations, edited journal issues, and now to this volume of essays. Two panel presentations were especially fruitful in stimulating our thinking and so we thank the participants from both The Bad Girls of East Asia: Taiwanese, Koreans, Japanese, and Okinawans who Break Rules, Flout Gender Norms, and Upset People, presented at the American Anthropological Association, New Orleans, in November, 2002, and Between the Princess and the Martyr: Spectacles of Hope and Betrayal in Postwar Japan, presented at the Association for Asian Studies in Washington D.C., in March We owe a hearty thanks to Sally A. Hastings, one of the editors-in-chief of U.S.-Japan Women s Journal, for encouraging us to explore this topic through editing special issues of USJWJ. We also thank the authors involved with Speculating on Spin: Media Models of Women (USJWJ No. 19, 2000), edited by Laura Miller, and Women for a New Japan: Sex, Love and Politics in the Early Postwar (USJWJ No. 23, 2002), edited by Jan Bardsley, for joining us in these projects. The opportunity to produce a book on the topic of bad girls owes to the good fortune we have had to work with our Palgrave editor, Anthony Wahl. We are grateful for his continued enthusiasm, support, and eye on production schedules. Heather VanDusen, editorial assistant, has provided much-appreciated advice on the preparation of this manuscript. Lori Harris prepared the book s index with skill, making sure no bad girl went unnoticed. We also acknowledge our thanks for the publication grant from the University Research Council at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill that helped us complete the manuscript. Many have graciously given permission for the use of images. Our sincere thanks to: Meiko Ando for her illustration of Onibaba ; Kelly Foreman for her photograph of Imafuji Chkjlrk IV teaching nagauta shamisen to geisha; Nakahara Sohji and Himawariya for the use of the dust-cover of Yoshiya Nobuko s book, Flower Stories; Kyodo News Service for the use of the photo of Abe Sada; Watanabe Yayoi for the use of an illustration from her manga, Bachelor Party; Bungei Shunjl

12 xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS for the use of the dust-cover image of Nakamura Usagi s book, Shopping Queen; Ueto Rie and Osaka Shino for their purikura photos; Jeffrey Chiedo for his photograph, Girl in a crowd ; Nobue Suzuki for her photograph, A Filipina Japanese couple, christening their son. We are especially pleased that the artist Hisashi Tenmyouya granted us permission to use his work, Chiba Lo-Rider Girls from his Notorious Street Group series on the cover of Bad Girls of Japan. We thank Kiyomi Kutsuzawa, an editor-in-chief of U.S.-Japan Women s Journal, for granting kind permission to include in chapter 6 some portion of Gretchen Jones article, Ladies Comics : Japan s Not-so-Underground Market in Pornography for Women, originally published in U.S.-Japan Women s Journal English Supplement 22 (2002): We extend our deepest appreciation to the band of bad girl authors who joined this project: Rebecca Copeland, Melanie Czarnecki, Kelly Foreman, Sarah Frederick, Hiroko Hirakawa, Gretchen Jones, Sharon Kinsella, Christine Marran, Katherine Mezur, and Nobue Suzuki. From start to finish, this has been a group project. exchanges and cards, reading and rereading each other s work, helping each other locate images and sources has produced one book, numerous good times, and enduring friendships. When Miriam Silverberg agreed to join the project, becoming the Mega Bad Girl who would write the Afterword, we were pleased indeed. We also extend warmest thanks to Rebecca Copeland, veteran editor and author, for all her support and advice, and, of course, for her invention of the secret handshake. We met as graduate students in the 1980s at UCLA when we worked together on the graduate student publication, Journal of Asian Culture, and were active in the Graduate Students Association. We continue to receive encouragement from the friends we made at UCLA and from those who have come into our lives since. We thank our partners Roland Erwin and Phil Bardsley for being such a bad influence on us. Now that this project is complete, we will dedicate ourselves to becoming Three-Hour-Lunch Women. Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley February 2005