Neognathae - the traditionally recognized orders

Transcription

1 Neognathae - the traditionally recognized orders Gaviiformes - loons Podicipediformes - grebes Sphenisciformes - penguins Procellariiformes tubenoses: albatrosses, shearwaters (petrels), storm petrels, diving petrels Pelecaniformes (polyphyletic) totipalmate birds: pelicans, tropicbirds, gannets (boobies), darters (anhingas), cormorants, frigatebirds Ciconiiformes (polyphyletic) storks, herons, ibises, shoebill, hammerkop, flamingos Anseriformes waterfowl: screamers, magpie goose, whistling ducks, ducks (swans, geese) Falconiformes (polyphyletic) - diurnal birds-of-prey: New World vultures, hawks (eagles, buzzards,kites), falcons, osprey, secretarybird Galliformes fowl: mound-builders, currasows, pheasants (turkeys, grouse, quail), guineafowl Gruiformes (polyphyletic) cranes, rails, bustards, seriemas, finfoots (sungrebe), sunbittern, kagu, mesites, button quail, plains wanderer Charadriiformes (polyphyletic) shorebirds: sandpipers, seedsnipe, painted snipe, jaçanas, coursers and pratincoles, jaegers, auks, gulls, thick-knees, plovers, stilts, oystercatchers, sheathbills, ibisbill, crab plover, sand grouse Columbiformes doves (pigeons), dodos Psittaciformes parrots Cuculiformes (polyphyletic) cuckoos, turacos, hoatzin Strigiformes owls, barn owls Caprimulgiformes (para- or polyphyletic) goatsuckers: frogmouths, potoos, nighthawks, owlet-nightjars, oilbirds Apodiformes crested swifts, swifts, hummingbirds Coliiformes mousebirds (colies) Trogoniformes trogons Coraciiformes (probably polyphyletic) kingfishers, todies, motmots, bee-eaters, rollers, cuckoo-roller, ground rollers, hornbills, hoopoes, wood-hoopoes Piciformes Pici woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, honeyguides Galbulae puffbirds, jacamars Passeriformes perching birds, ~ 60 families Suboscines - mostly Southern Hemisphere except flycatchers Oscines songbirds, worldwide

2 Gruiformes - cranes, rails and their allies Gruidae - cranes Aramidae - limpkin Psophiidae - trumpeters Rallidae - rails, coots, crakes Heliornithidae - sungrebe and finfoots Turnicidae - hemipodes or buttonquails Pedionomidae - Australian plains-wanderer Otididae - bustards Cariamidae - seriemas Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae - sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites, monias, roatelos (polyphyletic!)!

3 Gruidae - cranes 14 spp. Worldwide except South America large, long legs, long extended neck, broad wings, tertial plumes, short tail, elaborate courtship displays, some with coiled trachea, some with wattles or colored bare skin on head, most migratory

4 Gruiformes Rallidae - rails, coots, crakes, gallinules, flufftails, etc. ~145 spp. worldwide small to medium sized, strong legs, short rounded wings, most inhabit wetlands, many cryptic, barred flanks, others brightly colored good dispersers but poor fliers, many spp. flightless especially on oceanic islands

5 Gruiformes Rallidae - rails, coots, crakes, gallinules, flufftails, etc. ~145 spp. worldwide small to medium sized, strong legs, short rounded wings, most inhabit wetlands, many cryptic, barred flanks, others brightly colored good dispersers but pooir fliers, many spp. flightless especially on oceanic islands

6 True Gruiformes Gruidae - cranes Rallidae - rails, etc. Aramidae - Limpkin 1 sp. Central and South American marshlands closest relative of cranes, dietary specialist on snails Psophiidae -trumpeters 3 spp, South American forests next closest relative of cranes probably resembles ancestral Gruiform Heliornithidae sungrebe and finfoots, 3 spp. Pantropical, foot propelled divers, lobe-finned toes, stiff tail, actually rails

7 other Gruiformes Cariamidae - seriemas 2 spp. SouthAmerica long legs, talons, long tail, predators of snakes, terrestrial Otididae - bustards 23 spp Old World plains and savannahs, medium to large, terrestrial

8 Gruiformes (that are really Charadriiformes) Turnicidae - buttonquails and hemipodes, 15 spp. Old World Pedionomidae - Australian Plains-wanderer 1sp. Australia

9 Gruiformes (that are really Metaves) Eurypygidae - sunbittern 1 sp. South America Rhynochetidae - kagu 1 sp. New Caledonia Mesitornithidae - mesites, monias, roatelos 3 spp Madagascar

10 Charadriiformes - shorebirds Plover-like families suborder Charadrii Burhinidae - stone curlews and thick knees 9 spp. nearly worldwide except No. America Chionididae - sheathbills 2 spp. High latitudes of South America and Antarctica Ibidorhynchidae - ibisbill 1 spp. Himalyas Pluvianellidae Magellanic Plover 1 sp. southern South America Pluvianidae Egyptian Plover 1 sp. northeast Africa Charadriidae - plovers 63 spp. worldwide, including: Haematopodidae - oystercatchers 6 spp. coasts worldwide Recurvirostridae - avocets and stilts 7 spp. nearly worldwide Gull-like families suborder Lari Laridae - gulls and terns 82 spp worldwide, inlcuding: Rynchopidae - skimmers 3 spp. Stercoraridae - jaegers and skuas 5 spp. high latitudes both hemispheres Alcidae - auks, puffins, guillemots, high latitudes Northern Hemisphere Dromadidae - crab plover 1 spp. Persian Gulf to Madagascar Glareolidae -coursers and pratincoles 16 spp. Old World Turnicidae - buttonquails (traditionally Gruiformes) 15 spp Old World Sandpiper-like families suborder Scolopaci Scolopacidae - sandpipers 82 spp. worldwide, including: Phalaropidae - phalaropes 3 spp high latitudes Northern Hemisphere Jacanidae - jacanas and lilly-trotters 7 spp. pantropical Rostratulidae - painted snipes 3 spp. high latitudes South America and Africa Thinocoridae - seed snipes 4 spp.south America Pedionomidae - plains wanderer (traditionally Gruiformes) 1 sp. Australia and in some classifications Pteroclididae - sandgrouses (actually Metaves)

11 Charadriiformes Charadrii - Plover-like families Charadriidae - plovers 63 spp. worldwide small cursorial, tridactyl, short insensitive bill, short legs nest on bare ground, speckled eggs, disruptive coloration, some polyandrous, young precocial, migratory

12 Recurvirostridae - avocets and stilts 7 spp. nearly worldwide, long legs Charadrii - Plover-like families Charadriidae - paraphyletic to: Haematopodidae - oystercatchers 6 spp. coasts worldwide, polymorphic, eat molluscs

13 other Plover-like families Chionididae - sheathbills 2 spp. high latitudes of So. America and Antarctica, stocky scavengers of offal in seal and bird colonies, white, tridactyl, rhamphothecal sheath over nostrils Burhinidae - stone curlews and thick knees 9 spp. nearly worldwide except No. America, tridactyl stocky, large eyes, nocturnal, cursorial Ibidorhynchidae - ibisbill 1 spp. Himalya high mountain streams

14 Charadriiformes Lari Laridae - 85 spp. narrow wings, palmate feet, hind toe present, colonial nesters, usually nest on bare substrate, biparental care, speckled eggs, migratory Larinae - gulls, curved bills, black headed and white headed groups, piscivorous and opportunistic Sterninae - Sterninae, terns, piscivorous, plunge divers, straight bills, virgin coasts and island Rynchopinae - skimmers, piscivorous, hypertrophied mandible, shallow coasts and rivers, sandy beaches

15 Charadriiformes Lari - other Gull-like families Alcidae - auks, puffins, guillemots, 21 spp. high latitudes Northern Hemisphere, stocky, wing-propelled divers, black and white, bill ornaments, resemble penguins, eat fish and molluscs, pelagic, colonial, nest on cliffs, in crevices, or in burrows on remote islands, eggs conical

16 Charadriiformes - other Gull-like families Stercoraridae - jaegers and skuas 5 spp., high latitudes both hemispheres, pelagic, kleptoparasitic and predatory, hooked bill, elongated central tail feathers Dromadidae - crab plover 1 spp. Persian Gulf to Madagascar

17 Other Sandpiper-like families Glareolidae -coursers and pratincoles 16 spp. Old World Pratincoles - short billed, long pointed wings, forked tail, aerial insectivores Coursers - longer billed, long legs, cursorial, terrestrial insectivores

18 Gruiformes (that are really Charadriiformes) Turnicidae - buttonquails and hemipodes, 15 spp. Old World

19 Charadriiformes Scolopaci -Sandpiper-like families Scolopacidae - sandpipers 82 spp. worldwide, -cursorial, sensitive bills, probe sand or mud for invertebrates, nest on bare ground, some polyandrous, greagrious but not colonial, migratory, spotted eggs, young precocial, paraphyletic to Phalaropidae Phalaropidae - phalaropes 3 spp high latitudes Northern Hemisphere, pelagic and inland lakes, lobe-finned toes

20 Scolopaci - Other Sandpiper-like families Jacanidae - jacanas and lilly-trotters 7 spp. Pantropical, hypertrophied feet, spurred wings, reversed sex roles, precocial young

21 Scolopaci - Other Sandpiper-like families Rostratulidae - painted snipes 3 spp. high latitudes South America and Africa Nocturnal, decurved droopy highly sensitive bill Thinocoridae - seed snipes 4 spp.south America upland granivores

22 Gruiformes (that are really Charadriiformes) Pedionomidae - Australian Plains-wanderer 1sp. Australia

23 Pteroclidae - sandgrouse (Metaves) the alleged link between shorebirds and doves - often included in Charadriiformes or Columbiformes or Pterocliformes 16 spp. Deserts of Middle East, Africa, introduced widely, specialized feathers on male for transportation of water to nestlings

24 Columbiformes (Metaves) Columbidae - pigeons and doves (Metaves) 284 spp. Worldwide terrestrail and arboreal, large breast, short narrow wings, rapid strong flight, short legs, anisodactyl, produce pigeon s milk - esophageal secretion for feeding of young, sexually monomorphic, monogamous, biparental care, large platform nest of sticks in trees or cliff, use wings in combat (like tinamous), some gregarious, others solitary, eats seeds, fruit, and some invertebrates

25 Columbiformes (Metaves) Raphidae - dodos, extinct, large, flightless, Madagascar and Mauritius