THE CONSERVATION OF THE RED SQUIRREL IN ITALY PROGETTO LIFE+ EC-SQUARE ROSSOSCOIATTOLO. Bertolino Sandro & Task Force EC-SQUARE Università di Torino
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1 THE CONSERVATION OF THE RED SQUIRREL IN ITALY PROGETTO LIFE+ EC-SQUARE ROSSOSCOIATTOLO Bertolino Sandro & Task Force EC-SQUARE Università di Torino
2 The Actors of this story European red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris The only native squirrel in most of Europe Common in forested areas American grey squirrel S. carolinensis From north America Ecology and behaviour similar to the European species
3 A Conservation Issue: in UK and Ireland the grey squirrel is outcompeting the native red squirrel to extinction The red squirrel is nearly extinct in England and Wales and at risk in Scotland and Ireland
4 The grey squirrel in Italy
5 A Conservation Issue: The red is also losing in Italy! The red squirrel went extinct in an area of about 1700 km 2 In red: Red squirrel distribution area in Piedmont In grey: Area occupied by grey squirrels where reds have gone extinct Dotted line: border of the grey squirrel distribution area
6 Area of occupancy (grid cells) The red is also losing in Italy! It went extinct in an area of about 1,700 km Reds Greys Years From 1970 to 2010 Red squirrel went extinct in 62 % of 2x2km 2 (ca. 1,689 km 2 ) Bertolino et al. Biological Invasions (2014) 16:53 62
7 The grey squirrel in Italy is a threat for Europe
8 Grey squirrel in South Europe 2096 Based on a predictive model Switzerland France Bertolino et al Biological Conservation 141: Bertolino et al. Biol. Cons., 2008
9 European projections of grey squirrel s climatic niche calculated in Maxent using records from native and invasive range. Map taken from the results presented in Di Febbraro et al PLoS ONE 8(7): e doi: /journal.pone
10 A European Case file against Italy After 3 Recommendatios from The Bern Convention calling Italy to action (78/1999, 11/2005, 123/2007) The 28 th Standing Committee of the Bern Convention (2008) opened a case file on Italy
11 LIFE09/NAT/IT/00095 EC-SQUARE
12 Aim of the project In the ECSQUARE project we will develop methods to remove grey squirrels in different socio-ecological contexts. We have to consider: Ecology of the species and how to remove the animals (field work: e.g. trappability at low densities) extermination Pubblic opinion (i.e. human dimension)
13 In many urban parks, the public is accustomed to see and feed the grey squirrels
14 Managing introduced species we must struggle against... Walt Disney and associated imagery! The grey squirrel: a cute and charismatic species
15 Do they want to kill the squirrels of Nervi?
16 Human dimension. reduce conflict from to
17 We produced a Communication Action Plan with a main message: The red is our squirrel The red squirrel is threatened We have to save our species To save the reds, we have to control the greys
18 A Brand identity of the Project to raise the image of the Red squirrel
19 Communicate and..mediate 91 meetings with Stakeholders 57,000 visit to the web site 100,000 contacts on facebook > 200 article on newspapers and magazines 1 Video copies of a Brochure > 3,000 students involved
20 Opposition to the project Attività di opposizione al progetto Raccolta firme Interpellanza CAMERA Petizione al Parlamento Europeo 3 Ricorsi al TAR Manifestazioni in parchi urbani Interpellanza SENATO INTERROGAZIONI Consiglio Regionale Lombardo Consiglio Regionale Piemontese Consiglio Regionale Ligure 2 Commissione Ambiente Provincia di Milano Richieste Lombardia Piemonte accesso Liguria agli atti Province Parchi Mail bombing Danneggiamenti delle trappole 2 Ricorsi al CdS
21 Methods and strategies Prevention: banning the grey squirrel from Italy Grey squirrel management actions were linked with the population size and the extent of the distribution area at a given grey squirrel site Lombardy: many populations that can be managed independently Eradication with live-trapping and euthanasia Piedmont: a single very large population long-term control with live-trapping and euthanasia Liguria: a small population in an urban park eradication with live-trapping and surgical sterilization
22 Prevention: Banning alien squirrels form Italy In year 2013, trading, raising and keeping of grey squirrel and other two squirrel species (Sciurus niger, Callosciurus erythraeus) has been forbidden in Italy
23 Grey squirrel in Lombardy Areas where alien squirrels are recorded We are working in four of these areas
24 First results Toward the eradication of grey squirrels in a macro-area
25
26 Evaluate data: trends in catches C01-02 C01-06
27 Evaluate data: captures vs. estimates
28 Good news! Where Grey squirrels are removed Red squirrels are coming back!
29 Take home message from Lombardy Grey squirrel eradication is possible, And this will bring reds back!
30 Piedmont Large expansion of the grey squirrel in Piedmont > 2000 sqkm in the Po Plain and hills, with reduced forest cover Control aims to stop further spread of the alien species in Piedmont and toward neighbouring countries and to protect red squirrels populations
31 In Piedmont we are collecting information for a longterm grey squirrel control plan Maintain red squirrel in strongholds (large forests in the plain between Turin and Cuneo) Removing grey squirrels in private parks of historical estates Pushing back grey squirrels expanding along rivers to maintain red squirrels in these ecological corridors
32 In most of the grey squirrel area the forest cover is greatly reduced and private parks are strongholds for the species
33 Removing grey squirrel in private parks of historical estates In these areas (with high local densities squirrels/ha) the sub-populations could be removed in a few weeks
34 Trapped squirrels Pushing back grey squirrels expanding along rivers Grey squirrel barrier (trapping and removal) R² = 0,9168 Checking for grey squirrels that passed the barrier Trapping weeks
35 Take home message from Piedmont Long-term management is needed!
36 I NUMERI! NUMBERS!
37 Euthanasia of squirrels... a comparison
38 Euthanasia of squirrels... a comparison Grey squirels removed by humans Red squirrels removed by grey squirrels
39 Genoa Nervi About squirrels in an urban park inside Genoa
40 Liguria: a new approach to reduce conflict In particular situations, such as Genoa Nervi park inside urban areas, where the public is accustomed to see and feed the grey squirrels, a removal method that implies killing the animals may not be accepted, carrying to a strong opposition to the whole project. In these situations, with small populations, the eradication with surgical sterilisation should be considered a possible alternative.
41 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT The solution proposed to the Stakeholders: Release in other urban parks of the city 1.Live-trapping 2.Surgical sterilization 3.And. Release on a island Maintain in captivity
42 Toward the eradication at Genova Nervi Grey squirrels at Genoa Nervi Visual census Distance sampling Removed in the park at Nervi
43 Squirrels removed /15 days Squirrels removed from Genoa Female Male Totally removed: 322 squirrels Park of Nervi 309 Other areas
44 Trapping effort (days) Sterilization: how much does it cost? Planning Live-trapping Transportation to the clinic Surgical sterilization Release Monitoring and supporing released animals Monitoring eradicated area Euthanasia Surgical sterilization Effort (cost) more 100 /squirrel euro Animals removed in accordance with the availability of the clinic to operate Removal effort with livetrapping and Euthanasia or Sterilization Area A 49 squirrels Area B 68 squirrels Area C 57 squirrels Squirrels removed Euthanasia Neutering
45 Sterilization: how much does it cost? Planning Live-trapping Transportation to the clinic Surgical sterilization Release Monitoring and supporing released animals Monitoring eradicated area Euthanasia Surgical sterilization Effort (cost) more 100 /squirrel euro Animals removed in accordance with the availability of the clinic to operate (generally 4-5/day) Eradication trial 47 squirrels removed in 1 day 188 squirrels removed in 8 days Not possible with neutering!!
46 Take home message from Liguria Prepare a management plan, but consider also some alternative options if the initial position is too strongly fought. However, be clear and firm about what can not be changed.
47 We did only the first steps along the way to stop the grey squirrel in Italy!
48 The red squirrel: the only native tree squirrel in Europe
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