ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. Brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds and the. expression of sexual characters in their hosts

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1 ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 3 4 Brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds and the expression of sexual characters in their hosts László Zsolt Garamszegi and Jesús Miguel Avilés Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (C.S.I.C.), Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Almería, Spain 3 MS # OEC-RB

2 LÁSZLÓ ZSOLT GARAMSZEGI AND JESÚS MIGUEL AVILÉS 3 4 Appendices Appendix. Phylogeny of passerine birds used for the comparative analyses of brood parasitism. The scale is given in the bottom left corner. For sources, see Materials and methods. Vireo olivaceus Carpodacus mexicanus Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Agelaius phoeniceus Icterus galbula Sturnella magna Sturnella neglacta Cardinalis cardinalis Pheucticus ludovicianus Passerina cyanea Spiza americana Piranga ludovicana Piranga olivacea Seiurus aurocapillus Setophaga ruticalla Dendroica castanea Dendroica magnolia Dendroica pensylvanica Wilsonia canadensis Wilsonia pusilla Dendroica fusca Dendroica coronata Dendroica nigrescens Vermivora peregrina Vermivora ruficapilla Dendroica petechia Parula americana Geothypis trichas Mniotilta varia Vermivora pinus Zonotrichia leucophrys Poecetes gramineus Aimophila aestivalis Spizella passerina Spizella pusilla Passerella iliaca Ammodramus maritimus Passerculus sandwichensis Melospiza georgiana Melospiza melodia Junco hyemalis Pipilo erythrophthalmus Pipilo fuscus Cistothorus platensis Troglodites odeon Troglodites troglodites Turdus migratorius Catharus guttatus Hylocichla mustelina Dumetella caroliensis Mimus polyglottos Empidonax difficilis Sayornis phoebe

3 BROOD PARASITISM AND SEXUAL SIGNALS OF HOSTS Appendix. Brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (PAR, frequency of nests parasitized, %), song type repertoire size (SONG), syllable repertoire size (SYL), song duration (DUR), song interval (INT), male plumage brightness (MPL) female plumage brightness (FPL) body mass (BODY, in grams), migration (MIGR) suitability for cowbird parasitism (SUIT), habitat preference (HAB), research effort (RES) and relative distributional overlap with the cowbird (DIST) in passerine birds of North America. See main text for sources of data. 8 Species PAR SONG SYL DUR INT MPL FPL Agelaius phoeniceus Aimophila aestivalis Ammodramus maritimus Cardinalis cardinalis Carpodacus mexicanus Catharus guttatus Cistothorus platensis Dendroica castanea 5 3 Dendroica coronata Dendroica fusca Dendroica magnolia Dendroica nigrescens Dendroica pensylvanica Dendroica petechia Dumetella carolinensis Empidonax difficilis Geothlypis trichas

4 LÁSZLÓ ZSOLT GARAMSZEGI AND JESÚS MIGUEL AVILÉS Species PAR SONG SYL DUR INT MPL FPL Hylocichla mustelina Icterus galbula Junco hyemalis Melospiza georgiana Melospiza melodia Mimus polyglottos Mniotilta varia Parula americana Passerculus sandwichensis Passerella iliaca 7. Passerina cyanea Pheucticus ludovicianus Pipilo erythrophthalmus Pipilo fuscus Piranga ludoviciana Piranga olivacea Pooecetes gramineus Sayornis phoebe Seiurus aurocapillus Setophaga ruticilla Spiza americana Spizella passerina Spizella pusilla.00 3 Sturnella magna Sturnella neglecta Troglodytes aedon

5 BROOD PARASITISM AND SEXUAL SIGNALS OF HOSTS Species PAR SONG SYL DUR INT MPL FPL Troglodytes troglodytes Turdus migratorius Vermivora peregrina Vermivora pinus Vermivora ruficapilla Vireo olivaceus Wilsonia canadensis Wilsonia pusilla Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Zonotrichia leucophrys Appendix. continued Species BODY NEST SUIT HAB RES DIST Agelaius phoeniceus Aimophila aestivalis 0 Ammodramus maritimus Cardinalis cardinalis Carpodacus mexicanus Catharus guttatus 3 3 Cistothorus platensis Dendroica castanea 6 Dendroica coronata Dendroica fusca Dendroica magnolia Dendroica nigrescens Dendroica pensylvanica

6 LÁSZLÓ ZSOLT GARAMSZEGI AND JESÚS MIGUEL AVILÉS Species BODY NEST SUIT HAB RES DIST Dendroica petechia 9. 9 Dumetella carolinensis Empidonax difficilis Geothlypis trichas Hylocichla mustelina Icterus galbula Junco hyemalis Melospiza georgiana Melospiza melodia Mimus polyglottos Mniotilta varia Parula americana Passerculus sandwichensis Passerella iliaca 0 4 Passerina cyanea Pheucticus ludovicianus 7 3 Pipilo erythrophthalmus Pipilo fuscus Piranga ludoviciana 8. 7 Piranga olivacea Pooecetes gramineus Sayornis phoebe Seiurus aurocapillus Setophaga ruticilla Spiza americana Spizella passerina

7 BROOD PARASITISM AND SEXUAL SIGNALS OF HOSTS Species BODY NEST SUIT HAB RES DIST Spizella pusilla Sturnella magna 76 3 Sturnella neglecta Troglodytes aedon Troglodytes troglodytes Turdus migratorius Vermivora peregrina 3 Vermivora pinus Vermivora ruficapilla Vireo olivaceus Wilsonia canadensis 0. Wilsonia pusilla Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Zonotrichia leucophrys

8 LÁSZLÓ ZSOLT GARAMSZEGI AND JESÚS MIGUEL AVILÉS Appendix 3. Pair-wise correlation among traits involved in the study of avian brood parasitism caused by the brown-headed cowbird. Pearson correlation coefficients. Variables r N P Brood parasitism Song type repertoire size Syllable repertoire size < 0.0 Song duration Inter-song interval Body mass Research effort Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness Migration Suitability < 0.0 Habitat Distributional overlap Song type repertoire size Syllable repertoire size < 0.0 Song duration Inter-song interval < 0.0 Body mass Research effort Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness Migration Suitability Habitat

9 BROOD PARASITISM AND SEXUAL SIGNALS OF HOSTS Variables r N P Distributional overlap Syllable repertoire size Song duration Inter-song interval < 0.0 Body mass Research effort Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness Migration Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Song duration Inter-song interval < 0.0 Body mass Research effort Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness Migration Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Inter-song interval Body mass Research effort Male plumage brightness < 0.0 Female plumage brightness

10 LÁSZLÓ ZSOLT GARAMSZEGI AND JESÚS MIGUEL AVILÉS Variables r N P Migration Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Body mass Research effort Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness Migration < 0.0 Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Research effort Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness Migration Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Male plumage brightness Female plumage brightness < 0.0 Migration Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Female plumage brightness Migration

11 BROOD PARASITISM AND SEXUAL SIGNALS OF HOSTS Variables r N P Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Migration Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap Suitability Habitat Distributional overlap No variation Habitat Distributional overlap