Supplementary Information for. New evidence on the colour and nature of the isolated Archaeopteryx feather

Transcription

1 Supplementary Information for New evidence on the colour and nature of the isolated Archaeopteryx feather Ryan M. Carney 1*, Jakob Vinther 2, Matthew D. Shawkey 3, Liliana D Alba 3, Jörg Ackermann 4 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA 2 Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA 3 Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA 4 Carl Zeiss NTS GmbH, Oberkochen 73447, Germany *To whom correspondence should be addressed. ryan_carney@brown.edu Supplementary Figure S1 Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 1

2 Supplementary Figure S1 Scanning electron micrographs of melanosomes measured from Archaeopteryx feather (MB.Av.100). Melanosomes are preserved as moulded imprints (a-e) and as three-dimensional structures (f-l). All images were taken from the proximal sample location except for (e), taken from the distal sample location (Fig. 2a, red-filled circles). 2

3 Supplementary Table S1 Melanosome measurements from Archaeopteryx feather (MB.Av.100). image long axis (nm) short axis (nm) aspect ratio preservation a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint a imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint 3

4 b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint b imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint c imprint d imprint d imprint d imprint d imprint d imprint d imprint d imprint d imprint e imprint e imprint f three-dimensional f three-dimensional f three-dimensional f three-dimensional g three-dimensional g three-dimensional g three-dimensional g three-dimensional 4

5 h three-dimensional h three-dimensional h three-dimensional h three-dimensional i three-dimensional j three-dimensional j three-dimensional j three-dimensional j three-dimensional k three-dimensional k three-dimensional k three-dimensional l three-dimensional l three-dimensional 5

6 Supplementary Table S2 List of extant bird species and classifications used in statistical analysis. order scientific name common name class Anseriformes Anas americana American wigeon black Anseriformes Anas platyrhynchos Mallard brown Anseriformes Anas platyrhynchos Mallard grey Anseriformes Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck brown Anseriformes Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck grey Anseriformes Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous tree duck brown Anseriformes Pinicolor enucleator Pine grosbeak grey Apodiformes Florisuga fusca Black jacobin grey Apodiformes Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird brown Caprimulgiormes Caprimulgus vociferus Whippoorwill black Caprimulgiormes Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk black Casuariiformes Casuarius bennetti Dwarf cassowary black Charadriiformes Chlidonias niger Black tern black Charadriiformes Chlidonias niger Black tern grey Charadriiformes Chroicocephalus philadelphia Bonaparte's gull brown Charadriiformes Chroicocephalus philadelphia Bonaparte's gull grey Charadriiformes Scolopax minor American woodcock black Charadriiformes Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient murrelet black Charadriiformes Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient murrelet grey Charadriiformes Turmix tanki Yellow-legged buttonquail black Charadriiformes Turmix tanki Yellow-legged buttonquail brown Ciconiiformes Ardea herodias Great blue heron grey Ciconiiformes Ciconia ciconia White stork black Coliiformes Cocius striatus Speckled mousebird brown Columbiformes Columba livia Rock pigeon black Columbiformes Columba livia Rock pigeon brown Coraciiformes Megaceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher black Coraciiformes Megaceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher brown Coraciiformes Megaceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher grey Falconiformes Buteo jamiaciensis Red-tailed hawk brown Falconiformes Falco sparverius American kestrel black Falconiformes Falco sparverius American kestrel brown Galliformes Alectoris chukar Chukar partridge black Galliformes Alectura lathami Australian brush turkey brown Galliformes Callipepla californica California quail brown Galliformes Coturnix japonica Japanese quail brown Galliformes Megapodus reinwardt Orange-footed scrubfowl black Galliformes Megapodus reinwardt Orange-footed scrubfowl brown Gaviiformes Gavia imer Common loon black Gruiformes Ardea cinereus Grey heron black Gruiformes Ardea cinereus Grey heron grey Gruiformes Fulica americana American coot grey Gruiformes Grus candensis Sandhill crane grey Gruiformes Porphyrio martinica Purple gallinule grey Gruiformes Porzana carolina Sora black Gruiformes Porzana carolina Sora grey 6

7 Oposhticomiformes Opsithocomus hoatzin Hoatzin brown Passeriformes Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird black Passeriformes Baeolophus bicolor Tufted titmouse brown Passeriformes Cacicus cela Yellow-rumped cacique black Passeriformes Carduelis tristis American goldfinch black Passeriformes Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed cuckoo brown Passeriformes Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed cuckoo grey Passeriformes Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced cuckooshrike black Passeriformes Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced cuckooshrike grey Passeriformes Corvus corax Common raven black Passeriformes Corvus ossifragus Fish crow black Passeriformes Dumetella carolinensis Grey catbird grey Passeriformes Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark black Passeriformes Hirundo rustica rustica Barn swallow brown Passeriformes Icterus galbula Baltimore oriole black Passeriformes Mimus polyglottus Northern mockingbird grey Passeriformes Pica hudsonia Black-billed magpie black Passeriformes Sialia sialis Eastern bluebird brown Passeriformes Sitta carolinensis White-breasted nuthatch grey Passeriformes Taeniopygia guttata Zebra finch black Passeriformes Taeniopygia guttata Zebra finch brown Passeriformes Taeniopygia guttata Zebra finch brown Passeriformes Turdus merula American robin brown Pelecaniformes Fregata magificens Magnificant frigatebird black Pelecaniformes Pelecanus occidentalis Brown pelican brown Pelecaniformes Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested cormorant black Pelecaniformes Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested cormorant black Pelecaniformes Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested cormorant brown Pelecaniformes Sula leucogaster Brown booby black Piciformes Colaptes auratus Northern flicker grey Piciformes Melanerpes formicivorous Acorn woodpecker black Piciformes Ramphastos ambiguus Black-mandibled toucan black Podicipediformes Podiceps auritus Horned grebe grey Procellariiformes Diomedea exulens Wandering albatross black Procellariiformes Puffinus greseos Sooty shearwater black Psittaciformes Probosciger aterrimus Palm cockatoo black Psittaciformes Psittacus erithacus African grey parrot grey Pteroclidiformes Pterocles bicinctus Double-breasted sandgrouse black Pteroclidiformes Pterocles bicinctus Double-breasted sandgrouse brown Rheiformes Rhea americana American rhea black Rheiformes Rhea americana American rhea black Rheiformes Rhea americana American rhea black Sphenisciformes Aptenodytes forsteri Emperor penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Aptenodytes forsteri Emperor penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Aptenodytes patagonicus King penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Eudyptes chrysocome Rockhopper penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Eudyptes chrysolophus Macaroni penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Eudyptes chrysolophus Macaroni penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Eudyptula minor Little penguin penguin 7

8 Sphenisciformes Eudyptula minor Little penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Eudyptula minor variabilis Little penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Pygoscelis adeliae Adelie penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Pygoscelis antarcticus Chinstrap penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Pygoscelis antarcticus Chinstrap penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Pygoscelis antarcticus Chinstrap penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Spheniscus demersus Black-footed penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Spheniscus humboldti Humboldt penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Spheniscus magellanicus Magellanic penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Spheniscus magellanicus Magellanic penguin penguin Sphenisciformes Spheniscus mendiculus Galapagos penguin penguin Strigiformes Strix nebulosa Great gray owl black Struthioniformes Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu black Struthioniformes Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu brown Struthioniformes Struthio camelus Ostrich black Tinamiformes Tinamus major Great tinamou brown Tinamiformes Tinamus osgoodi Black tinamou black Tinamiformes Tinamus osgoodi Black tinamou brown Trogoniformes Harpactes fasciatus Malabar trogon brown Trogoniformes Priotelius temnurus Cuban trogon black 8