Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) Status: Casual (MBRC) Allen T. Chartier

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1 Florida. December, 2007 Robert Epstein A relatively new addition to the avifauna of Michigan and North America, the Eurasian Collared-Dove is destined to become the next abundant and ubiquitous alien species in the coming decades. Distribution The Eurasian Collared-Dove was originally native to India and Sri Lanka east to Myanmar (Romagosa 2002). During the 1600s, it expanded its range northwestward to the Middle East and Mediterranean. During the 1900s, this species expanded its range northwestward into Europe, becoming common throughout in a few decades. Introductions in Japan and Korea have resulted in an expansion across northern China westward (Gibbs et al. 2001, Romagosa 2002). It has not yet expanded into northern and northeastern Asia. In the mid-1970s the species was introduced into the Bahamas and it has been spreading northwestward, mirroring its European expansion, quickly establishing itself throughout Florida after the first verified record there in 1986 (though it probably reached there by the late 1970s). It had reached as far northwest as Montana by 1997, Saskatchewan by 1999 (Romagosa and McEneaney 1999, Romagosa 2002), and southeastern Alaska by 2006 and 2007 (Gibson et al. 2008). It is still extremely rare in the eastern Great Lakes, New England, and the Canadian Maritimes, mirroring the expansion pattern in the Old World. Breeding Biology The breeding biology of the Eurasian Collared- Dove has been little studied in North America. Romagosa (2000) provides the most complete summary of the courtship, breeding habitat and nesting, combining information from European and American sources. Males engage in courtship flights, climbing steeply with wings clapping, followed by a spiraling descent. The typical vocalization given in defense of breeding territory and to attract mates is a three-syllable, repeated koo-koo-kook. Breeding density in Europe ranges from one pair per hectare in sparsely populated areas up to pairs per hectare in its preferred habitat of suburban, urban, and agricultural areas. Nests are usually built in trees or shrubs but sometimes on buildings, and consist of a flimsy platform of twigs, stems, roots, and grasses. Usually two eggs are laid mainly from February to May in Florida, probably during May and June in northern regions. Incubation begins once the second egg is laid and lasts about 15 days. Young fledge at about 18 days of age. Abundance and Population Trends During the MBBA I period, Eurasian Collared- Doves had just barely colonized Florida. In our region, Ontario has had fewer than ten records since the first in 1993, with two breeding season records consisting of one calling in suitable habitat in 2002 and another male in courtship display (no mate found) in 2003 (Cadman et al. 2007). Ohio s first breeding bird atlas did not report this species (Peterjohn and Rice 1991). Since then, the state has documented the presence of Eurasian Collared-Dove seven times between , including at least one over summer (i.e., 21 April to 22 August 2008) though breeding has not yet been confirmed (Harlan 2008). Before 2007, Ohio only had two accepted records; Crawford Co. on 1 Sep 2001 and Licking Co. on 15 Apr 28 May In 2007, there were reports of multiple birds from Williams, Darke, Preble, Butler, and Mercer Counties including birds observed copulating

2 (Whan 2007a).Breeding was confirmed when a juvenile was seen with adults on 27 Sep 2007 in West Manchester, Preble County (Whan 2007b, 2007a). The first Indiana Breeding Bird Atlas did not report this species (Castrale et al. 1998). The state s first arrival was documented with one individual in Newton County in late June 1999 and three there in September 1999 (Jackson 2001, Gorney and Hedge 2001). The first confirmed Indiana nest was found containing a single egg on 13 April 2002 in Lebanon, Boone County. This nest failed and was collected. The birds built another nest, found on 7 May 2002 containing two eggs. Another nest with fledglings was found in Lawrence County on 28 June 2003 (Brock 2006). The Eurasian Collared-Dove has been considered to be locally rare but easily found at established breeding locations, and it has been removed from the state review list (Brock 2006, Indiana Audubon Society 2009). Through 2009, records had been confirmed for 30 mainly southern and western Indiana counties, with most consisting of one colony with a few to 40+ birds each (D. Gorney pers. comm.). The second Indiana Breeding Bird Atlas, begun in 2005, will surely continue to track the expansion of the species across the state. The first arrival of Eurasian Collared-Dove in Illinois is obfuscated by the presence of birds, as well as possible hybrids, in Joliet as early as 1982 that were likely locally released (Romagosa and McEneaney 1999). The Illinois Breeding Bird Atlas did not report this species (Kleen et al. 2004). The first confirmed Illinois record was of a pair and a single bird from Carlyle Lake, Clinton County from 22 December 1996 to 21 February 1997, with a single bird present to 8 March 1997, resulting in a failed nesting attempt (Johnson et al. 1998). In 1998, there were four unsuccessful nesting attempts at Lincoln Park, Chicago between April and 27 July, and 10 birds including young seen in Montgomery County on 22 June (Kleen 1999, Johnson and Stotz 1999). The species is no longer listed on the state s review list (IOS 2009), and occurs over most of the southern two-thirds of the state. Some large numbers are now being reported, for example 225 at Granite City, Madison County in summer 2007 (Bailey 2008) and a total of 462 statewide in 58 counties on the spring bird count on 10 May 2008 (Kleen 2008). Herkert (2008) reported an increase of 144.2% per year (p < 0.05) based on 15 Illinois BBS routes. Wisconsin s first records were of one bird from 19 May to 27 June 1998 at West Bend, Ozaukee County (Soulen 1999) and a second bird from 26 July to 22 September 1998 in Portage County (Cutright et al. 1999; Domagalski 1999; Frank 1999a, 1999b; Polk 1999). The first confirmed breeding in the state was a nest found on a silo in Arlington, Columbia County on 15 May 2004, with an adult seen on the nest on 13 June 2004 (Harriman et al. 2004, Cutright et al. 2006). By 2009 the Eurasian Collared-Dove was considered to be an uncommon breeder, and was removed from the state records committee review list (Frank 2009, Mueller and Kowalchuk 2009). Michigan s first record of Eurasian Collared- Dove occurred during the MBBA II period with two birds in Kalamazoo County from June 2002 (Murphy 2003, Byrne 2004), providing evidence for possible breeding based on birds present in appropriate habitat during the breeding season. From at least 20 December 2003 through the end of the MBBA II period, four Eurasian Collared-Doves were present at Chums Corner south of Traverse City, Grand Traverse County. Up to eight individuals have been reported here but only four have been adequately documented and some may be hybrids with Ringed Turtle-Dove (Murphy 2004, Byrne 2005, Chu 2006, MBRC 2009). Apparently no definite pairs, nor persistently calling individuals have been noted, so the

3 status of these birds is entered as possible, not probable. The presence of Eurasian Collared-Doves over the course of 15 months from May 2005 to August 2006 in Berrien County has been well documented in the literature (Wuepper 2006, Murphy 2006, Reinoehl 2006, Chu 2006, Dombroski 2007a, 2007b). But details of the first and only confirmed breeding records in the state from this locale were not published. The original finder of these birds (K. Miller, pers. comm.) has kindly provided the following details of these breeding efforts. On 15 May 2005, Miller found two birds carrying nesting material into a conifer in a small city park in Three Oaks, Berrien County. Although numerous birders came to see these birds through the summer and fall, the outcome of this nest is unknown. They attempted to breed again in summer 2006 when an individual was seen by several observers on 20 May sitting on a nest in a conifer on private property just south of the 2005 sighting. The reported presence of five individuals there in June 2006 (not reviewed by MBRC) suggested successful breeding to Miller, and the birds remained in the area until 10 August It is unclear if individuals recorded from 28 August to 6 September 2005 at Grand Marais, Alger County (Wuepper 2006, Putnam 2007), and 24 May 2009 in Mason County (MBRC 2009) represent potential new breeding areas or wandering individuals. No other Michigan records are known at this time, but undoubtedly the number of records will eventually increase. This species should be thoroughly documented, preferably with good photos as well as written description, whenever it is encountered in the state as a number of hybrids continue to be found in Michigan. Conservation Needs It is unclear how the Eurasian Collared-Dove will impact native wildlife in North America as it has been on the continent less than four decades. It has been observed chasing other birds including Mourning Doves, Northern Cardinals, Painted Buntings, and Blue Jays away from feeders in Florida while they have been noted as prey items of several raptor species (Romagosa and McEneaney 1999). The Eurasian Collared-Dove will likely remain scarce in Michigan and the northeastern U.S. for some time, if it follows the same expansion pattern evident in Europe and Asia, but it will almost certainly become more common in the coming decades. Literature Cited Bailey, S.D Field Notes: The 2007 Breeding Season. Meadowlark 17(1): Byrne, A.M Actions of the Michigan Bird Records Committee for Michigan Birds and Natural History 11(5): Byrne, A.M Michigan Bird Survey: Summer 2004 (June-July). Michigan Birds and Natural History 12(1): Cadman, M.D., D.A. Sutherland, G.G. Beck, D. Lepage, and A.R. Couturier, editors Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario, Bird Studies Canada, Environment Canada, Ontario Field Ornithologists, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Ontario Nature. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Castrale, J.S., E.M. Hopkins, and C.E. Keller Atlas of Breeding Birds of Indiana. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program. Indianapolis, Indiana. Chu, P.C Actions of the Michigan Bird Records Committee for Michigan Birds and Natural History 13(5): Cutright, N.J., M. Bontly, J.M. Strelka, D.K. Gustafson, J. Schaufenhuer, K.D. Hall, D.

4 Belter, and M.S. Peterson By the Wayside: Eurasian Collared-Dove. Passenger Pigeon 61(1): Cutright, N.J., B.R. Harriman, and R.W. Howe, editors Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Society for Ornithology. Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA. Domagalski, R.C Wisconsin Record Arrival and Departure Dates. Passenger Pigeon 61(4): Dombroski, L. 2007a. Michigan Bird Survey: Summer 2006 (June-July). Michigan Birds and Natural History 14(1): Dombroski, L. 2007b. Michigan Bird Survey: Autumn 2006 (August-November). Michigan Birds and Natural History 14(2): Frank, J. 1999a. WSO Records Committee Report Summer Passenger Pigeon 61(1): Frank, J. 1999b. WSO Records Committee Report Fall Passenger Pigeon 61(2): Frank, J WSO Records Committee Update 2009, Documenting Birds: Why and How? Passenger Pigeon 71(2): Gibbs, D., E. Barnes, and J. Cox Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Gibson, D.D., S.C. Heinl, and T.G. Tobish Jr Report of the Alaska checklist committee, Western Birds 39: Gorney, D., and R.L. Hedge Eurasian Collared-Dove: Indiana s First Sightings. Indiana Audubon Quarterly 79: 1-5. Harlan, R.N Ohio Bird Records Committee Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Ohio. Ohio Bird Records Committee. Harriman, B.R., N.J. Cutright, and C. Schwartz First Reported Nest for Eurasian Collared-Dove in Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 66(3): Herkert, J.R Illinois Breeding Bird Population Trends: Meadowlark 17(4): Illinois Ornithological Society [IOS] Illinois Ornithological Records Committee.. < Accessed 5 December Indiana Audubon Society Indiana Bird Records Committee [IBRC]. < anabirdrecordscommittee/tabid/110/ Default.aspx> Accessed 5 December Jackson, B.K Field Notes Summer Indiana Audubon Quarterly 79: Johnson, D.B., P.R. Clyne, and M.F. Deaton Fourth Report of the Illinois Ornithological Records Committee. Meadowlark 7(2): Johnson, D.D., and D.F. Stotz Fifth Report of the Illinois Ornithological Records Committee. Meadowlark 8(2): Kleen, V.M The 1998 Breeding Season Report. Meadowlark 8(1): Kleen, V.M The 2008 Illinois Statewide Spring Bird Count. Meadowlark 17(4): Kleen, V.M., L. Cordle, and R.A. Montgomery The Illinois Breeding Bird Atlas. Illinois Natural History Survey. Special Publication No. 26. Michigan Bird Records Committee [MBRC] Michigan Bird Records Committee Website. Searchable database updated 1 January 2009 < ecordscommittee/> Accessed 5 December Mueller, W.P., and C. Kowalchuk Birds of Wisconsin An Annotated Checklist. Passenger Pigeon 71(3): Murphy, B Michigan Bird Survey: Summer 2002 (June-July). Michigan Birds and Natural History 10(1): Murphy, B Michigan Bird Survey: Winter (December-February).

5 Michigan Birds and Natural History 11(3): Murphy, B Michigan Bird Survey: Winter (December-February). Michigan Birds and Natural History 13(3): Peterjohn, B.G., and D.L. Rice The Ohio Breeding Bird Atlas. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Columbus, OH. Polk, J By the Wayside: Eurasian Collared-Dove. Passenger Pigeon 61(2): 204. Putnam, C.G Actions of the Michigan Bird Records Committee for Michigan Birds and Natural History 14(5): Reinoehl, J Michigan Bird Survey: Spring 2006 (March-May). Michigan Birds and Natural History 13(4): Romagosa, C.M Eurasian Collared- Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). Account 630 in A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Romagosa, C.M., and T. McEneaney Eurasian Collared-Dove in North America and the Caribbean. North American Birds 53(4): Whan, B. 2007a. Eurasian Collared-Doves in Ohio: The Background. The Ohio Cardinal 31(1): Whan, B. 2007b. Fall 2007 Overview and Reports. The Ohio Cardinal 31(1): Wuepper, J.T Michigan Bird Survey: Fall 2005 (1 August-30 November). Michigan Birds and Natural History 13(2): Suggested Citation Chartier, A.T Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). In A.T. Chartier, J.J. Baldy, and J.M. Brenneman, editors. The Second Michigan Breeding Bird Atlas. Kalamazoo Nature Center. Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. Accessed online at: < /ECDOaccount.pdf >.