Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science and Technology

Transcription

1 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology Part II describes the measures taken to promote science technology in FY 2015 in accordance with the 4th Science Technology Basic Plan (August 19, 2011 Cabinet Decision), (Science Technology Basic Plan; hereinafter: the Basic Plan). 184

2 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Section 1 The Science Technology Basic Plan Science technology policy in Japan is promoted comprehensively in a planned manner according to the Science Technology Basic Plan. The government renews implements the 5-year Basic Plan pursuant to the Science Technology Basic Law (Law No. 130, 1995). The 4th Basic Plan presents five major goals that Japan aims at attaining through the Science Technology Policy. In addition, to realize the sustainable growth development of Japanese society for years to come, it sets the following as the primary pillars: 1) realizing reconstruction revival from the Great East Japan Earthquake, 2) promoting green innovation 3) promoting life innovation. The Basic Plan also identifies key issues that Japan is facing states that efforts should be shifted from focusing on specific fields to focusing on these key issues. Basic human resources development is another integral part of the efforts for addressing the priority issues; thus, the Basic Plan emphasizes the need for 1) the drastic enhancement of basic from a long-range perspective, 2) the fostering of young ers who will play active roles in science technology 3) the development of an international-stard environment infrastructure. With the recognition that it is important that science, technology innovation policies be developed advanced in the social context, the Basic Plan underlines the importance of the following: public participation in the policymaking processes, the dissemination of information on science technology, reforms in the systems for promoting R&D. FY 2015 was the last year of the 4th Basic Plan. Towards formulating the 5th Basic Plan, which was to start in FY 2016, the Prime Minister solicited advice from the Council for Science, Technology Innovation (CSTI) by issuing the Consultation Request #5, Regarding the Science Technology Basic Plan. The Council established the Expert Panel on Basic Policy conducted studies examinations for one year. In December 2015, the Council responded to the Consultation #5. On January 22, 2018, a Cabinet Decision was made to implement the 5th Basic Plan. The 5th Basic Plan presents a recognition of the current situation of Japan the world: This is a period of great change when the socioeconomic structure changes day by day due to the development of ICT other technologies. The importance of promoting science, technology innovation (STI) has been growing due to increases in the number of domestic international issues, in the complexity of those issues. The basic plans of the previous 20 years have had achievements issues. The achievements include steady improvements in the R&D environment, notable award-winning R&D such as ips cell technologies blue LEDs. Issues include the weakening of basic strengths in science technology the stagnation of government investment in science technology. Against such a background under a basic policy of focusing on Japan s ability to forecast the future (foresight strategical strength) Japan s ability to flexibly adopt to any changes (diversification Chapter 1 185

3 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology flexibility), the Plan envisions what Japan should achieve: 1) sustainable development the autonomous development of regional society, 2) safety security for the country its people, as well as a high quality of life, 3) a focus on global issues contributions to global development, 4) the continuous creation of intellectual assets. To realize these visions, the 5th Basic Plan sets the following 4 pillars: i) Acting to create new value for the development of future industry social transformation Society 5.0 is to be strongly promoted to make a large change to lead the era of revolution through a series of undertakings that realize a super smart society in which new values services are created one after another ahead of the world through the strengthening of R&D that achieves independent innovation. ii) Addressing economic social challenges To take appropriate pre-emptive action addressing the various issues that have emerged domestically globally, the national government will select important policy issues promote STI towards addressing national global issues before they become problems. iii) Reinforcing the fundamentals for science, technology, innovation Basic capabilities in STI will be dramatically strengthened to address possible future changes flexibly adequately, through the fostering of young human resources, the promotion of their active role-taking, the reform strengthening of universities. iv) Building a systemic virtuous cycle of human resource, knowledge, funding for innovation Making the most of domestic international human resources, knowledge funds, we will foster take advantage of new value. To this end, we will develop an innovation creation system by circulating human resources, knowledge funds beyond any barriers by fostering strong, deep collaboration among private businesses, universities public institutions by strengthening venture business establishments. To promote the aforementioned items i) to iv), strategic international development combined with science technology diplomacy is indispensable for Japan. The 5th Basic Plan is positioned as a plan that will be collaboratively implemented by a wide range of actors (governments, academia, businesses Japanese nationals) that will lead to Japan becoming the world s most innovation-friendly country. The governmental R&D investment target was achieved only for the 1st Basic Plan. R&D investment by the government has stagnated during the past decade. The 5th Basic Plan sets a target of at least 4% for R&D investment as a share of GDP a target of 1% for governmental R&D investment as a share of GDP. The latter is thought to be achievable with the Plan to Advance Economic Fiscal Revitalization included in the Basic Policy on Economic Fiscal Management Reform 2015 approved by the Cabinet in June Assuming that the nominal GDP growth rate during the 5th Plan averages 3.3%, the investment in governmental R&D during that plan will total 26 trillion yen. 186

4 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Figure / Outline of the 5th Science Technology Basic Plan (FY FY 2020) Outline of the 5th Science Technology Basic Plan The Science Technology Basic Plan is a comprehensive plan prepared by the Japanese government in accordance with the Science Technology Basic Law in order to promote science technology in Japan over a five-year term, based on a 10-year forward outlook. The 5th Basic Plan (FY2016 to FY2020), the first plan formulated by the Council for Science, Technology Innovation (CSTI), is focused on enhancing science, technology innovation (STI) measures. Executing this Basic Plan will require a wide spectrum of parties including the government, academia, industry, citizens to work together lead to transform Japan into the most innovation friendly country in the world. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts ((1) Recognition of the Current Situation Advances in ICT, etc. have ushered in an era of drastic change in which the social economic structures of the nation are significantly changing on a daily basis. Appearance of markets businesses that do not fit within existing frameworks Shift from the tangible to the intangible a diversification of values Change in knowledge value creation processes (emphasis on open innovation a trend to open science), etc. Increasing scale complexity of domestic global-scale challenges (such as energy restrictions, the declining national birthrate aging population, regional impoverishment, natural disasters, changes in security environment, deepening global-scale challenges, etc.) In light of this, it is necessary to pursue STI (while considering the multi faceted nature of S&T, appropriately utilize the fruits). No. of Top 10% cited papers as a proportion (2) Achievements Challenges in 20 Years of Science Technology Basic Plans of total papers by country. Trend in proportion of published papers Steady development of Japan s R&D environment enhancement of its (%) (international comparison). 18 international competitiveness, such as by increasing the numbers of The U.K. 英国 ers published papers. Advent of new science technology that 16 The 米国 U.S.A changes people s lives the economy, such as LEDs ips cells. The Germany ドイツ fact that the nation has produced the second highest number of Nobel Prize 14 winners (in the natural sciences) this century proves that Japan s science フランス France 12 technology has a strong international sting. China 中国 In recent years, however, Japan s fundamental strength has declined, as 10 Japan 日本 8.5% demonstrated by a drop in the quality quantity of papers by international 8 stards, delays in establishing international networks, the 韓国 South Korea difficulty of young ers to demonstrate their abilities. Industry 6 academia partnerships have also failed to develop fully. These problems can ((FY) 年度 ) be attributed to delays in reforming the administration human resource systems of universities the existence of barriers between organizations. Created based on Science Technology Benchmarking2015 National Institute of Growth in government R&D investment has stalled. Japan s international sting Science Technology Policy is on the declining trend. (3) Target National Profile 1 Sustainable growth self-sustaining regional development A description of the kind of country 2 Ensure the safety security for our nation its citizens the Basic Plan envisions along with a high-quality, prosperous way of life 3 Respond to global challenges contribute to global development (4) Basic Principles 4 Sustainable creation of intellectual property Focus on the ability to look ahead with vision strategically take action (foresight strategy), enhance the ability to respond appropriately to any kind of change (diversity flexibility). With the participation of all fields of humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, build a framework that enables all kinds of individuals to compete cooperate within an internationally open innovation system to fully demonstrate their abilities. 1 Four pillars of the Fifth Science Technology Basic Plan i) Acting to create new value for the development of future industry social transformation. iii) Reinforcing the fundamentals of STI 2 Important issues in the promotion of the S&T Basic Plan ii) Addressing economic social challenges iv) Establishing a systemic virtuous cycle of human resources, knowledge, capital for innovation In pursuing i to iv, an approach that integrates S&T diplomacy aims at strategic international implementation is essential. i) Deepening the relationship between STI society ii) Enhancing capacity to promote STI promote STI Based on the 5th Basic Plan as general guidelines over a five-year term, a comprehensive strategy will be formulated each fiscal year, measures will be undertaken flexibly. Performance indicators numerical targets will be set to assess the progress outcomes of the plan. (Targets will be set to monitor the achievements of the country as a whole. Care is necessary to avoid that achievement of these numerical targets has become its own goals in each workplace such as university, R&D institutions, etc.) Chapter 2: Acting to Create New Value for the Development of Future Industry Social Transformation To enable Japan to instigate major change to remain a world leader in this era of drastic change, we will reinforce R&D that generates discontinuous innovation will boost efforts to devise mechanisms for realizing the world's first super smart society that creates new value services in rapid succession. (1) Fostering R&D Human Resources that Boldly Challenge the Future It is important to try overcome high hurdles resolutely, without fear of failure, to engage in generating innovation beyond reach of others. In addition to encouraging efforts to tackle R&D initiatives focused on novel ideas on economic social impact, we will provide individuals teams who have highly creative ideas the energy to implement them, with opportunities to trial their ideas (such as by promoting measures suited to the promotion of daring R&D challenges in the R&D projects of relevant government ministries, by further developing exping ImPACT etc.). (2) Realizing Society 5.0 ( Super Smart Society ) Around the world, initiatives that use networks the Internet of Things (IoT), centered on manufacturing fields, are now coming out. In Japan, the use of such networking will not be limited to manufacturing. Instead, it will be extended to various other fields in order to promote economic growth, the formation of a healthy long-living society, social transformation. In addition, it will help the fruits of science technology to penetrate into all kinds of fields spheres, thereby lead to enhanced business capability higher quality services. We will share our vision of the future, which is characterized by the sophisticated integration of cyberspace with physical space ( the real world ) work to enhance it, while further pursuing a series of measures aimed at its realization, under the concept of Society 5.0.* The history of humankind reveals that the evolution of human society has been fueled by technological advances, with key steps along the way as a hunter-gatherer society, agrarian society, industrial society,, today, an information society. Society 5.0 is next, we ll achieve it by mobilizing the full power of STI. It is necessary to aim at systemization of services businesses, system advancement, coordination between multiple systems. Therefore, we will promote the measures needed to develop a common platform for this goal (called Society 5.0 Service Platform ), through collaboration between industry, academia, government the relevant government ministries. What is Society5.0? It is a society that can be expected to facilitate human prosperity. Such a society is capable of providing the necessary goods services to the people who need them at the required time in just the right amount; a society that is able to respond precisely to a wide variety of social needs; a society in which all kinds of people can easily obtain high-quality services, overcome differences of age, gender, region, language, live vigorous comfortable lives. (3) Enhancing Competitiveness Consolidating Fundamental Technologies in Society 5.0 Enhance IP international stardization strategies, fundamental technologies, human resources, in order to maintain increase competitiveness. Create new businesses through the promotion of system package exports turn the fact that Japan is an advanced economy facing many serious challenges into a strength. Focus on the fundamental technologies needed for the service platform (such as cybersecurity, IoT system development, big data analysis, AI, devices etc.) strive to enhance technologies that represent core strengths for new value creation (such as robots, sensors, biotechnology, materials nanotechnology, Light/quantum technology etc.), by setting ambitious targets from a medium-term perspective. Chapter 1 Chapter 3: Addressing Economic Social Challenges To preemptively address emerging national global challenges, Japan is identifying important policy issues pursuing STI in attempts to find solutions. For each of the 13 important policy issues, we are systematically pursuing measures from R&D to use in society. <Sustainable growth self-sustaining regional development> Ensuring stable energy improving energy efficiency Ensuring stable resources cyclical use; Securing a stable food supply Establishment of a society in which people enjoy long healthy lives with world-leading medical technology Building infrastructure for sustainable cities regions; Extending service life for efficient, effective infrastructure Improving competitiveness in manufacturing value creation <Ensure safety security for our nation its citizens a high-quality, prosperous way of life> Addressing natural disasters Ensuring food safety, living environments, occupational health Ensuring Cybersecurity Addressing national security issues <Addressing global challenges contributing to global development> Addressing global climate change; Responding to biodiversity loss In association with responses to a variety of problems, we will continuously enhance the series of science technology initiatives that support the appropriate development, utilization, management of the oceans space which are strategically important frontiers for Japan, from a long-term respective. Chapter 4: Reinforcing the Fundamentals for STI To flexibly appropriately respond to the various changes that may occur in the years ahead, we will work at thoroughly consolidating fundamental strengths while focusing on fostering young human resources improving their career prospects in STI, on reforming enhancing the functions of universities. (1) Developing High quality Human Resources Trend in age structure of full-time (%) university teaching staff 歳 Clearly defining career paths for young ers establishing an Age environment that enables them to actively demonstrate their abilities Age 歳 % motivation according to the stage of their career (such as by increasing the 歳 number of tenure posts for young ers through the adoption of Age annual salary schemes the conversion to fixed-term employment for 20 senior staff at universities; promote introduction of the tenure track system Age 60 歳以上 60+ as a general rule; increasing the number of young full-time teaching ( 年度 ) staff at universities by 10%; etc.). FY Created from Statistical Survey of School Teachers, Ministry of Foster secure a diverse human resources who engage in STI, establish Education, Culture, Sports, Science Technology career paths for them; reforms of graduate school education through collaboration with universities, industry, other sectors; develop human resources that will engage in STI in the next generation. Improve women s career prospects in STI by bringing up appointing women leaders; increase the number of women ers as a proportion of new hires (to 30% overall in the natural sciences); exp the number of women for the next generation. Develop international networks by enhancing support for Japanese ers going overseas increasing the level of acceptance retention of foreigners in Japan; promote greater mobility of personnel across disciplines, organizations, sectors. (2) Promoting Excellence in Knowledge Creation Reforms enhancements aimed at promoting academic basic as a source of innovation (This includes the reform enhancement of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) in accordance with the public mate; reform enhancement of strategic imperative fundamental ; improvement of interdisciplinary ; pursuit of international joint ; the formation of centers that meet the highest international stards etc.) Strategic enhancement of common fundamental technologies to support R&D activities, facilities, equipment, information infrastructure; the development of a system for implementing open science (such as by exping the utilization of findings from publicly funded etc.). Increase the number of published papers through such efforts, increase the number of Top 10% papers as a proportion of total papers (to 10%). (3) Strengthening Funding Reform Reform definite measure of fundamental expenses in order to enable more efficient effective management of universities Reform of public funding (such as by making competitive funds easier to use, examining the inclusion of overhead expenses into all funding, promoting the shared use of equipment etc.). Integrate national university reform with funding reform (including new allocation assessment of operating expense grants etc.) Chapter 5: Establishing a Systemic Virtuous Cycle of Human Resources, Knowledge Capital for Innovation To create new value rapidly pursue its use in society, using domestic overseas human resources, knowledge, capital, we will establish a system that rotates personnel, knowledge, capital across all kinds of barriers to generate innovation by promoting full-scale collaboration between companies, universities, public institutes, by encouraging entrepreneurship boosting the creation of startup companies. (1) Enhancing Mechanisms for Promoting Open innovation Enhance promotion systems in companies, universities, public 約 8,200 人 institutes (such as by engaging in full-scale collaboration with 大学等 input of human resources, knowledge, capital from industry; 318 千人約 7,400 人約 1,200 人 management system reform of universities; enhancing the bridging 約 200 人 function of National R&D Institutes). 約 500 人 Accelerate the mobility of human resources create spaces for 約 2,100 人非営利団体約 800 人約 12,400 人 co creation to concentrate personnel, knowledge, capital. 公的機関企業 Through these initiatives, increase the number of ers transferring 43 千人 531 千人約 100 人 between sectors by 20% the amount of collaborative funds Created from the Survey of Science Technology Research 2014 received from industry by universities National R&D institutes by 50%. Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Internal Affairs Communications (2) Enhancing the Creation of SMEs Startup Companies to Tackle New Business Opportunities Provide appropriate support at each phase, from nurturing entrepreneurs, starting up companies, commercialization, business growth (such as by promoting the creation of academic startups, guaranteeing initial dem for new products services etc.), increase IPOs M&As. (3) Strategic Use of International Intellectual Property Stardization Promote utilization of IP scattered across small medium-sized companies universities (increase proportion of domestic patent applications by small medium-sized companies to 15%, increase the number of license agreements on university patents by 50%), promote international stardization enhance support systems for this purpose. (4) Reviewing Improving the Regulatory Environment for Innovation Review systems in accordance to new products services, improve IP systems in response to tremendous development in ICT. (5) Developing Innovation Systems that Contribute to Regional Revitalization Drive self-regulating sustainable innovation systems through regional leadership (such as promote revitalization of regional companies etc.). (6) Cultivating Opportunities for Generating Innovation in Anticipation of Global Needs Establish mechanisms to promote anticipation of global needs inclusive innovation* * Socially inclusive sustainable innovation. In science technology cooperation with newly emerging developing countries, aim to shift from the aid style cooperation of the past. Chapter 6: Deepening the Relationship between STI Society In pursuing STI, we will work to communicate cooperate with a variety of stakeholders in society. Promote co-creation with a variety of stakeholders. Issue scientific advises for policy formation address ethical, legal, social issues. In addition, take measures to ensure integrity. Chapter 7: Enhancing the Capacity to Promote STI Reform enhance the functions of universities National R&D Institutes that are the main agents of STI; enhance the system for promoting STI policy; ensure R&D investment. Radically reform enhance the function of universities based on a recognition of their contribution to society through education, reform enhance the function of National R&D Institutes, as a driving force of the innovation system. To increase the effectiveness of STI policy, by aiming for a unified implementation of international STI activities science technology diplomacy, by promoting policy based on objective evidences. Also, enhance the control tower function of CSTI (such as by constantly improving policy quality through the use of performance indicators, promote SIP etc.). To implement the Basic Plan, ensure that combined public private sector R&D investment is at least 4% of GDP, that government R&D investment is at least 1% of GDP, maintaining compatibility with The Plan to Advance Economic Fiscal Revitalization. If GDP growth averages 3.3% per year over the term of the Basic Plan, total government R&D investment would be approximately 26 trillion yen. Movement of ers between sectors Source: MEXT 187

5 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology Section 2 Council for Science, Technology Innovation Policy CSTI in the Cabinet Office is positioned as a council that advances key policies toward vigorously promoting Japan s science technology policies under the leadership of the Prime Minister. The Council consists of the Prime Minister as the chairperson, related Cabinet members, expert members others, all of whom have the mission of overseeing the nation s science technology efforts offering comprehensive fundamental policy plans general coordination (Table 2-1-2). As of March 2016, CSTI has established the Expert Panel on Science, Technology Innovation Policy Promotion four other expert panels that deliberate on technical aspects of key issues (Figure 2-1-3). Table / List of CSTI members Cabinet members Experts Shinzo Abe Yoshihide Suga Aiko Shimajiri Sanae Takaichi Taro Aso Hiroshi Hase Motoo Hayashi Yuko Harayama (full-time) Kazuo Kyuma (full-time) Takahiro Ueyama (part-time) Takeshi Uchiyamada (part-time) Motoko Kotani (part-time) Masakazu Tokura (part-time) Kazuhito Hashimoto (part-time) Takashi Onishi Prime Minister Chief Cabinet Secretary Minister of State for Science Technology Policy Minister of Internal Affairs Communications Minister of Finance Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science Technology Minister of Economy, Trade Industry Former Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Former Senior Corporate Adviser, Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Professor Vice-President, The National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) Chairman of the Board, Toyota Motor Corp. Director, Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR); Prof., Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Representative Director & President, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. President, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Professor, Policy Alternatives Research Institute of the University of Tokyo President of the Science Council of Japan (The head of affiliated institutions) Source: Cabinet Office 188

6 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Figure / Organizational chart of CSTI Chapter 1 Source: Cabinet Office 1 Major Endeavors of CSTI in FY2014 CSTI has been discussing policy, budgets systems. Such discussions address the following: 1) the establishment of the 5th Basic Plan the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015, 2) contributions to the compilation of the Japan Revitalization Strategy revised in 2015 (approved on June 30, 2015 by Cabinet Decision), 3) the strategic development of science technology budgets by the entire government through the STI Budget Strategy Committee priority measures of the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015, 4) the operation of the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) the Impulsing Paradigm Change through Disruptive Technologies Program (ImPACT). 2 Strategic Prioritization in the Science Technology-related Budget CSTI allocates the science technology-related budget to important fields measures, oversees all science, technology innovation measures, leads the activities of relevant ministries agencies. It does the above in order for the Basic Plan the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation to be implemented. Towards the formulation of the science technology budget for 2016, the Science, Technology Innovation Budget Strategy Committee, whose chairperson is the Minister of State for Science, Technology Innovation Policy whose members are the directors of relevant ministries, was convened to decide policy areas on which to prioritize budget allocations, in accordance with the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation. 189

7 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology (1) The policy for the allocation of budgets other resources related to science technology in FY2016 Under the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation, CSTI suggested areas of policy focus measures of focus for each policy area, proposed that allocations of governmental science technology-related budgets be focused on important areas programs that policy be subjected to PDCA cycles. (2) Meetings of the Science, Technology Innovation Budget Strategy Committee The Council held three meetings of the Science, Technology Innovation Budget Strategy Committee that were chaired by the Minister of State for Science, Technology Innovation Policy whose members include the directors of relevant ministries agencies concerned. These meetings aimed at close coordination among relevant ministries agencies prior to the formulation of the FY2016 science technology budget, towards ensuring the implementation of the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation. Based on the discussions at the meetings, CSTI determined the priority measures led the entire government in formulating the science technology budget from the planning stage of budget requests by each ministry agency. (3) Determination of measures for the Action Plans for Science Technology Priority Measures FY 2016 (approval supplementary recommendation on September 18, 2015) CSTI established 11 systems under the basic policy, each ministry proposed related programs. Under the basic policy, desirable socioeconomic systems are built by using value chains that combine the new values realized by the application of R&D to important measures for resolving socioeconomic issues described in the Comprehensive Strategies on Science, Technology Innovation Regarding the measures proposed by each ministry agency, CSTI guided policy by conducting interviews examinations with experts Diet members. 158 action plan programs were selected as priority programs in order to provide advice for collaborations, the elimination of project duplication coordination among projects for relevant ministries agencies. (4) The creation of the Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) CSTI founded the SIP in FY 2014 to manage promote R&D interdisciplinarily inter-ministerially. The SIP encompasses everything from basic to the practical application commercialization of results under industry-academia-government collaborations. The 10 program directors (PDs) play central roles on relevant program. With the addition of one program in November 2015, the SIP has come to work on 11 programs that are socially important for Japanese or that have the potential to contribute to economic reform in Japan. According to the CSTI policies, the Cabinet Office budget for the Creating Promoting Science, Technology Innovation (FY 2016: 50 billion yen) is intensively allocated to the implementation of the SIP. Health medicine are promoted under the Headquarters for Healthcare Medical Strategy Promotion founded pursuant to the Act to Promote Healthcare Medical Strategy (Act No. 48, May 30, 2014). 190

8 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology (5) Priority polices for the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015 (approval supplementary recommendation on September 18, 2016) The Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015 sets 5 priority policy fields, for each of these it sets prioritized undertakings. Relevant ministries proposed to CSTI the programs that should be included as prioritized undertakings. After interviewing ministry officials on proposals conducting coordination among the proposals, CSTI decided the priority programs. In Part I of the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015, priority programs were set for three policy fields, towards launching the 5th Science Technology Basic Plan. Those policy fields are endeavors to create future industry to transform society in the period of great change (5 priority programs), the promotion of STI that contributes to regional revitalization (9 priority programs) the promotion of STI that makes the most of the opportunity of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Paralympic games (one priority program). The creation of an environment that fosters innovation chains is one of 5 policy fields for which 38 programs have been identified as priority programs for which performance indexes have been set for understing analyzing how the situation of Japan has been changing. These indicators will be used for follow-up activities. Chapter 1 (6) Promotion of the Impulsing Paradigm Change through Disruptive Technologies (ImPACT) Program The ImPACT Program for high-risk, high-impact, innovative R&D is being promoted to create STI that will bring significant changes to industry society if it is realized. In additions to the 12 program managers (PM) who have been given major authority responsibility for planning, promoting managing R&D, CSTI selected 4 new program managers from publicly invited applicants in September The PMs started their work of implementing R&D programs, including providing workshops assigning projects to R&D institutes soliciting applications from R&D institutes. (7) Towards the formulation of the science technology budget (approval supplementary recommendation on December 18, 2015) When formulating the budget, CSTI collated the key issues notes into a report: Toward the Formulation of the Science Technology Budget for FY This was done to acquire a Science Technology budget that adequately reflects priorities, based on the Comprehensive Strategy on Science Technology Innovation, CSTI presented the report to the Prime Minister other ministers. 3 R&D Evaluation of Projects of National Importance (1) Evaluation of Large-Scale R&D Projects (approved notified on December 18, 2015) Large new R&D development projects started in FY , including the Advanced Integrated Intelligence Platform Project (AIP). This comprehensive project covers AI, big data, the IoT cybersecurity. CSTI assessed the AIP project provided advice to the Minister of MEXT, who is in charge of that project. CSTI reevaluated the Subsidies for an Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle Demonstration Project, whose preliminary evaluation was done in FY 2011, based on the 1 R&D projects for which national funds totaling over 30 billion yen were allocated 191

9 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology decision to reevaluate the project before its second phase. CSTI made an interim evaluation reported it to the Minister of Economy, Trade Industry, who supervises the project. (2) Evaluation of Large-Scale R&D Projects (approved reported on December 18, 2015) CSTI conducted an ex-post evaluation on the completed promotion of basic to generate innovation (MAFF), the development of practical technologies for implementing new agricultural, forestry, fishery policies (MAFF), Field Test Project on New Photovoltaic Power Generation Technology (METI) Research & Development for the 3rd-Term Comprehensive 10-year Cancer Control Strategy (MEXT MHLW), all of which had been subject to preliminary evaluation by CSTI, CSTI sent the evaluation results to the minister of each ministry. 4 Major Deliberations at Expert Panels (1) Undertakings towards the formulation of the 5th Science Technology Basic Plan Towards formulating the 5th Basic Plan, in October 2014, the Prime Minister made the Consultation Request #5, Regarding the Science Technology Basic Plan, to CSTI. On the same day, CSTI established the Expert Panel on Basic Policy to examine the Basic Plan according to domestic international circumstances, so that science technology programs could be developed in a comprehensive, planned manner. The panel has already started ing examining the 5th Basic Plan. The Expert Panel on Basic Policy held its first meeting in December The panel issued the interim report at the 9th meeting in May The panel continued study discussions until the Science Technology Basic Plan (Recommendation) was completed at the 15th meeting in December MEXT established the Comprehensive Policy Special Committee under the Council for Science Technology (CST) in June 2014 to assist in the examination of the 5th Basic Plan by CSTI, study examination started. In January 2015, the committee published an interim report. The report pointed out the importance of strengthening the foundation for innovation, such as by the systemic reform of human resource management by the creation of a new innovation system that corresponds to academic, basic open innovation. The committee continued to deepen the discussions compiled a final report in September The discussions by the committee were reported to CSTI (Figure 2-1-4). 192

10 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Figure report by Comprehensive Special Figure //Outline Outlineof of the thefinal 5th Science the Technology Basic Policy Plan (FY 2016Committee - FY 2020) Outline of the 5th Science Technology Basic Plan Japan s STI Policies looking beyond Mid-to Long Term Science Technology Basic Plan is a comprehensive plan prepared by the Japanesethe government in accordance with the Science Technology Basic Law in order to promote science technology inthjapan over a five-year term, Basic based Plan on a 10-year forward outlook. Toward Post the 4 Science Technology (Final report) Overview The 5th Basic Plan (FY2016 to FY2020), the first plan formulated by the Council for Science, Technology Innovation (CSTI), is focused on enhancing science, technology innovation (STI) measures. 2. Trends in foreign STI policies 1: Basic Basic Chapter Executing this PlanConcept will require a wide spectrum of parties including the government, academia, industry, countries, citizens to together lead In overseas STI policywork is positioned as an important measure in propelling the country s development, initiatives are strengthened by planning to transform Japan intodue the innovation friendly country in the world. 1. Influences on STI policy tomost socio-economic conditions changes The Socio-economics has been greatly changing. This also has a great influence on STI policies. Chapter 2: Acting to Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Due to population decline, it will become more difficult to increase human resource volume. System reforms on human resources that for the expansion of expenditure, etc. USA: New The Strategy American Innovation established of 3% of GDP Create Valueforfor the Development ofa target Future for R&D expenditures (private government R&D expenditures Industry Social Transformation combined). U.S. policies in recent years have been consistent in placing place importance on improving the quality of human resources will be necessary going into the future. ((1) Recognition of the Current Situation importance on continuous investment in basic to help the U.S. In order to react quickly flexibly with alacrity to new diverse issues in the future, the creation of new systems enable To enablethat Japan to instigate major change to remain world leaderthe in development this era of of drastic remain competitive a in promoting advanced Advances in ICT,open etc. have ushered in anwill era be of drastic change in which the social economic structures of the sustainable innovation indispensible. manufacturing technologies. change, we will that generates discontinuous innovation will boost efforts to arespace significantly changing on a daily basis. the advanced cyber society ( 2) has arrived. The arrival of this new society nation Cyber has quickly exped continues to reinforce have a R&DEurope: EU has established a targetsociety of 3% of that GDPcreates for totalnew R&Dvalue expenditure. In Appearance of markets businesses that do not fit within existing frameworks devise mechanisms for realizing the world's first super smart great effect on society the shape of science. Further, due to changes in the state of geopolitics in the security environment, Germany, in addition to achieving this in FY2012, an importance has been Shift from the tangible to the intangible a diversification of values in rapid succession. involving Japan, there is acreation rising processes importance for obtaining, maintaining, to accumulating thatservices government should be placed on the promotion of innovation via initiatives such as Industrie 4.0 Change in knowledge value (emphasis on open innovation a trend open science),technologies etc. The New High-Tech Strategy. In the UK, despite budgetary responsible. A response changes must be challenges made. (such as energy restrictions, the declining national Increasing scale complexityto of these domestic global-scale Fostering Human Resourcesausterities, that Boldly Challenge the Future has been maintained. funding to scientific birthrate Sincere initiatives are necessary regaining trust society in regard to environment, S&T ers, etc. since(1)having a dropr&d in reputation aging population, regionalfor impoverishment, naturalfrom disasters, changes in security deepening Asia: is substantially increasing total R&D expenditure is focusing It is important to try overcome high hurdleschina resolutely, without fear of failure,its to engage in due to thechallenges, Great East global-scale etc.)japan Earthquake dishonest practices, etc. ( 1) on key business areas, such as manufacturing, that are being advanced in the generating innovation beyond reach of others. In addition to encouraging efforts to tackle R&D initiatives Methods proactive use of outside knowledge technology innovation. 1 In light of this,that it ismake necessary to pursue STI (while considering the multi faceted nature ofin S&T, appropriately utilize the fruits). Made in China 2025 initiative. In the 3rd Science Technology Basic 2 A society where the fast expansion of cyberspace does not merely act as a supplement substitution for actual society, but rather where variety of on economic social focused onanovel ideas impact, will provide teams who No. of Top 10% cited papers as a proportion Plan, SouthweKorea aims toindividuals increase government R&D investment by 40% (2) Achievements Challenges in of 20actual Yearssociety of Science Technology Basicout Plans activities that exceed the realm are autonomously carried in cyberspace, a unification/fusion with actual spaces, come to of total through papers by country. exert a large influence over actual society. Steady development of Japan s R&D environment enhancement of its Trend in proportion of published papers (international comparison). st Science 18 3.international Achievements such issues the Technology Basic PlanThe U.K. competitiveness, as by from increasing the 1 numbers of 英国 ers published papers. Advent of new science technology that 16 have highly creative ideas the energy to implement with opportunities to trialbasic theirplan. ideas (such as from thethem, 2nd Science Technology by promoting measures suited to the promotion of daring R&D challenges in the R&D projects of relevant sectors Trends in governmental R&D expenditure goals Contract durations of teachers at TransferUnit:between people;impact bracketed figures = transfer ratio government ministries, by further developing exping etc.). actual S&T-related budget under the S&T Basic Plan universities FY 2013 FY 2007 Chapter 1 米国U.S.A Local public body Gov. budget Duechanges to the initiatives of 20 from thesuch 1st Plan, the substantive scope of ers patents, Germany etc. the The high 8,212 people s lives years the economy, as LEDs ips cells. The ドイツ Limited-term To S&T advancement funding age Society Unlimited term Expenditure goal (2.6%) (2) Realizing 5.0 ( Super Smart Society ) (incl. tenure track) international of the basic infrastructure have14been Japan s great strengths on the world fact that the competitiveness nation has produced second highest number of Nobel Prize N=7,255 Red text: actual sum of S&T related budget N=19,304 1t yen フランス France stage. Further strengthening this effective efforts are that needed at this. winners (in the natural sciences) century proves Japan s science Around the world, initiatives that use networks the Internet of Things (IoT), centered on manufacturing fields, University, etc. 12 has a Japanese strong international Ontechnology the other h, STI faces asting. vast number of issues. For example, the following are cited: 317,658 are now coming out. In Japan, the use of such networking will not be limited to manufacturing. Instead, it will be China 中国 7, The careeryears, prospects for Japan s young ers not clear employment is unstable. Also, due to the a generation gap in extended to various other fields in order to promote (2.3%) economic growth, the formation In recent however, fundamentalare strength has declined, as 1,208 of a healthy long-living Japan 日本 (0.4%) mobility, etc. resources are not able toofperform their full potential at the right posts. Because of8.5% this, society, social transformation. In addition, it will help the fruits of science technology to penetrate into all demonstrated byhuman a drop in the quality quantity papers byatinternational kinds of fields spheres,n=17,876 thereby lead to enhanced higher quality services. 468business capability South Korea students hesitant in proceeding to doctoral courses. 韓国 stards,are delays in establishing international networks, the N=11,541 (0.0%) (1.1%) We will share our vision of the future, which (Funding for is characterized by the sophisticated integration of cyberspace with The diversity of basic Japan is intheir declining. in regard to written6 theses, there is a downward trend in difficulty of young ers to in demonstrate abilities.also, Industry 801 employment) physical space ( the real world ) work to enhance it, while further (1.8%)pursuing a series of measures aimed at its international rankings foralso both quality volume. Basic academia partnerships have failed to develop fully. These problems can 年度 FY expenses NPO/Public realization, under the concept of Society 5.0.* Business Systems appropriate are insufficiently well established, for example with fewer businesses involved Competiti rganizations be attributed to delaysfor in realizing reforming innovation the administration human resource ve funds The history of humankind reveals that the evolution of human society has been fueled by technological advances, 531,423 with key steps along the way as a 43,325 other in innovation realization other countries. One of the reasons are almost no mobility of human resources across the systems of universities than the existence of barriers between organizations. hunter-gatherer society, agrarian society, industrial society,, today, an information society. Society 5.0 is next, we ll achieve it by st mobilizing the full power of STI. Created based on Science Technology 1 Plan 2nd Plan 3rd Plan 4th Plan 2,057 12, sectors of industry, academia, government. Benchmarking2015 National Institute of It is necessary to aim at systemization of services system advancement, between (4.7%) businesses, (2.3%) coordination (0.0%) The 4 is for the original budget plan Growth in government R&D investment has stalled. Japan s international sting nd Science Technology Policy multiple systems. Therefore, we will promote the measures needed to develop a common platform for this goal Since the 2 Basic Plan, government of R&D expenditure goals have not been met. A decline in basic funds for universities is on the declining trend. Source:Compiledbetween by MEXT industry, based on MIC s Survey government the (called Society 5.0 Service Platform ), through collaboration academia, R&D agencies has been one cause of many issues such as the decline in stable positions of ers. Source: MEXT NISPT, Survey on the relevant government ministries. employment of university teachers Terms th of Research Development of employment teachers financial sources at ResearchUniversity 11 (RU11 ), Sept Target National Profile In(3) order to resolve various issues realize sustainable① development the world, promotion ofregional STI willdevelopment be of continuing importance. Sustainableingrowth the self-sustaining The maximization of investment returns from the last 20②years will the determine the success of future policy, the 5th Science Technology Basic Plan will play an extremely important role for Japan. Ensure safety securityorforfailure our nation STI its citizens A description of the kind of country What is Society5.0? the Basic Plan envisions along with a high-quality, prosperous way of life It is a society that can be expected to As concrete of the target picture facilitate of Japan being ③ Respond contribute to global examples development human prosperity. Such a society Chapter 2: Principles for the nextto global STIchallenges policy the shape of A nation that realizes sustainable development for Japan is capable of providing2. thechange necessary STI raise the importance of the innovation creation basis If thepeople followingwho changes are made to the shape of STI, the importance of innovation creation basis increases. goods services to the need the world, the following 3 ideals will shape that 1. Target picture of Japan Building nation based on STI Focus on the ability to look ahead with vision strategically take action (foresight strategy), enhance the them at the required time in just the direction. Change from an old linear model that propels basic, application, developing ability that to respond appropriately to development any kind of change (diversity right amount; a society that is able to A nation realizes sustainable for Japan theflexibility). world, with high Ideal 1: Live together with Earth contribute to the in a straight line to a model that moves forward in a spiral interactive respond precisely to a widemanner variety of With participation of all fields of humanities, social sciences, naturaltosciences, build a frameworkadvancement that of mankind level STIthe skills that, through its innovation activities, finds solutions problems social needs; a society in allfrom kinds Ideal 2: Ensure its people, enables all kinds of of individuals the to safety of the country which Switch a so-called self-sufficiency model to one that values open innovation inside outside its bordersto compete cooperate within an internationally open innovation system realize a comfortable happy life of people can easily obtain high-quality fully demonstrate their abilities. Increase the importance placed on integration cooperation between the all fields of the Preserve world-ranking top-class services, economicovercome strength differences STI:Create intellectual cultural value based in new knowledge derived from scientific discoveries invention, etc.,, through the development of that Ideal 3: of age, the social sciences, the natural sciences humanities, presence knowledge, bring about reforms thatof leadthe to the creation social, public value. ① Four pillars Fifthof financial, Science Technology Basic Plan gender, region, language, live vigorous comfortable lives. (4) Basic Principles ④ Sustainable creation of intellectual property Acting to create new value the development ii)initiatives Addressing economic social challenges 3. Thei) government s role infor STI importantiv) for the future of future industry social transformation. Establishing a systemic virtuous cycle of human Aiming the realizationthe of fundamentals the target pictureof of STI Japan, government initiatives place importance on thefor following 2 points. iii)atreinforcing resources,will knowledge, capital innovation In pursuing i tothe iv, aninnovation approach that integrates S&T diplomacy implementation is essential. (1) Strengthening creation basis aims at strategic international (2) Leading society through STI 4. Basic stances on the promotion of STI policy (3) Enhancing Competitiveness Consolidating Fundamental Technologies in Society 5.0 The 6 basic stances that, in particular, concerned parties should be strongly aware of the promotion of STI policy. Enhance IP international stardization strategies, fundamental technologies, resources,ofindistribution order to of (4) Basichuman consideration (1) Invigoration of academic that maintain increase competitiveness. budget. In order to respond with alacrity to diverse issues, strengthen of innovation explores the frontiers ofpackage knowledge. ② Important issues the S&T Basic Plan Develop the diverse knowledge value that comes out Create new businesses through the promotion of system exports turn fact that Japan is an innovation creation basisinasthe thepromotion basis for STIof potential. (5) the Unified promotion viaadvanced cooperation between creation basis, resolve various domestic foreign issues, drive economy facing many serious into strength. in global society. (2) challenges Promotion of ainitiatives related policies. i) Deepening relationship between STI society Enhancing capacity to promote STI promote STIissues, realize the desired societal reforms.(resolve policy the advanced (Reform humanthe resource systems, strengthen reforms inii)academic Focus the fundamental technologies needed service platform (such as cybersecurity, IoT system development, Based basic asplan theasbasis for innovation, strengthen society, each develop National Critical Technologies, S&Tondiplomacy, (3) The basic rolesfor of the universities, public R&D on the 5th Basic general guidelines over a five-year term, a comprehensive strategy cyber will be formulated fiscal year, (6) Cooperation joint-understing with big data analysis, AI, devices etc.) strive to enhance technologies that represent core strengths for new value regain trust from society, etc.) reform measures will beinfrastructure, undertaken flexibly.create new innovation systems, etc.) agencies, industries. all stakeholders. creation (such as robots, sensors, biotechnology, materials nanotechnology, Light/quantum technology etc.), by Performance indicators numerical targets will be set to assess the progress outcomes of the plan. (Targets will be set to monitor the achievements of the country as a whole. Care is necessary to avoid that achievement of these numerical targets has become its own goals in each setting ambitious targets from a medium-term perspective. workplace such as university, R&D institutions, etc.) Chapter 3 Enforcement Innovation Chapter 3: Addressing Economic ofsocial Challenges Creation To preemptively address emergingsystem national global challenges, Japan is 1. Reforms in human resource base (1)identifying Reformingimportant the carrier system for young persons policy issues pursuing STI in attempts to find solutions. Chapter 5: Establishing Virtuous Cycle of Human Chapter 4a Systemic Leading society with STI Resources, Knowledge Capital for Innovation 1. STI through issue settings To create new value rapidly pursue its use in society, using domestic overseas human resources, knowledge,(1) Response capital, we to willsocially establishcritical a systemissues that rotates personnel, knowledge, capital across all kinds system for young staff pursuing in universities principle, providing more posts for young employeesof barriers theby policy issues defined in the collaboration Comprehensive Strategy STI, in order to formulate strategies for world Introducing For each of thea13tenure important policy issues, we areteaching systematically measures in from R&D to Effectively generate addressing innovation promoting full-scale betweenoncompanies, universities, through annual salary system for senior staff contractual employment, clarifying carrier path through excellent public leadership by Japan, awareness in Japan of the nation s advantages disadvantages make usecompanies. of them. Using the Tokyo institutes, foster by encouraging entrepreneurship boosting the creation of startup to use in society. er system Olympics Paralympics as a worldwide platform to showcase Japan s STI, which will help solve policy issues after the Olympics Sustainable growth (provisional) self-sustaining regional development Paralympics Movement of ers Diversifying path through increased matching opportunities such as medium- to long-term internship Ensuring stable carrier energy improving energy efficiency (1) Enhancing Mechanisms for Promoting Open innovation between sectors Ensuring stable cyclical use; support of doctoral students encouraging young ers to be independent Developing anresources environment for full (2) Innovations for realizing a super smart society 約8,200人 Enhance promotion systems in companies, universities, public Identifying a new pressinginissue that has become increasingly important in light of the rapid advancement of cyber society 大学等 institutes (such as by engaging full-scale collaboration with Securing a stable food supply (2) Establishment FosteringofSTI human resources a society in which people enjoy long healthy lives with world-leading medical technology Promoting for the creation of new AI big data; responding to the Building Fostering increasing next-generation human resources for graduate school reforms including doctoral education in input of human resources,r&d knowledge, capital from services industry;that utilize cyberspace, sensor technologies, 318千人 infrastructure for sustainable cities regions; 約7,400人 約1,200人 effects of cybersecurity issues on ourenhancing society the to bridging cyberspace activities; innovating techniques for enhancing STI, including data management system reform of universities; Extending service life the for efficient, effective infrastructure collaboration with industry, uniform reforms in high-school university education university entrance selection, 約200人 約500人 R&D openinstitutes). science techniques; developing recruiting human resources Improving competitiveness function ofscience National increasing engineersin manufacturing value creation Accelerate the mobility of human resources create spaces for 約2,100人 非営利団体 約800人 約12,400人 (3) Government-initiated core technologies (national strategy core企業 technology) 公的機関 co creation to concentrate personnel, knowledge, capital. 531千人 43千人 約100人 Through these initiatives, increase the number of ers transferring affecting the nation s existence Acquiring, retaining developing technologies (national strategy core between sectors by 20% for theensuring amount of collaborative funds from the Survey of Science technologies) security safety of the country people orcreated driving national growth, while Technology Research 2014 received from industry universities National R&D security institutes situations, by 50%. Bureauinformation, of Statistics, Ministry ofto Internal taking into by account changes in national including geopolitical ensure self- Ensure safety security for our nation its citizens a high-quality, prosperous way of life (3) Diversifying human resources Addressing natural disasters Promoting leaders, developing environment Ensuring foodfemale safety, living environments, an occupational health to accept support foreign students Cybersecurity (4) Ensuring Promoting movement of human resources across organizations, sectors borders Addressing national security issues Affairs Communications Introducing new salary employment systems such as annual salary cross appointment, support of young Japanese in Addressing global challenges contributing to global development (2) Enhancingorganization the Creation SMEs Startup Companies to Tackle New Business Opportunities ofautonomy of Japan foreign countries Addressing global climate change; Responding to biodiversity loss [Potential technological examples] Provide appropriate support at each phase, from nurturing entrepreneurs, starting up companies, Observation forecast of natural disaster, HPC, space exploration, next-generation aircraft, marine resource commercialization, business growth (such as by promoting the creation of academic startups, survey, data driven material design,etc.), dynamic systems, artificial intelligent, robotics, cyber security, guaranteeing initial dem for newtype products services increasebiological IPOs M&As. (1)strategically Promoting scientific basic innovation sources important frontiers for Japan, from a long-term as respective. laser, etc. (3) Strategic advanced Use of International Intellectual Property Stardization National investment in scientific basic excluded from market principle Reform reinforcement of Grants-in-Aid to respond to social dem, effective efficient promotion of strategic Promote utilization of IP scattered across small medium-sized companies 2. Strategic international promotion ofuniversities STI (increase proportion of domestic patent Chapter 4: Reinforcing the Fundamentals for STI creation programs including the shared use joint system reform reinforcement setting of evidence based applications by small medium-sized companies to 15%, increase the number of license agreements on university patents by 50%), Promoting global strategies on the basis of various policies for cooperation with different strategic goals, formulation of world-leading center To flexibly appropriately respond to the various changes that may occur in the years ahead, we will work at promote international stardization enhance support In association with responsesof to ainnovation variety of problems, sources we will continuously enhance the series of science 2, Reinforcement technology initiatives that support the appropriate development, utilization, management of the oceans space which are fundamental strengths while focusing onfacilities fostering young human resources improving (2)thoroughly Strategicconsolidating reinforcement of common base technology, equipment information their career prospects STI, R&D on reforming enhancing the functions of universities. infrastructure toinsupport activities systems forcountries; this purpose. developing international strategies for enhancing science technology; (4) Reviewing Improving the Regulatory Environment for Innovation developing international diplomatic ST strategies Promotion of R&D for nanotechnology, photon quantum, telecommunication, mathematical science, development of Review systems in accordance to new products services, improve IP systems in centers response toin tremendous development in ICT. Building international cooperation innovation Japan the world, Trend in age structure of full-time facilities equipment available for industry, academic government as common platforms, development of facilities promoting large R&D projects in international cooperation (5) Developing Innovation Systems that Contribute to Regional Revitalization university teaching staff Age 40-49歳 at universities, of information infrastructure 30 equipment Clearly defining career paths forreinforcement young ers establishing an (1) Developing High quality Human Resources environment that enables actively demonstrate their abilities 3. Establishment ofthem antoinnovation system for sustainable open innovation Age24.7% 50-59歳 motivation according to the stage of their career (such as by increasing the (1) Reforms in industry-academia-government collaboration number of tenure posts for young ers through the adoption of 25 Age25-39歳 Reinforcement of relations between STI society Drive self-regulating sustainable innovation systems through regional leadership (such as promote revitalization of regional companies etc.). (1) Recovery of social trust for Generating Innovation in Anticipation of Global 20 Regional creation through STIconversion or the establishment a new innovation system enabling prompt R&D application (6) to Cultivating annual salary schemes the to fixed-termof employment for Opportunities Taking measures against misconduct, promoting risk Needs communication 60歳以上 Age 60+ senior including staff at universities; promote platform introductionfor of producing the tenure track system collaborative achievements by promoting society, a collaboration outsting mobility of Establish mechanisms to promote anticipation of global needs inclusive innovation* S&T with society 15 * Socially(2) inclusive progressed sustainable innovation. In science technology cooperation with newly emerging developin g countries, as a general rule;money increasing the number of cross-sectoral young full-time teaching personnel, things, information (e.g. human movement, visualization of outcomes to shift from the aid style cooperation of the past 年度 FY needs) aim staff at universities by 10%; etc.). Emphasizing co-creative STI that helps solve social issues by connecting social needs to Created from Statistical Survey of School Teachers, Ministry of synergetic effects of knowledge, viewpoints, ways in industry, academia government. Education, Culture, Sports, Science Technology Foster secure a diverse human resources who engage in STI, establish policy formation through various activities, including communication (2) Promotion inreforms companies reinforced support for business deployment Chapter 6: Deepening the Relationship between STI Society career paths of forsti them; of graduate school education through collaboration with universities, industry, collaboration among diverse stakeholders Support of capable university reinforcement SMEs,in incentive for companies conducting R&D other sectors; developventures, human resources that willofengage STItax in the next generation. In pursuing STI, we will work to communicate cooperate with a variety of stakeholders in society. (3) Fostering humancareer resources supporting human resources) Improving platforms that diverse stakeholders can use to respond to each other; increasing social Improve women s prospects in STI byinnovation bringing up(innovation appointing women leaders; increase the number of Increases in innovation human resources such program administrators number technical assistance women ers as a proportion of new hires (toas30% overallmanagers, in the natural sciences); exp the involvement by scientists engineers; increasing involvement in STI by stakeholders in of women for the next generation. Develop international networks by enhancing support for Japanese ers going overseas societywith a variety of stakeholders. Issue scientific advises for policy formation Promote co-creation address ethical, legal, social issues. In addition, take measures to ensure integrity. Chapter Optimization ofretention STI ofcreation function increasing5the level of acceptance foreigners in Japan; promote greater mobility of personnel 2. Functonal enhancement of national R&D institutes as 3. Reforms in fund allocation across disciplines, organizations, sectors. innovation hubs National funds comprise a dual support for basic funds competitive funds, in principle, reforms include both funds. Enhancing the innovation hub function to drive the new innovation Ensuring that funding for competitive funds covers direct costs plus an additional 30% for Towards the functional improvement of universities based on the future hub in light of national R&D institutes Chapter 7: Enhancing the Capacity to Promote STI Reforms enhancements aimed at promoting academic basic as a source of innovation (This includes the indirect costs. visions of various universities, defining three prioritized support areas within Promoting thepublic establishment reform enhancement of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) in accordance with the mate; of a unique er evaluation system Sharing, in principle, relatively large, versatile equipment purchased Reform enhance of universities National R&D Institutes that aredevices the main agentswith at ofeach corporation, leadership of human resource system reform, the functions the framework of government subsidies nationalfundamental university corporations reform enhancement of strategic for imperative ; improvement interdisciplinary ; of STI;properties, enhance the policy; ensure R&D investment. competitive STI funds reinforcement of creating utilizing intellectual system for promoting pursuit of specific- international jointuniversities ; (tentative) the formation centers that meet the highest international stards etc.) Creating of prominent formulation of a center to integrate industrial, academic Making reforms that address the need to foster young human resources (i.e., making graduate Strategicschools enhancement of common fundamental technologies to support R&D activities, facilities, equipment, information (tentative) things, money information, infrastructure; the development of a system for implementing open science (such as government by exping personnel, the utilization of findings Radically reformthrough enhance the function of universities on aberecognition of their contribution salaries for based leaders payable from direct costs, emphasizing the need to Enhancing efforts for the functional strengthening of IR at universities from publicly funded etc.). edium- to long-term target setting, evaluationtoofsociety corporations, budget, through education reform enhance the function National R&D foster young ers in screening ofevaluation processes) Increasing to privatepapers educational Increase thefinancial number aid of published throughinstitutions such efforts, increase the numberprocedures of Top 10% papers as a proportion of projects Institutes, as a driving force of the innovation system. 1. ofinuniversity function (2) Reinforcement Promoting Excellence Knowledge Creation total papers (to 10%). Chapter 6 Enhancement of the promotion system of STI policies (3)Enhancement Strengthening Funding Reform 1. of policy planning promotion function To increase the effectiveness of STI policy, by aiming for a unified implementation of international STI activities science technology diplomacy, by promoting policy based on objective evidences. Increases in asnational R&D investment function of CSTI (such by constantly improving policy quality 2. PDCA cycle in STI policies Also, enhance the control tower 3. the use of performance indicators, promote SIPinvestment etc.). National R&D goals were not achieved after the 2nd Basic Plan. improvement of R&Dthrough evaluation systems Integrating relating to the expenses CSTIP exercising Reform policy definiteareas measure of fundamental in order to enable more efficient Continuous effective management of 1% of national fundssector to GDP is fundamentally control tower function. universities To implement the Basic use, Plan, ensure that combined publicr&d private R&D investment is at least ensured, the Introducing R&D program evaluation for routine Reform of public funding (such as by making competitivescientific funds easier to use, examining the inclusion of overhead total investment clearly indicated in thewith 5th Basic Plan. Promoting science for policies, investigating 4% of GDP,carrier that path government R&D investment is at leastamount 1% of GDP, maintaining compatibility fostering human resources ensuring expenses into all funding, promoting the shared use of equipment etc.). advising mechanism The Plan to Advance Economic Fiscal Revitalization. If GDP growth averages 3.3% per year over the Integrate national university reform with funding reform (including new allocation assessment of operating expense grants etc.) term of the Basic Plan, total government R&D investment would be approximately 26 trillion yen. Source: Source: Cabinet MEXT Office

11 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology The Ministry of Internal Affairs Communications (MIC) was to consult the Telecommunications Council for advice on the direction for a new telecommunications technology strategy for the 5 years from December The interim recommendation was compiled in July 2015 by the Strategy Committee of the Telecommunications Council. The interim recommendation proposes priority R&D fields issues, methods for promoting them, in order to reform the social system foster new value It fosters such value by adapting world-leading ICT to society. The interim recommendation identified priority R&D issues. To focus discussion on issues of advanced technology, such as next-generation artificial intelligence that combines big data analysis, brain science automatic control/autonomous driving systems, the Strategy Committee established the AI & Brain Science Working Group the Advanced Technology Working Group in December These working groups started examinations on detailed methods of promoting projects, on methods of educating personnel, on a stardized road map. Under METI, the R&D Evaluation Subcommittee of the Committee on Industrial Science Technology Policy Environment under the Industrial Structure Council compiled an interim report for the 5th Basic Plan in June That report emphasized the importance of the following: developing a scheme for creating outsting technology seeds, establishing a gap-bridging system that nurtures innovative technology seeds to commercialization, proposing roles for each body in an innovation system collaboration among bodies, pursuing the development mobility of human resources who lead innovation. In March 2015, the R&D Evaluation Subcommittee discussed issues related to the 5th Basic Plan. (2) Expert Panel on Key Issues The Expert Panel on Key Issues was established for the purpose of ensuring the promotion of solution-oriented policies under the 4th Basic Plan for furthering the Action Plans specified by CSTI. This expert panel intends to use its expertise to investigate examine the key issues that are listed in the 4th Basic Plan the Comprehensive Science, Technology Innovation Strategy as issues that need to be focused on at present or to be more thoroughly dealt with in future. (3) Expert Panel on Evaluation The Expert Panel on Evaluation conducted one ex-ante evaluation, one mid-term evaluation three ex-post evaluations of large R&D development projects collated the evaluation results. (4) Expert Panel on Bioethics The Expert Panel on Bioethics has been studying examining emerging bioethical issues in response to recent advances in the life sciences has published an interim report. These issues include on the use of germ cells derived from ES cells ips cells to create human embryos. 194

12 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Section 3 Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation Each year, CSTI leads in formulating the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation, because STI is positioned as an important pillar of the growth strategy. The Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015 was established in June 2015 in conjunction with the 5th Basic Plan that would be launched in FY 2016 (Figure 2-1-5). Five fields were positioned as priority policy fields for the Comprehensive Strategy. They were selected considering the following: 1) FY 2016 is the first year of the 5th Basic Plan, 2) measures need to be launched a year before the start of the Basic Plan to secure the Plan s smooth start, 3) issues identified from the current domestic international socioeconomic situations must be promptly surely addressed, 4) the policy objectives need to be surely achieved through the comprehension analysis of previous priority measures that were specified in the former comprehensive strategies. The five fields are as follows: 1) Endeavors to create future industry to transform society in the era of revolution 2) The promotion of science, technology innovation that contribute to regional revitalization 3) The promotion of science, technology innovation that make the most of the opportunity of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Paralympic games 4) The creation of an environment that fosters innovation chains 5) The implementation of important measures that address socioeconomic issues For the implementation of programs in priority policy fields, key performance indicators (KPIs) have been set for a proper understing analysis of the situation, towards achieving the objectives. In addition, the Comprehensive Strategy indicates that in order for CSTI to be a control center, there is the need for cross-ministerial policy development effective PDCA cycles for the 5th Basic Plan. Chapter 1 195

13 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology Figure / Outline of the Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology Innovation 2015 Source: Cabinet Office 196

14 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Section 4 Administrative Structure Budget for Science, Technology Innovation Policies 1 Administrative Structure for Science, Technology Innovation Policies On the basis of these recommendations guidelines, relevant administrative agencies are supervising the following: 1) conducted at national experiment institutions, at national R&D institutes at universities, 2) the promotion of under various programs, 3) improvements in the environment for R&D activities. MEXT is responsible for the coordination that is necessary for the development of specific R&D programs in diverse fields as well as for science technology-related administrative work of various administrative agencies. MEXT also takes administrative leadership in comprehensively promoting the implementation of R&D programs in important advanced science technology fields the advancement of creative basic. Table shows major reports from CST. The Science Council of Japan (SCJ), an organization that represents Japan s scientific community has 210 members about 2,000 associate members, is under the supervision of the prime minister. The SCJ is responsible for the following: 1) deliberating on key issues making recommendations to the government the public, 2) fostering the networking of scientists, 3) collaborating with international academic institutions, 4) promoting scientific literacy through education. (Figure Table 2-1-8). Chapter 1 197

15 Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science Technology Table / Major reports from Council for Science Technology (FY 2015) Date of issue June 16, 2015 Aug. 25, 2015 Nov. 27, 2015 Sept. 11, 2014 Feb. 26, 2016 Aug. 27, 2015 Aug. 27, 2015 Aug. 5, 2015 Nov. 25, 2015 Nov. 25, 2015 July 3, 2015 Aug. 5, 2015 June 8, 2015 Aug. 3, 2015 Sept. 28, 2014 Major Reports Subdivision on R&D Planning Evaluation Measures to promote Relationships between Society Science, Technology Innovation: Towards Co-creative Science, Technology Innovation [The Committee for the Science Technology for Safety Security, Social Linkage] 10-Year Policy on Earth Observation Implementation Policy for Japan [Earth Observation Promotion Working Group] Subdivision on Resources Research Stard tables of food composition in Japan 2015 (Seventh Revised Edition) Amino Acids, Stard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (Seventh Revised Edition) Fatty Acids, Stard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (Seventh Revised Edition) Available Carbohydrates, Polyols Organic Acids, Stard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (Seventh Revised Edition) Subdivision on Science Promoting Open Access to Academic Information in Japan (interim report) [Academic Information Committee] Promoting Open Access to Academic Information in Japan (interim report) [Academic Information Committee] Subdivision on Ocean Development Results of the preliminary R&D evaluation concerning marine science technology (August 2015) Concept of Future Marine Biology Research [Marine Biology Committee] Advanced Research Infrastructure Working Group Measures to promote the shared use, maintenance improvement of facilities equipment that support R&D infrastructure The introduction of a new system for facilities equipment whose shared use allows the integrated management of a organization Overview report on Technology for Advanced Measurement Analysis [Committee for the Development of Systems Technology for Advanced Measurement Analysis] Subcommittee on Industrial Collaboration Regional Support Management of Risk in Cooperative Industry-University-Government Activities at Universities [Examination Committee for the Management of Risk in Cooperative Industrial-Academic Activities at Universities] On the Future Direction of Intellectual Property Management at Universities towards Innovation: Establishing a Future-oriented Research Management System for Universities [Committee on University Intellectual Property Management for Strengthening Competitiveness] Strategic Basic Research Working Group Guideline for the formulation of strategic goals Committee on Human Resources Next-Generation Human Resource Development for Science, Technology Innovation (summary of discussions thus far) [Next Generation Human Resource Development Working Group] Special Committee on Comprehensive STI Policy Medium- to Long-term STI Policy in Japan - Toward Post 4th S&T Basic Plan - (final report) Source: MEXT 198

16 Chapter 1 Development of Science Technology Figure / Organizational structure of the Science Council of Japan (SCJ) Chapter 1 Note: As of October 2, 2014 Source: Cabinet Office Table / Major recommendations by the Science Council of Japan (SCJ) (FY 2015) Matters related to this white paper Advancement of measures for solving key issues Increases in the affluence of people s lives Recommendations Date of issue Gist Recommendation on the Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste (Recommendation) April 28, 2015 Improving the Environment of Meijijingu Gaien [the outer park of Meiji Shrine] Ensuring That April 24, 2015 Meijijingu Gaien Achieves Harmony with the New National Stadium (Recommendation) The report Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste was drafted in September 2012 in response to a request by the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. More detailed discussions were held to comprehensively consider both society technology, the recommendations were made regarding the following: (1) methods durations of temporary storage; (2) the responsibility of businesses that generated the waste, fairness among regions bearing the burden, (3) actions that address responsibility to future generations, (4) permanent disposal cidate sites, risk analyses for these, (5) the organization of a system for forming consensus. Instead of producing temporary assets, the huge investment in facilities for the Olympic Paralympic Games, a globally notable event, should produce enduring, widely used assets that will be hed down to future generations. To this end, the following improvement plans, which are feasible which contribute to the global environment, are recommended: (1) the creation of a real forest whose ground, unlike the planned artificial ground, fosters a natural water cycle whose ecosystem resembles the current ecosystem of Meijijingu Shrine; (2) the restoration of surface flow on the 199