Bringing forth Global Sustainability Innovation through Collaboration between Academia, Industry, and the Public Sector

Transcription

1 Bringing forth Global Sustainability Innovation through Collaboration between Academia, Industry, and the Public Sector YARIME Masaru Graduate Program in Sustainability Science (GPSS) Graduate School of Frontier Sciences University of Tokyo Session on Sustainability Innovation International Conference on Sustainability Science (ICSS) Asia 2011 Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam, March 2-4, 2011

2 How Sustainability Science is Different from Others Systemic aspects Many issues are connected and interdependent, e.g. climate change and biodiversity Requiring systemic understanding and interventions Long-term time framework Impacts and influences in the future Dynamic process of change Equity of different generations Action-oriented Implementing knowledge for actions to address the pressing sustainability challenges our societies face 2

3 Critical Role of Innovation towards Sustainability Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (2007) Accelerating technological innovation as a key component of policies to deliver timely, effective and economically efficient climate change mitigation 3

4 Understanding Innovation: From Individual Attributes to Systemic Characters Importance of Innovation in Economic Development Schumpeter Mark I in the 1930s and Schumpeter Mark II in the 40s Market Concentration, Firm Size Industrial Economics in the 1950s and 60s R&D Organization and Strategy Rosenberg, 1976; Mowery, 1981; Freeman, 1982; Rosenberg, 1982; Dosi, 1984; 1988; Kodama, 1991; Rosenberg, 1994; Kodama, 1995 National Innovation Systems Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1992; Nelson, 1993; Carlsson, 1995; Edquist, 1997; Goto and Odagiri, 1997 Network of Universities, Firms, and Public Research Institutes Powell, Koput, and Smith-Doerr, 1996; Owen-Smith, Riccaboni, Pammolli, and Powell, 2002; Owen-Smith and Powell, 2004

5 Innovation for Sustainability Sustainability Science and Innovation Studies Separate communities with different academic backgrounds and approaches Emphasis on systemic and dynamic characters Need to integrate the two fields for understanding the governance of innovation towards sustainability 5

6 Aspects of Innovation Systems Structure Functions Dynamics

7 Structural Components of Innovation Systems Knowledge domain (issue specificity) Environmental protection, public health, food security, poverty, Actors involved Universities, public research institutes, private companies, policy makers, Institutions Norms, customs, established practices, rules, laws/regulations, standards,

8 Functions of Innovation Systems Knowledge development and diffusion R&D Influence on search direction Understanding of social needs Niche experimentation Promotion of Entrepreneurship Market formation Establishment of Robust Business Models Legitimization Social acceptance Resource mobilization Human resources Financial channels (cf. Bergek, Jacobsson, Carlsson, Lindmark, and Rickne, 2008) 8

9 Functional Approaches to Innovation Systems Tend to be static, not a dynamic analysis How to understand linkages/causalities between different functions? Case study of the technological innovation system of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in China (Xu, Yarime, and Onuki, 2010)

10 Sustainability Innovation as a Social Process of Knowledge Transformation Emergence of a phenomenon Coupled natural-social systems, natural sciences and social sciences Recognition of the issue Reporting in the media, discourse analysis Scientific research conducted at universities and research institutes Behavior of scientists with incentives, sociology and economics of science Technological development and production Technological development, engineering Behavior of private firms with incentives, economics of technological change and innovation studies Impacts in society Assessment of environmental protection and safety, energy/materials flow analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) Feedbacks from society Reactions of various actors, STS Nonlinear processes of multiple channels of feedbacks (Yarime, 2011)

11 Expansion of the Missions of Academia Teaching University Preservation and dissemination of knowledge New mission of teaching, generating conflict of interest controversies Research University First academic revolution Two missions: teaching and research Entrepreneurial University Second academic revolution Third mission: economic and social development; traditional missions continued Etzkowitz (2003) 11

12 Functions of Industry-Academy Collaboration Scientific and technological knowledge Can increase the efficiency of applied R&D in industry by guiding research towards more fruitful directions Prototypes for new products and processes Equipment and instrumentation Used by firms in their production processes or their research Skills/Human capital Embodied in students and faculty members Capacity for scientific and technological problemsolving Networks of scientists and engineers and users 12

13 Forms of Industry-Academia Collaboration Academic Society/Association Exchange and dissemination of the findings of basic research Bilateral Research Collaboration Technological development Platform for Stakeholder Collaboration Societal experimentation for innovation towards sustainability 13

14 Cases of Innovation through Societal Collaboration between Academia, Industry, and the Public Sector Photocatalysts (Baba, Yarime, and Shichijo, 2010) Lead-Free Solders (Yarime, 2010) Anti-Malaria Mosquito Nets Electric Vehicles based on Secondary Batteries Sustainable city project addressing the two critical issues of climate change and aging society in Kashiwa

15 Exploratory Coupling of New Materials and Applications Application Application Application Application New Materials Application Application Novel Functions Application Importance of networks effectively coupling novel functions based on advanced scientific knowledge with diverse applications for economic/social needs

16 Commercial Applications of Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Photocatalyst Anti-Bacterial Ceramic Tile Cleaning of Air/Water/Soil TiO 2 Photocatalyst Anti-Fogging Window Glass Decomposition of organic compounds Superhydrophilicity Self-Cleaning Building Materials

17 Network Structure of Collaboration on Photocatalysts in Japan (2002)

18 Network of Collaboration on Photocatalysts in Japan (2002)

19 Formation of Networks for New Applications of Photocatalysts for Environmental Protection Application Industry University/Public Institutes Cleaning of Agricultural Wastewater Cooling System for Buildings Cleaning of Contaminated Soil Deodorization of Farms Seiwa Industry (filter), Ube-Nitto Chemical Izumi, Taiyo Industry (tent), Matsushita Electric (roof), Nippon Sheet Glass, JFE (steel), YKK (aluminum panel), TOTO (coating) Nichiei Industry Izumi Kanagawa Agricultural Research Institute, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology New Energy Development Organization (NEDO) Kimitsu City Government, University of Tokyo University of Tokyo

20 Network Structure of Collaboration on Lead- Free Solders in Japan (2004) Yarime (2010) Red: Firm Blue: University Green: Public Institute

21 Global Co-evolution of Technology and Institution for Innovation on Lead-Free Solders United States Japan Europe Proposals of Legislation on Lead- Containing Solders Formation of University- Industry Networks and Creation of Roadmap Environmental Policy on Phase-out of Lead- Containing Solders Formation of University- Industry Networks Commercialization of Lead-Free Products Formation of University- Industry Networks Formation of International Networks and Establishment of World Roadmap on the Development and Introduction of Lead-Free Solders Introduction of Policies for Phase-Out of Lead-Containing Solders in Other Countries

22 Characteristics of Knowledge and Forms of University- Industry Collaboration Concentration Photocatalysts Exploratory Knowledge Diversification of knowledge, competition Collaboration Form Uniform Support for application for social purposes (health, environmental protection) Foundational knowledge Sharing and coordination of knowledge Support for standardization and evaluation of new knowledge Lead-Free Solders Exploratory Knowledge Characteristics Foundational 22

23 Development and Diffusion of Mosquito Nets for Preventing Malaria Olyset Net of Sumitomo Chemical Ito (2009) 23

24 Corporate Strategy for Research and Development and Production on Mosquito Nets Coordination between different divisions for research and development Divisions of polymers and pesticides Long-term support within the company Demands for products creating societal values might not be large or stable at an initial stage. Low production cost in developing countries Creation of jobs in local communities Transfer of technologies to local firms Favorable conditions on intellectual property rights Direct connection to firm s core business Long-term expertise on polymers and pesticides 24

25 Adoption and Use of Products at Local Communities Critically important to understand how local people actually behave and use the product Implementation of education and information provision to users Establishment of appropriate systems for product distribution, maintenance service and recycling of used products From top-down approach to introducing products to bottom-up approach with community participation Improved efficiency in information sharing, monitoring, and feedback for further improvement 25

26 Collaboration with Stakeholders University and research institutes Collection of data and information on the location of diseases such as malaria Evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-malaria nets actually used in local conditions Public sectors, including governments and international organizations (WHO, UNICEF) Ensuring long-term, sustained demands for products Reliable and credible information on technologies Providing legitimacy and neutrality Non-governmental organizations Delivery and recycling of mosquito nets Sharing and disseminating information Establishment of networks of relevant actors at local communities 26

27 Case of Collaboration between University, Private Company, and NGOs in Africa Nutrition Improvement Project in Ghana by Ajinomoto Nutritious baby food Research resource Ajinomoto MDG project University of Ghana Local Network Research data Contribution to MDGs Collaborative development of baby food Research data Permission to new business Reports Research requests International Nutrition Foundation MDG contribution Education program Suzuki (2011) Business-friendly environment Reliability NGO or Social company MOH Social Entrepreneur Nutritious baby food Education Gov. Health Service System GHS Mothers CHPS Nutritious baby food Education NGO or Aid organization Education program Community Health nurse Health Extension worker Health volunteer Cooperation 27

28 Inclusive Business Initiatives for Innovation Company Name Category of Industry* Project Description MDG Contributions SONY Electric Appliances Public viewing in Africa with HIV/AIDS campaigns. Preventing HIV/AIDS expansion. MITSUI Wholesale Trade Agricultural support utilizing photovoltaic generation in Mozambique Reducing poverty by increasing agricultural productivity. YAMAHA MOTOR Transportation Equipment Purification of dirty water by Clean Water System Increasing population with sustainable access to safe drinking water. Panasonic Electric Appliances Multiuse innovation container for areas without electricity Improving the quality of life of the poor with better educational conditions. SANYO Electric Appliances Small solar lantern business Mitigating CO2 emission by clean technology, Creating job opportunities. SOMPO JAPAN Insurance Weather Index Insurance mitigating financial damages by climate disaster Providing the poor with adaptation measures of climate change, Reducing extreme poverty. Implementation through Collaboration with Academia and International Organizations (UNDP, JICA, etc.) 28

29 Recent University Initiatives for Creating a Platform for Stakeholder Collaboration Social System Innovation through Secondary Batteries Introduction of electric vehicles to the island of Okinawa Creation of platform initiated by university researchers University Automotive company Car rental company Infrastructure provider Local business communities 29

30 Social Experimentation for Innovation through Stakeholder Collaboration in Kashiwa City, Japan Photovoltaics, Heat Pump, Smart Grid Housing Low-Carbon Society Institutional Design Urban Planning Aging Society Low Carbonization with Elderly People Agriculture Electric Vehicles, On- Demand Bus Mobility Integration Knowledge System Co-Evolution of Technology and Institutions for Sustainability 30 Innovation

31 Emergence of Smart Grids/Cities for Sustainability Systemic approaches to achieving sustainability of cities around the world Tianjin Eco City, Green Grid Initiative in New Mexico, Integration of electricity, water, housing, transport, and information Various types of stakeholders in society, including component suppliers, infrastructure providers, users, etc. Cannot be implemented by a single company specializing in providing specific products Requires collaboration with companies in different industries, governments, international organizations Transition in business models at corporate levels to societal level 31

32 Integration of Various Types of Knowledge and Establishment of Social Business Models for Innovation Understanding the mechanisms of producing innovation Linking and integrating innovations in different fields Establishing business model at societal levels Packaging of knowledge, experience, and know-how International transfer of system innovation coupled with institutional design 32

33 Academia-Industry-Government Collaboration for Sustainability Innovation Functions Vision creation, Data collection and analysis, Technological development, Societal legitimation Challenges and obstacles Internal procedures, Mindsets, Costs, Evaluation of outcomes Choice of targets Industrial sector, Geographical region, Technological field, Societal issue Methodology Basic research, Joint technological development, Demonstration, Wider diffusion in society 33

34 Program Bringing forth Global Sustainability Innovation through Collaboration between Academia, Industry, and the Public Sector2 Associate Professor, YARIME Masaru, GPSS, University of Tokyo Vietnam towards Low Carbon Development Mr. Le Duc Chung, Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), Vietnam JICA s Green ODA in the Case of Viet Nam Mr. ODAJIMA Ken, JICA URENCO s Environmental Business on 3R in Hanoi City Ms. Luong Thi Mai Huong, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering Project Implementation through Collaboration between Industry and the Public Sector: ITOCHU s Challenge to Sustainable Energy Development in Vietnam Mr. MASHIKO Ryutaro, ITOCHU Corporation Some Results of Applying Energy Saving and Finding New Energy Resources for Sustainability Innovation Prof. Dr. Dinh Van Nha, Director of Institute of Science Technology & Training Omega, Vice Chairman, Vice General Secretary of Vietnam Association on Automation, Vice General Director of Polyco Group Effect of Environmental Financing on Green Innovation and Technology Transfer Mr. KAMIMURA Yasuhiro, GPSS, University of Tokyo Open Discussion