COLLABORATIVE NETWORKED ORGANIZATIONS. A research agenda for emerging business models

Transcription

1 COLLABORATIVE NETWORKED ORGANIZATIONS A research agenda for emerging business models

2 COLLABORATIVE NETWORKED ORGANIZATIONS A research agenda for emerging business models Edited by Luis M. Camarinha-Matos New University of Lisbon Portugal Hamideh Afsarmanesh University of Amsterdam The Netherlands KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

3 ebook ISBN: Print ISBN: Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's ebookstore at:

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE ix xi INTRODUCTION TOWARDS NEXT BUSINESS MODELS SOME BASIC CONCEPTS NEW COLLABORATIVE FORMS VO IN INDUSTRY: STATE OF THE ART Spiros Alexakis, Bernhard Kölmel, Tobias Heep VIRTUAL ORGANISING SCENARIOS Bernhard R. Katzy, Hermann Loeh, Chunyan Zhang EMERGING COLLABORATIVE FORMS Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Eoin Banahan, Jorge Pinho de Sousa, Flavius Sturm, Hamideh Afsarmanesh, José Barata, Jim Playfoot, Volker Tschammer GLOBAL AND REGIONAL RESEARCH AGENDAS TARGETING MAJOR NEW TRENDS Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh. António Abreu CHALLENGES OF COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS IN EUROPE Hamideh Afsarmanesh, Luis M. Camarinha-Matos A CHALLENGE TOWARDS VO IN JAPANESE INDUSTRY: INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER Toshiya Kaihara COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS IN AUSTRALIA CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS Laszlo Nemes, John Mo A BRAZILIAN OBSERVATORY ON GLOBAL AND COLLABORATIVE NETWORKED ORGANIZATIONS Ricardo J. Rabelo, Alexandra A. Pereira-Klen SOME AMERICAN RESEARCH CONCERNS ON VO H T Goranson HUMAN, SOCIETAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS SOCIO-ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES IN THE CREATIVE ECONOMY Eoin Banahan, James Playfoot TOWARDS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN COLLABORATIVE NETWORK STRUCTURES Flavius Sturm, Jeroen Kemp, Ruben van Wendel de Joode

5 vi COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS Stephen Evans, Norman Roth PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND ADDED VALUE OF NETWORKS Stephen Evans, Norman Roth, Flavius Sturm ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES FACING THE VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION Scott Hawkins INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY FACTORS SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURES FOR NEW COLLABORATIVE FORMS Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh AGENT TECHNOLOGY ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR VO Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Volker Tschammer, Hamideh Afsarmanesh FOUNDATIONS AND MODELING EMERGING BEHAVIOR IN COMPLEX COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh FORMAL MODELING METHODS FOR COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh AGENT TECHNOLOGY FOR VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS MODELING SOCIAL ASPECTS OF COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS António Lucas Soares, Jorge Pinho de Sousa THE ORGANIZATIONAL SEMIOTICS NORMATIVE PARADIGM Joaquim Filipe AN EXAMPLE ROADMAP A ROADMAPPING METHODOLOGY FOR STRATEGIC RESEARCH ON VO Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh A STRATEGIC ROADMAP FOR ADVANCED VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh, Hermann Löh, Flavius Sturm, Martin Ollus ANNEXES A.1 AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS A.2 METHOD OF WORK IN THINKcreative PROJECT SUBJECT INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

6 TECHNICAL SPONSOR: European Commission IST Project Thinking network of experts on emerging smart organizations PARTNERS UNINOVA Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, Portugal [Coordinator] IAO - Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung e.v., Germany UvA - Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands CAS Software AG, Germany CTU - Czech Technical University, Czech Republic CeTIM - Centre for Technology and Innovation Management, Germany / The Netherlands Fokus Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung e.v., Germany CrU - Cranfield University, UK INESC P - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores do Porto, Portugal Skandia Insurance Company Ltd., Sweden RAL - RoundRose Associates Ltd., UK

7 FOREWORD A research agenda for collaborative networks Purpose. Many practical application experiments and pilot cases nowadays provide evidence on what works and what still remains as a challenge for collaborative networked organizations (CNOs). The fast evolution of the information and communication technologies and in particular the so-called Internet technologies, also represents an important motivator for the emergence of new forms of collaboration. However, most efforts in this area are highly fragmented, considering only some partial facets and not a holistic perspective that would be required. We are therefore at a point in which it is necessary to define much more consolidated and sustainable research strategies for a second phase of research and development in this area. This book addresses the main disciplines involved in CNOs. It further synthesizes the views and opinions expressed by a large number of visionaries from the main disciplines involved in CNOs, and offers a comprehensive set of recommendations for the establishment of a research agenda on collaborative networks. As recognized experts in their specific areas, different authors in this book have presented work that is backed by a large number of research results, each focusing on specific facets of collaborative networks, and coming out of a large number of international and national projects. Intended audience. Given the objectives of the book, the intended audience includes mainly the research strategy planners, decision-makers at the research funding organizations, group leaders in research institutions, and the heads of research departments in companies interested in research and innovative development activities in the area of e-business and collaborative networks. Furthermore, the book can also provide valuable directions to PhD advisors and PhD students, who try to focus their research themes. Style. This is a multi-author book and therefore, although an attempt is made by the editors to achieve minimal uniformity, the reader should expect to find different styles of writing along the various chapters. In order to facilitate the reading of the book however, the editors have also provided six summary overviews, one at the beginning of each of the main parts of the book. These overviews offer a guide to the corresponding chapters included in each part, as well as a summary of the main messages conveyed by those chapters. Nevertheless, the reader needs to be aware of the fact that the CNO paradigm is a highly multi-disciplinary area for research, and requiring contributions from a large number of experts from different research communities. This by itself introduces a new level of heterogeneity in the styles, as different communities have different ways of expressions, different literary styles, and in each discipline different inherent semantics are associated to the terminology used. Sources. This book includes both the integrated summaries of the main findings and the recommendations resulted from various initiatives promoted by THINKcreative project, namely several regional and focused workshops, the Delphi survey, and

8 x COLLABORATIVE NETWORKED ORGANIZATIONS discussion panels, as well as some individual contributions in form of position papers. The above activities, funded in part by the European Commission under the IST programme, were carried out during a period of about two and half years, and involved more than 250 industry and academic experts, mostly from Europe. In addition to the THINKcreative-based contributions, a number of other researchers from other geographical regions (Australia, Japan, Brazil, and USA) were invited to also contribute with their perspectives on the main research challenges in this area. Finally a roadmap is also presented in this book, aimed at the strategic research on advanced virtual organizations. This roadmap was also developed in the context of another IST project, the VOmap. The VOmap took many of the THINKcreative findings and recommendations as input towards generating its research roadmap. The roadmap resulted in the VOmap project is included in the book as an example of a possible research program for the CNO area. Book structure. In summary, the book sections include the following: Section 1 presents the general motivation and introduces a brief intuitive definition of the main concepts used along the text. Section 2 summarizes the characteristics of existing and emerging collaborative network forms and draws some scenarios regarding future collaboration forms. Section 3 is devoted to the identification of general requirements in CNOs research and development, including the perspectives from different geographical regions. Section 4 is focused on the discussion of challenges from a socio-economic and managerial perspective, where the value systems, ethical, and moral issues are also addressed. Section 5 addresses the technological support in terms of current trends, emerging technologies, standards, and needs. Section 6 addresses the issue of establishing a formal theoretical foundation for CNOs and what are the most promising approaches to consider as the baseline. Finally, Section 7 includes a concrete example of a strategic research roadmap generated by the IST VOmap project. Additionally, two Annexes are provided, including the biographic information on the authors, and a summary of the working methodology adopted in THINKcreative project. Please note that although a large number of topics are presented and discussed in the book, clearly enough not all aspects of the CNO paradigm are covered. Therefore, in addition to what is included in the book, some other aspects of collaborative networks require further research, e.g. the topic of knowledge management, a horizontal issue crossing different areas of CNO, is not much emphasized. Nevertheless, the included topics address the strong needs for a comprehensive research effort inthis area. The editors would like to thank the large community of experts involved in this work for their many valuable opinions, suggestions, and recommendations. On behalf of the THINKcreative consortium we also thank the European Commission, the Commission s project officer Joel Bacquet, and the review team, Professors José Manuel Mendonça and Ulrich Berger for their support. We hope the result of this work can constitute a valuable input for those concerned with the definition of research directions towards a new generation of collaborative networked organizations. The editors Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Hamideh Afsarmanesh, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

9 PREFACE Improving competitiveness of European industry is one of the major goals set up by the European Union Member States at the Lisbon Summit. In this respect Information and Communication technologies (ICT) play an important role to foster innovative products and business processes. What is at stake is the productive use of ICT. In the case of e-business it is not limited to Internet connections or selling on-line. Competitiveness of organisations needs to be raised and this can be achieved by increasing their productivity through fully exploiting the potential of ICT. The full potential has not been achieved yet. The challenge has now shifted to incorporate e-business in both the internal and external activities of organisations. Full benefits for organisations of all sizes will come from their participation in the evolution of clusters from informal alliances of business partners into collaborative networked organisations. These innovative, emerging collaborative forms, also called Virtual Organisations, are characterised by on-demand co-operation, requiring highly inter-linked infrastructures and business models. Initial research and development at both European and national levels, has been carried out in this domain, resulting in infrastructures, methods, and prototypes which in many cases were not generic enough to be fully propagated in the whole industry. Today there is an essential need to conduct fundamental research to better understand these emerging forms of collaboration. This book is one of the main results of an EU IST project, THINKcreative (Thinking network of experts on emerging smart organisations), which is a working group identifying the organisational forms, infrastructures, modelling tools, and socio-organisational needs for the next 5, 10 and 15 years. It provides a research agenda in this field by combining contributions from different disciplines, like complexity theory, biology, artificial intelligence, game theory, etc. I hope that the reader will be stimulated by these challenges, and that he could possibly contribute to the foundations of this collaborative network science applied to organisations. Joël Bacquet, (Head of sector Virtual Organisations ) Directorate General Information Society European Commission.