The Internet of Things The Ultimate ICT Revolution

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1 The Internet of Things The Ultimate ICT Revolution Washington April 21, 2015 Joseph Sifakis EPFL

The ICT Evolution Overwhelmingly Exploding 1936 1945 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Foundations - Alan

2 The ICT Evolution Overwhelmingly Exploding Foundations - Alan Turing, Kurt Gödel Evolution driven by exponential progress in technology and explosion of applications

3 Systems Everywhere Vital for Modern Societies

4 From SW to Systems Significant Differences Shift of focus from SW to Systems Systems are hard to design due to unpredictable and subtle interactions with their environment, rather than to complex data and algorithms System (SW+HW) Resources Buildings Transport Communications Health

5 From SW to Systems New Trends New trends break with traditional Computing Systems Engineering. It is hard to jointly meet technical requirements such as: Reactivity: responding within known and guaranteed delay e.g. flight controller Autonomy: provide continuous service without human intervention e.g. no manual start, optimal power management Dependability: guaranteed minimal service in any case e.g. resilience to attacks, hardware failures, software execution errors Scalability: at runtime or evolutionary growth (linear performance increase with resources) e.g. reconfiguration, scalable services...and also take into account economic requirements for optimal cost/quality Scientific and Technological Challenge: Capacity to design systems of guaranteed functionality and quality, at acceptable costs. 5

6 O V E R V I E W The Internet of Things Technological Convergence The Vision Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Systems Intelligent Systems Discussion 6

Technological Convergence Integration of services into packages which are sold to the consumers Integration of the traditional service-specific devices into devices providing converged services

7 Technological Convergence Integration of services into packages which are sold to the consumers Integration of the traditional service-specific devices into devices providing converged services Convergence Convergence of inter-sector policies in the context of global development: harmonize standards, regulate content and QoS, to enable pervasiveness of technologies Install and maintain a single converged network infrastructure towards an all-ip network? 7

exact condition of practically everything.

objects can communicate and interact with

8 Technological Convergence For a Smarter Planet IBM s initiative for a smarter planet INSTRUMENTED: We now have the ability to measure, sense and see the exact condition of practically everything. INTERCONNECTED: People, systems and objects can communicate and interact with each other in entirely new ways INTELLIGENT: We can respond to changes quickly and accurately, by predicting events and optimizing resources

9 Technological Convergence Mobiles Services

10 Technological Convergence Mobiles Services

11 Technological Convergence The Google Universe

12 Technological Convergence The Google Universe

13 O V E R V I E W The Internet of Things Technological Convergence The Vision Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Systems Intelligent Systems Discussion 13

14 The Internet of Things The Vision

15 The Internet of Things The Vision

16 The Internet of Things The Vision

17 The Internet of Things The Vision

18 The Internet of Things Behavioral Segmentation

19 The Internet of Things Behavioral Segmentation

20 The Internet of Things Industrial Internet

21 The Internet of Things Industrial Internet Data Loop

22 O V E R V I E W The Internet of Things Technological Convergence The Vision Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Systems Intelligent Systems Discussion 22

Computing systems engineering is at the same stage of development as was Mechanics in the Middle Ages Science

23 System Design The Significant Difference Mature systems engineering disciplines are based on solid theory for building artefacts with predictable behavior over their life-time. Computing systems engineering is at the same stage of development as was Mechanics in the Middle Ages Science is lagging behind technology complex systems are built empirically Current theoretical approaches are inoperable correctness cannot be theoretically guaranteed

24 System Design About Design Design is a Universal Concept!. Easy Apple Pie Proceduralization RECIPE (Program) Put apples in pie plate; Sprinkle with cinnamon and 1 tablespoon sugar; In a bowl mix 1 cup sugar, flour and butter; Blend in unbeaten egg, pinch of salt and the nuts; Mix well and pour over apples; Bake at 350 degrees for 45 minutes Materialization INGREDIENTS (Resources) 1 pie plate buttered 5or 6 apples, cut up ¾ c. butter, melted 1 c. flour ½ c. chopped nuts 1tsp cinnamon 1tbsp sugar 1c. Sugar 1 egg

25 System Design Two Main Gaps Requirements (declarative) Application SW (executable) System (HW+SW) Correctness? Correctness? Programming Implementation

System Design Requirements Trustworthiness requirements express

as expected despite HW failures Design Errors Environment Disturbances

constraints on resources such as time, memory and energy characterizing

26 System Design Requirements Trustworthiness requirements express assurance that the designed system can be trusted that it will perform as expected despite HW failures Design Errors Environment Disturbances Malevolent Actions Optimization requirements are quantitative constraints on resources such as time, memory and energy characterizing 1) performance e.g. throughput, jitter and latency; 2) resources e.g. storage efficiency, processor utilizability The two types of requirements are antagonistic: System design should determine tradeoffs between cost and quality 26

27 System Design Levels of Criticality Safety critical: a failure may be a catastrophic threat to human lives Security critical: harmful unauthorized access Mission critical: system availability is essential for the proper running of an organization or of a larger system Best-effort: optimized use of resources for an acceptable level of trustworthiness 27

28 System Design Reported Failures

29 System Design Security is a Main Concern

30 System Design Security is a Main Concern

31 System Design Security is a Main Concern

32 System Design The Cost of Trustworthiness

33 System Design The Cost of Trustworthiness 33

34 O V E R V I E W The Internet of Things Technological Convergence The Vision Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Systems Intelligent Systems Discussion 34

35 Cyber-physical Systems Cyber-physical systems refer to the next generation of engineered systems requiring tight integration of computing, communication, and control technologies tightly combine the continuous dynamics (systems of differential equations) with the discrete dynamics of cyber systems (SW+HW). are important in overcoming many challenges in energy, environment, transportation, and health care e.g., to achieve stability, performance, reliability, robustness, and efficiency The emergence of Cyber-physical systems has been enabled by micro-scale and nano-scale design and fabrication technologies e.g., sensors, actuators, and processors that are small, cheap, fast, and energy efficient advances in system software, from high performance computing systems to real-time embedded systems wireless networks making feasible connectivity of mobile nodes.

36 Cyber-physical Systems Computer Aided Design Building smart systems as the composition of components whose cyber and physical parts are concurrently designed

37 Cyber-physical Systems Computer Aided Design

38 O V E R V I E W Technological Convergence The Internet of Things The Vision Requirements Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Engineering Intelligence Discussion 38

39 Components Mastering Complexity Complex systems are built form a relatively small number of types of components (bricks, atomic elements) and glue (mortar) that can be considered as a composition operator. Assumptions: The behavior of each component can be studied separately. The behavior of a composite component can be inferred by composing the behavior of its constituents. The behavior of the components is not altered when they are plugged in a given context. There is no common component model no theory for building computing systems from components

40 Components Correctness-by-Construction Compositionality rules guarantee that composite components inherit essential properties of constituent components We need compositionality results for progress properties such as deadlock-freedom and liveness

41 Components Correctness-by-Construction Compositionality rules guarantee that composite components inherit essential properties of constituent components We need compositionality results for progress properties such as deadlock-freedom and liveness

42 Components Correctness-by-Construction Composability rules guarantee that adding new components does not jeopardize essential properties of integrated components Feature interference in OS, middleware, telecommunication systems and web services are all due to lack of composability!

Components Correctness-by-Construction Fully customizable

call an endoskeleton (endo) and modules.

43 Components Correctness-by-Construction Fully customizable smartphones : The design for Project Ara consists of what we call an endoskeleton (endo) and modules. The endo is the structural frame that holds all the modules in place. A module can be anything, from a new application processor to a new display or keyboard, an extra battery, a pulse oximeter or something not yet thought of!

44 O V E R V I E W Technological Convergence The Internet of Things The Vision Requirements Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Engineering Intelligence Discussion 44

45 Intelligence The Myth of AI

46 Intelligence The Myth of AI

47 Intelligence The Myth of AI

finite number of facts) Supercomputers may be used explore a (large) predefined space of solutions or to

48 Intelligence The Myth of AI Intelligence is the ability to create knowledge by applying rules of reasoning: deduction, abduction (inference to the best explanation), induction (generalization from a finite number of facts) Supercomputers may be used explore a (large) predefined space of solutions or to combine predefined knowledge IBM Deep Blue (1997) IBM WATSON (2011) The Jeopardy!-playing question answering system

49 Intelligence Knowledge-based Engineering Knowledge is truthful information that embedded into the right network of conceptual interrelations can be used to understand a subject or solve a problem Scientific theories, but also Mathematics, Engineering, Social Sciences, Medicine, Cooking are domains of knowledge Challenges Quest for a theory of truth. What does it mean for information to be truthful? Analyzing information of the cyberspace in terms of well-formed, meaningful and veridical data. How does truthful information upgrade to knowledge? Integrating knowledge into computing systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise (Knowledgebased engineering)

Sciences Models of the labor market? What is the probability that.

50 Intelligence Knowledge-based Engineering Information Facts Data Software Formalized Knowledge Mathematics Physics Biology Computing Social Sciences Models of the labor market? What is the probability that.. next week? Online design tools? The Semantic WEB The Internet. Knowledge Unlimited

51 Intelligence Adaptivity Systems must provide services meeting given requirements in interaction with intrinsically uncertain (nondeterministic) environments Adaptivity consists in using control-based techniques to ensure correctness despite uncertainty SYSTEM CONTROLLER Parameter steering HW failures Varying ET Learning Objective Management Planning Mitigation Security Threats Varying Load System state

52 Intelligence Adaptivity Learning Movie would have been better Management of objectives Go to: 1) Stadium 2) Movie 3) Restaurant Planning 52

53 O V E R V I E W Technological Convergence The Internet of Things The Vision Requirements Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design Cyberphysical Systems Component-based Engineering Intelligence Discussion 53

54 Discussion The Ultimate ICT Revolution Europe had traditionally held strong positions in industrial sectors where embedded systems are key to their development e.g. mobile communications, automotive, avionics and space, rail, energy, consumer electronics, medical devices The main competitors used to be Asian players Europe is losing strong positions in industrial sectors where embedded systems are key to their development e.g. mobile communications, automotive, energy, consumer electronics, medical devices. Some examples: Rise of Samsung and Apple - decline of Nokia (acquired by Microsoft), Bankruptcy of BenQ Mobile ( formerly Siemens Mobile) Exit of Ericsson from the Sony-Ericsson joint venture Continued decline of Alcatel-Lucent

55 Discussion Over-hyped Technology? Gartner 12/08/2014: The IoT is the most over-hyped technology in development today lack of standardization in the area, as well as the changing nature of the technology itself, as part of the reason why widespread adoption is further than its promoters think

56 The Internet of Things The Limits of Integration Integrated network infrastructure covering a large variety of characteristics (few kilobytes to high-bandwidth, timed or asynchronous, any distance). The emergence of this infrastructure is likely not to happen before 10 years! 56

57 Discussion The Limits of Integration Do My Washer and Grill Have to Talk? Connectivity must enhance the user experience, not simply be included because it is possible to do so. Benefit provided by connectivity is arguably minimal when its cost is potentially compromised network security. Impossibility to guarantee security and dependability in general is and will remain the main roadblock to integration Scientific and technical limitations (lack of theoretical foundations, complexity, figuring out all possible attacks) Regulatory and policy-related issues (lack of strict regulatory frameworks for transparency and accountability of system designs)

Discussion The Limits of Integration Do My Washer and Grill Have to Talk? Connectivity must enhance the user experience, not simply be included because it is possible to do so.

58 Discussion The Limits of Integration Do My Washer and Grill Have to Talk? Connectivity must enhance the user experience, not simply be included because it is possible to do so. Benefit provided by connectivity is arguably minimal when its cost is potentially compromised network security. FEBRUARY 2015 VOL. 58 NO. 2 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 9 Impossibility to guarantee security and dependability in general is and will remain the main roadblock to integration Scientific and technical limitations (lack of theoretical foundations, complexity, figuring out all possible attacks) Regulatory and policy-related issues (lack of strict regulatory frameworks for transparency and accountability of system designs)

59 Discussion System Design Ideas+ Data Physics Information Knowledge Formalized Knowledge Mathematics Social Biology Computing Sciences Build in order to Study Science Phenomena Design Study in order to Build Physical World Living World Human-Built World Artifacts Artwork Cyber-world

Discussion System Design Developing rigorous frameworks for system design is both an intellectually challenging and culturally enlightening endeavor it nicely complements the quest for scientific

60 Discussion System Design Developing rigorous frameworks for system design is both an intellectually challenging and culturally enlightening endeavor it nicely complements the quest for scientific discovery in natural sciences Failure in this endeavor would seriously limit our capability to master the techno-structure also mean that designing is a definitely a-scientific activity driven by predominant subjective factors that preclude rational treatment Is everything for the best in the best of all possible cyber-worlds? - The toughest uphill battles are still in front of us

61 Thank you

The Key to the Internet-of-Things: Conquering Complexity One Step at a Time

The Key to the Internet-of-Things: Conquering Complexity One Step at a Time at IEEE QRS2017 Prague, CZ June 19, 2017 Adam T. Drobot Wayne, PA 19087 Outline What is IoT? Where is IoT in its evolution? A