A Social-Technological Alignment Matrix

Transcription

1 A Social-Technological Alignment Matrix Ivo Holanec 1, Christoph Thuemmler 1, 2, Oli Mival 1, Ai Keow Lim 1, Samuel Fricker 3 Edinburgh Napier University 1 Technical University Munich 2 Blekinge Institute of Technology 3

2 Apple launches the Apple Watch and Health Kit

3 The Social vs. Technological Determinism Does technology shape society, or does society influence technology? Is technological determinism a theory of society or a theory of technology?

4 Where is the truth? Like it or not, a chosen technology will affect how people live and work. However, this does not mean that we cannot change the direction of technological developments and control the possible impacts that specific technologies have upon society. Technology is a determinant of long-term economic growth. Major new technologies have important effects on the socio-economic system of any country into which they are introduced. Technology introduced to different places at different times will have different effect as political, social, economic, and institutional structures differ. Knowledge builds on previous knowledge therefore a new technology cannot have predetermined results.

5 Social-Technological Alignment Social-technological alignment is a (pro)? - active process to identify the imperatives and anticipate incompatibilities of social and technological determinism and take measures to counteract unwanted effects. For Social technological Alignment to happen some conditions must be fulfilled Technology must be ready to use and people ready to adopt it. Technology must be built on values that are shared with the corresponding social environment People must perceive that technology provides value for them. Others? Technologies survive if the right conditions and incentives are set to sustain the technology even if it means adaptation where social order changes.

6 A Social-Technological Alignment Matrix (STAM) The Social-Technological Alignment Matrix enables an innovation project to check whether the innovation-enabling parameters are in place and thus predict innovation success. The matrix offer specific guidance for healthcare innovation by giving specific references to relevant existing measurement tools. Parameters which might be used to measure and predict the alignment process and advise on steps to enhance and facilitate the uptake of new technology by users: Readiness Levels Shared Values Motivation Elasticity Control

7 STAM Parameter: Readiness Levels Increase the success rate of technology transition and likelihood of people s adoption of the new technology. Technological Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) Stanley et al., The NASA Technology Push Towards Future Space Mission Systems. NASA Headquarters, OAST Social Technology Readiness Index (TRI) Hale et al., A Scale for Assessing Human Factors Readiness Levels. Design Interactive

8 STAM Parameter: Shared Values Having shared goals and purpose will ensure new technology is fully interoperable and compatible with other technology and meet the highest standards of ethical compliance. Technological ISO (Human Centered Design for Interactive Systems) ISO 13485, ISO 14971, IEC (development process quality for medical device software) SO/IEC (information security management) Social Societal acceptance of new technology requires sound ethical reflection and adherence to laws and regulations Benefit and Harm Autonomy Equity Stakeholder Values Acceptability Quality of life Impact on family and care givers

9 STAM Parameter: Motivation Social acceptance of new technology is the primary success factor of the new technology. Technological Inner motivation of technological innovation for an organization is its profitability Social Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Extrinsic Motivation (Perceived Usefulness: TAM) Intrinsic Motivation (Assessing individual s level of computer playfulness)

10 STAM Parameter: Elasticity Elasticity is a key priority in new technology acceptance. Technological Technology needs to be scalable in order to allow adjustment in keeping in user needs and demands (ISO 9241) Social Openness (The higher the level of flexibility in user groups, the higher the chance of acceptance of a new technology)

11 STAM Parameter: Control Improved control will ensure effective software acceptance. Technological Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Social Computer self-efficacy Perceptions of external control

12 Conclusions Social Technological Alignment is a relevant concern to the field of Requirements Engineering Social Technological Alignment has a qualitative and a quantitative dimension Key Performance Indicators have been identified and outlined in this paper and might allow to identify potential consistencies and Paraconsistencies Further work is needed to establish a Social Technological Alignment Index (STAM Index) in order to predict potential implementation resistance

13 Thank You! References: S. T. Sadin, F. P. Povinelli, R. Rosen, NASA technology push towards future space mission systems. Space and Humanity Conference Banglore, India, Selected Proceedings of the 39th International Astronautica, 20, Parasuraman, A., Technology readiness index (TRI): a multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research (2000), Davis F. D., Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and use of acceptance of information technology. MIS Quart. (1989) 13(3) Venkatesh V., Davis F. D., A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management of Science, (2000), Sharfman M., Dean J., Flexibility in Strategic Decision Making: Informational and Ideological Perspectives. Journal of Management Studies 34(2): (1997) D.R.CompeauandA.Higgins, Computerself-efficacy:Developmentof a measure and initial test, vol. 19, no. 2, (Jun. 1995), pp