Presenting a live 90-minute webinar with interactive Q&A. Today s faculty features: Charles Bieneman, Member, Bejin Bieneman, Detroit

Transcription

1 Presenting a live 90-minute webinar with interactive Q&A Overcoming 101 Rejections for Computer and Electronics Related Patents Leveraging USPTO Guidance and Recent Decisions to Meet 101 Patent Eligibility Requirements THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 11, pm Eastern 12pm Central 11am Mountain 10am Pacific Today s faculty features: Charles Bieneman, Member, Bejin Bieneman, Detroit Richard J. Holzer, Jr., President, HolzerIPLaw, Denver The audio portion of the conference may be accessed via the telephone or by using your computer's speakers. Please refer to the instructions ed to registrants for additional information. If you have any questions, please contact Customer Service at ext. 10.

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4 Overcoming Sect. 101 Rejections Post-Alice Corp. Leveraging USPTO Guidance and Recent Decisions to Meet Sect.101 Patent Eligibility Requirements Charles Bieneman Bejin Bieneman PLC Richard Holzer HolzerIPLaw, PC

5 Patent-Eligibility Charles Bieneman Bejin Bieneman PLC

6 Overview Patent-eligibility before patentability. There is now subject matter that is patent-ineligible even without prior art that destroys patentability. Example: most business methods. Trade secret law picks up some but not all of the slack. Courts have been using Alice as a mechanism to get rid of patent cases. Federal court statistics are frightening for patent owners. PTAB statistics are also telling. Other legal winds are blowing (pleadings standard, functional claiming, venue) Net result is fewer disclosures make the cut/fewer lawsuits brought. Big gray area: claims that the PTO allows but that the PTAB and courts are less likely to let stand. Drafting and prosecution strategies CAN still make a difference. 6

7 Review Session: What Is the Abstract Idea Test? 7

8 Historical Doctrine of Patent Eligibility Art. 1, Section 8 of US Constitution To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. 35 U.S.C. 101 Inventions Patentable - Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title. Judicial Exceptions Prohibitions against patenting abstract ideas, physical phenomena, and laws of nature Preemption (a derivative of the abstract idea prohibition) Importance of claims not pre-empting the basic tools of scientific and technological work. (Parker v. Flook) A claim to electromagneticism was not patent eligible because the patentee claimed the exclusive right to every improvement (O Reilly v. Morse) 8

9 A Brief History of the Cases O Reilly v. Morse (1853). [E]lectro-magnetism, however developed for marking or printing intelligible characters, signs, or letters, at any distances. Gottschalk v. Benson (1972). Converting binary data from one format to another. Here the process claim is so abstract and sweeping as to cover both known and unknown uses of the BCD to pure binary conversion. Preemption. Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980). The U.S. patent statute encompasses anything under the sun that is made by man, including microorganisms. Parker v. Flook, Diamond v. Diehr, Allapat, Freeman/Walker/Abele... State Street Bank (Fed. Cir. 1998): [C]laim 1 is directed to a machine programmed... software and admittedly produces a useful, concrete, and tangible result.... This renders it statutory subject matter, even if the useful result is expressed in numbers, such as price, profit, percentage, cost, or loss. 9

10 The Abstract Idea Test: Bilski and Mayo Bilksi (S. Ct. 2010): the test for patent eligibility is whether claims recite an abstract idea. Claims were directed to hedging risk in commodities trading: [a] method for managing the consumption risk costs of a commodity sold by a commodity provider at a fixed price. Mayo v. Prometheus (S. Ct. 2012): Newly discovered law of nature is unpatentable. Claims were directed to using concentrations of metabolites on blood to determine drug dosages. Applying a law of nature is not patentable if the application uses only known techniques known in the art significant additional innovation? 10

11 The Abstract Idea Test: Alice S. Ct. June 2014: claims of 4 patents directed to financial matters and risk management, i.e., reducing counterparty or settlement risk following a trade in a trading system, unanimously held patent-ineligible. Included system, computer, and method claims (unlike Bilski). 11

12 Patent Law 101 (as Judicially Modified) 35 U.S.C. 101: Inventions patentable. Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title, so long as the claimed invention is not an abstract idea or law nature without significantly more. 12

13 What is an abstract idea? Alice Court refused to explain: We need not labor to delimit the precise contours of the abstract ideas category in this case. Examples: fundamental/longstanding economic practices certain methods of organizing human activity an idea of itself mathematical relationships/formulas 13

14 What Is Significantly More? Improving another technology or technical field. Improving the functioning of the computer itself. Meaningful limitations beyond generally implementing the abstract idea via a computer (or some other technology). Can a manual process be the significantly more? Can t be significantly more if found in prior art. 14

15 Alice Scorecards (Fed. Cir., Dist. Cts., PTAB) 15

16 Federal Circuit Scorecard Score is 14-1 against Two biotech patents invalidated; the rest are software / business methods. DDR Holdings is the outlier The most important Fed. Cir. Case of 2016 is yet to be decided (McRo) 16

17 District Court Scorecard (Rough Numbers*) Total Dist Ct. SW Cases: 136 Total Dist Ct. SW Invalid: 117 Rule 12: 70 Rule 56: 43 Total. Dist Ct. SW Valid**: 40 Partial: 10 *Don t expect these numbers to tally with each other! **Some of these were without prejudice. 17

18 Who Decides Patent-Eligibility the Most? These jurisdictions have decided 5 or more cases (65% of the total). Total SW % to Tot. Invalid % Invalid D. Del % % N.D. Cal % % E.D. Tex % % C.D. Cal % % N.D. Ill % % W.D. Tex % % M.D. Fla % % D. Mass % % E.D. Va % % S.D.N.Y % % 18

19 Who Is the Most/Least Friendly to Patents? Answers are unsurprising. Total SW % to Tot. Invalid % Invalid D. Mass % % E.D. Tex % % W.D. Tex % % D. Del % % N.D. Ill % % M.D. Fla % % N.D. Cal % % C.D. Cal % % E.D. Va % % S.D.N.Y % % 19

20 Notable Cases 20

21 Alice at the Federal Circuit in 2014 Case Date Summary Digitech Image Techs., LLC v. Electronics for Imaging, Inc. 7/11/2014 Planet Bingo, LLC v. VKGS LLC 8/26/2014 buysafe, Inc. v. Google, Inc. 9/3/2014 Claimed a device profile including both spatial properties and color properties of an imaging device. Managing the game of bingo consists solely of mental steps which can be carried out by a human using pen and paper. [P]roviding a guaranty service for online transactions not patent-eligible. Ultramercial, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC 11/14/2014 Invalidated Internet advertising claims. DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P. 12/5/2014 BRCA1- & BRCA2-Based Hereditary Cancer Test Patent Litig. v. Ambry Genetics Corp. Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. 12/17/ /23/2014 Upheld claims directed to managing the look and feel of e-commerce web pages to provide store within a store functionality to product pages. Claimed compositions were structurally identical to the ends of DNA strands found in nature. Claims for extracting and storing data from a scanned image, e.g., using software in an ATM machine, are drawn to the basic concept of data recognition and storage. 21

22 Alice at the Federal Circuit 2015 Case Date Summary Allvoice Developments US, LLC v. Microsoft Corp. 5/22/2015 OIP Techs., Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. 6/11/2015 Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc. Internet Patents Corp. v. Active Network, Inc. Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Capital One Bank (USA) Vehicle Intelligence & Safety LLC v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC Claims drawn to a universal speech recognition interface, did not fall into one of the enumerated statutory categories of a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Claims directed to automated testing and selection of prices for goods and services sold online; they merely [used] a general-purpose computer to implement the abstract idea of price optimization. 6/12/2015 Pre-natal diagnostic method not patent-eligible. 6/23/2015 7/6/ /28/2015 Claims were directed to abstract idea of retaining information lost in the navigation of online forms. Claims to budgeting application and tailoring web pages to individual users, i.e., for advertising purposes, invalid. Held patent-ineligible claims drawn to the abstract idea of testing operators of any kind of moving equipment for any kind of physical or mental impairment." 22

23 Alice at the Federal Circuit 2016 Case Date Summary Priceplay.com, Inc. v. AOL Advertising, Inc. Mortg. Grader, Inc. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. McRo, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games America 1/7/2016 1/20/2016 Oral arg. 12/11/2015 Claims directed to game scoring and processing Internet transactions were not patent-eligible. Claims to computer-implemented system to provide anonymous loan shopping were not patent-eligible. Claims are directed to a method for automatically performing lip and facial expression synchronization for animated characters to provide a more natural correspondence between the animated characters and recorded sounds. 23

24 Ultramercial, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC (Nov. 14, 2014) Claims were directed to a method for distribution of products over the Internet via a facilitator, i.e., to monetize content. Went to S. Ct. twice; Fed. Cir. (Judges Lourie, Mayer, and O Malley) invalidated on third go-round. The process [steps] of receiving copyrighted media, selecting an ad, offering the media in exchange for watching the selected ad, displaying the ad, allowing the consumer access to the media, and receiving payment from the sponsor of the ad all describe an abstract idea, devoid of a concrete or tangible application. None of these eleven individual steps... transform the nature of the claim into patent-eligible subject matter. This result surprised no one (and cert. denied July 2015). 24

25 DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P. (Dec. 5, 2014) Patent claims at issue were directed to managing the look and feel of e- commerce web pages to provide store within a store functionality to product pages. Majority (Judges Chen and Wallach) didn t fully reach abstract idea question because the claims addressed the problem of retaining website visitors, which had no analog in the bricks-and-mortar world. Judge Mayer dissented: claimed abstract idea is that an online merchant s sales can be increased if two web pages have the same look and feel and apply that concept using a generic computer. Thus, majority stated that the claimed solution is necessarily rooted in computer technology in order to overcome a problem specifically arising in the realm of computer networks. Problem was the problem of retaining website visitors that, if adhering to the routine, conventional functioning of Internet hyperlink protocol, would be instantly transported away from a host s website after clicking on an advertisement and activating a hyperlink. 25

26 Can Ultramercial and DDR be Reconciled? Judge Chen: Ultramercial claims broadly and generically claim use of the Internet, whereas DDS Holdings claims how interactions with the Internet are manipulated to yield a desired result a result that overrides the routine and conventional sequence of events ordinarily triggered by the click of a hyperlink. Judge Mayer did not bother to mention Ultramercial: the DDS patent claims simply took the old and well-known idea of having a store within a store and applied it to the Internet. Under Alice, the appropriate test is a technological arts test. If these cases cannot be reconciled, where is the boundary of patent-eligibility? McRo? 26

27 McRo (Blue Planet) C.D. Cal. (Wu, J.) granted Rule 12(c) motion where claims of two patents were directed to automatically performing lip and facial expression synchronization for animated characters to provide a more natural correspondence to recorded sounds. Rejected the defendant s arguments that the patents cover the mere idea of using rules for three-dimensional lip synchronization, without requiring specific content for those rules; the claims each covered a specific approach to automated three-dimensional computer animation. BUT: once the court, analyzing the claims element-by-element, stripped away prior art methods admitted in the patents, what was left was an unpatentable abstract idea: what the claim adds to the prior art is the use of rules, rather than artists, to set the morph waits and transitions between phonemes. Oral argument Dec. 11, 2015: Fed. Cir. Panel (Taranto, Reyna, Stoll) seemed skeptical of lower court reasoning. 27

28 Which of these claims is patent-eligible? 1. A system for managing messaging on a limited-area network comprising: 1. A method comprising: receiving by an inspector a Downloadable; generating by the inspector a first Downloadable security profile that identifies suspicious code in the received Downloadable; and linking by the inspector the first Downloadable security profile to the Downloadable before a web server makes the Downloadable available to web clients. a network management device attached to a wide area network; a limited area network attached to said network management device, said limited area network capable of connecting network devices identified by a unique attribute to said network management device; a controller attached to said network management device; wherein said controller authenticates a particular network device identified by its unique attribute; wherein responsive to authenticating said particular network device identified by its unique attribute, said controller creates a first access rule within said network management device for said particular network device; wherein said network management device provides a level of access to a wide area network from said limited area network to said particular network device pursuant to said first access rule; wherein responsive to a message sent to said particular network device identified by its unique attribute, said controller creates a second access rule within said network management device for said particular network device; wherein said second access rule limits access to the wide area network by said particular network device identified by its unique attribute more than said first access rule; wherein said network management device provides a level of access to said wide area network from said limited area network pursuant to said second access rule until said message sent to said particular network device is acknowledged by a user of said particular network device; and wherein responsive to said user acknowledging said message, said network management device provides a level of access to said wide area network from said limited area network pursuant to said first access rule. 28

29 The answer may surprise you Claims of US 6,154,844 ( System and method for attaching a downloadable security profile to a downloadable ) were held patent-eligible. Post trial conclusions of law pursuant to FRCP 52(a). Finjan, Inc. v. Blue Coat Systems, Inc., 5-13-cv (N.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2015). Claims of US 7,631,079 ( System and method of messaging and obtaining message acknowledgement on a network ) held patent-ineligible. Magistrate R & R on Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Network Apparel Group, LP v. Airwave Networks Inc., 6-15-cv (W.D. Texas Dec. 30, 2015) 29

30 Rationale? US 6,154,844: patent-eligibility despite claims being directed to the abstract idea of receiving a downloadable, generating information, and then linking the downloadable and generated information. USPTO s 2014 Interim Guidance on Patent Subject Matter Eligibility, included a hypothetical claim [that] covers receiving an electronic communication, storing the communication, and extracting malicious code from the electronic communication to create a sanitized electronic communication. Present claim, like the USPTO s example, was necessarily rooted in computer technology. US 7,631,079: [T]he purpose of the 079 Patent is to incentivize an end user to acknowledge the receipt of a message and that such purpose is a wellknown, longstanding, commercial business practice. Therefore, as a matter of law... the claims of the 079 Patent are directed to an [unpatentable] abstract idea. 30

31 Example of patent-ineligibility (1) 1. A method of collecting information, the method comprising: transmitting a discovery rule across a communication link to a computer system, wherein the discovery rule is to be applied to data about the computer system or a user to generate information, and wherein the data is collected by a discovery agent located in the computer system, and receiving the information from the computer system. Claims of US 6,519,581 amounted to a method for performing the abstract idea of gathering, storing, and acting on data based on predetermined rules, and using mathematical formulas and code sequences do not transform it into patenteligible subject matter. Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Erie Indemnity Company, Nos. 1: 14-cv-00220, 2:14-cv and 2:14-cv (W.D. Penn. Sept. 25, 2015) 31

32 Example of patent-ineligibility (2) 8. A method to screen an equipment operator for impairment, comprising: screening an equipment operator by one or more expert systems to detect potential impairment of said equipment operator; selectively testing said equipment operator when said screening of said equipment operator detects potential impairment of said equipment operator; and controlling operation of said equipment if said selective testing of said equipment operator indicates said impairment of said equipment operator, wherein said screening of said equipment operator includes a time-sharing allocation of at least one processor executing at least one expert system. Claims of 7,394,392, were drawn to the abstract idea of testing operators of any kind of moving equipment for any kind of physical or mental impairment. Rejected application of DDR Holdings. Vehicle Intelligence and Safety LLC v. Mercedes-Benz USA LLC, No (Fed. Cir., Dec. 28, 2015) (per curiam). 32

33 Example of patent-eligibility (1) 1. A multi-player game system comprising: a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate a multi-player game, the game server further configured to provide display signals for displaying the multi-player game; a display system having primary display means, the display system being configured to provide a primary game display of the multi-player game on the primary display means in response to the display signals; a plurality of handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller having secondary display means and input means; and communication controller for enabling communication between the game server and each handheld game controller; wherein the plurality of handheld game controllers are located in proximity to the primary display means such that the primary display means is visible to game players manipulating respective handheld game controllers; and wherein the game server is configured to download a game software module to each handheld game controller using the communication controller prior to initiation of the multi-player game, each game software module executable by the corresponding handheld game controller to enable the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means in response to player input received at the input means, wherein the secondary game display is complementary to the primary game display, and to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player. 33

34 Example of patent-eligibility (1, cont d.) No claim construction needed; court could dispose of patent-eligibility question at pleadings stage. Parties agreed that the claims were directed to the idea of multi-player gaming using a hand-held controller that has a display screen where the players are also in front of a shared display. The defendants did not meet their burden of showing that such an idea, which is by definition limited to the field of multi-player gaming and which requires the use of multiple hardware components unlike the claims in Bilski and Alice which, at least in theory, could be performed without a computer is abstract within the meaning of Section 101. DDR Holdings applied: presently recited hardware elements such as a handheld gaming controller equipped with a screen and the capability of downloading software went beyond simply linking a claimed method to a particular technological environment. Timeplay, Inc. v. Audience Entertainment LLC, No. CV SJO (JCx) (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2015) (US 8,951,124). 34

35 Example of patent-eligibility (2) 1. A system for providing access to a personal computer having a location on the Internet defined by a dynamic IP address from a remote computer, the system comprising: (a) a personal computer linked to the Internet, its location on the Internet being defined by either (i) a dynamic public IP address (publicly addressable), or (ii) a dynamic LAN IP address (publicly un-addressable), the personal computer being further linked to a data communication facility, the data communication facility being adapted to create and send a communication that includes a then current dynamic public IP address (publicly addressable) or dynamic LAN IP address (publicly un-addressable) of the personal computer; (b) a locator server computer linked to the Internet, its location on the Internet being defined by a static IP address, and including a location facility for locating the personal computer; and (c) a remote computer linked to the Internet, the remote computer including a communication facility, the communication facility being operable to create a request for communication with the personal computer, and send the request for communication to the locator server computer; wherein the data communication facility includes data corresponding to the static IP address of the locator server computer, thereby enabling the data communication facility to create and send on an intermittent basis one or more communications to the locator server computer that include the then current dynamic public IP address or dynamic LAN IP address of the personal computer; and wherein the locator server computer is operable to act as an intermediary between the personal computer and the remote computer by creating one or more communication sessions there between, said one or more communication sessions being created by the location facility, in response to receipt of the request for communication with the personal computer from the remote computer, by determining the then current location of the personal computer and creating a communication channel between the remote computer and the personal computer, the location facility being operable to create such communication channel whether the personal computer is linked to the Internet directly (with a publicly addressable) dynamic IP address or indirectly via an Internet gateway/proxy (with a publicly un-addressable dynamic LAN IP address). 35

36 Example of patent-eligibility (2, cont d) Alleged abstract idea: an intermediary that, in response to a request for communication, finds a current location of the requested endpoint and creates a connection between the two devices, and argues that the invention could be, and was, performed by humans when telephone operators connected one caller to a second caller at the first caller s request. Court: claim considered as whole did not require simply using IP addresses, analogous to telephone numbers, but included additional recitations, e.g., creating the private communication channel for remote access is not simply to allow people to talk with each other, but to allow direct access of data on the personal computer from the remote computer. DDR Holdings applied. 01 Communique Laboratory, Inc. v. Citrix Systems, Inc., No. 1:06-cv-253 (N.D. Ohio Dec. 21, 2015.) (US 6,928,479). 36

37 PTAB 352 CBM petitions filed through Dec. 31, 2015* 209 instituted (including joinders) 59%. 96 denied 27% 38 settled before institution 70% settled or instituted!! 85 proceedings have gone to final decision (PTO data). 69 (81%) have resulted in all claims being held unpatentable. 13 have held some claims unpatentable. Only 3 have held no claims unpatentable (1% of Total Petitions, 2% of Trials Instituted, 4% of Final Written Decisions). All data on this slide from 37

38 CBM patent-eligibility rarely found. PTAB does sometimes find either not a covered business method patent or not likely patent-ineligible. But: PTAB refused to consider patent-eligibility of amended claims under Section 101 where petitioner had not challenged original claims under 101. Search America, Inc. v. Transunion Intelligence, LLC (Feb. 3, 2015). Petition to institute on 101 grounds denied; all claims ultimately found unpatentable under 35 U.S.C Google, Inc. v. Unwired Planet, LLC (March 30, 2015). After institution statistics are very grim (see previous slide). 38

39 Legal winds beyond the AIA FRCP Dec changes Pleadings standard no more Form 18, back to Iqbal/Twombley for direct as well as indirect infringement. Proportional discovery proportional to the needs of the case Williamson v. Citrix (Fed. Cir. June 16, 2015) 35 U.S.C. 112(f) (or para. 6) can invoked by a variety of claim language. And then such language can be deemed indefinite. Same abstract terminology that puts you at risk under 101 can have 112 implications. In re TC Heartland: mandamus petition pending at Fed. Cir. arguing for narrow definition of where the defendant resides in 28 U.S.C. 1400(b). 39

40 Selecting Inventions for Patenting and Patent Prosecution Tips Richard Holzer HolzerIPLaw, PC

41 The State of Section 101 Jurisprudence FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt) at every level USPTO Examiners Patent Trials and Appeals Board (PTAB) US Federal District Courts US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Supreme Court of the United States Patent Applicants, Owners, and Potential Defendants/Licensees 41

42 FUD in the USPTO Examining Corps Examiners Examiners are attempting to follow the USPTO s 2014 Interim Guidance on Subject Matter Eligibility and the July 2015 Update: Subject Matter Eligibility Case law outside of these sources is often disregarded Application of S101 Test varies dramatically among art units and examiners Varying stories of S101 Experts in select Art Units Examiners generally happy to let S101 disputes go to appeal, happy to let the PTAB and courts decide the law 42

43 FUD in the PTAB Covered Business Method (CBM) proceedings CBM proceedings instituted at a high rate Patent ineligibility and/or invalidity found in high percentage of proceedings Constitutionality of IPR proceedings only recently confirmed by CAFC (probably extends to CBM reviews and PRGs) Ex Parte Appeals can result in sua sponte consideration of S101 issues 43

44 FUD in the Federal District Courts Legitimate enforcement by patent owners may be chilled by the enhanced risk if a patent ineligibility decision in Federal District Courts Inconsistencies among different Federal District Courts Patent Ineligibility often found at Summary Judgment 44

45 FUD at the Federal Circuit The tension between the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court is palpable. See Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc., 788 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (en banc petition denied) Dyk Mayo sets a too restrictive test for patent eligibility under 35 U.S.C. 101 with respect to laws of nature Lourie [I]t is unsound to have a rule that takes inventions of this nature out of the realm of patent-eligibility on grounds that they only claim a natural phenomenon plus conventional steps, or that they claim abstract concepts. Linn But for the sweeping language in the Supreme Court s Mayo opinion, I see no reason, in policy or statute, why this breakthrough invention should be deemed patent ineligible. 45

46 FUD at the Supreme Court Recipe for Chaos Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593 (2010) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., 132 S. Ct (2012) Ass n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 133 S. Ct (2013) Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International, 134 S. Ct (2014) Chances for some recovery? McRo, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games America (aka Blue Planet) Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc., 788 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2015) 46

47 FUD with Patent Applicants, Owners, and Potential Defendants/Licensees Patent Applicants New and nonobvious technology is more likely to be patent ineligible. Patent ineligibility risks are expanding into unexpected technologies. Portfolio planning becomes much more speculative. Owners How does one value patent portfolios, patent-based business transactions, or patent enforcement efforts? Potential Defendants/Licensees Anti-patent uncertainty discourages settlement and licensing. Post Grant Reviews offer substantial statistically-biased leverage. 47

48 IP Portfolio Development Portfolio approaches and values vary Common themes Detection and enforcement Choosing the right IP protection for individual innovations in a product or service Budgetary constraints Patentability Sections 102, 103, and 112 Section 101 now looms as a significant consideration 48

49 Selecting Appropriate IP Protection for Innovation Uncertainty prevails, so consider all IP options Patents Copyrights Trademarks Trade secrets Strong contractual foundations Different protections in different jurisdictions 49

50 Patent Eligibility Supreme Court s Mayo Test Step 1: whether the claim is directed to a patent ineligible subject matter (extends to more than just abstract ideas) Step 2: if so, then is there an inventive concept? a claimed element or combination of elements that is sufficient to ensure that the claim amounts to significantly more than a claim to the ineligible concept itself. 50

51 Evaluating Patent Eligibility For examination, focus on USPTO s 2014 Interim Guidance on Subject Matter Eligibility and the July 2015 Update: Subject Matter Eligibility USPTO is trying to make sense of Supreme Court and Federal Circuit case law The 2015 Update is responsive to public comments and updated case law. The 2015 Update references Ariosa as an example of a case being watched for a future update. 51

52 Patent Eligibility Flow Chart 52

53 Flowchart Explanation Interpret claims prior to evaluating patentability Evaluate the claims as a whole Step 1 - Process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter? Step 2A Directed to a judicially recognized exception? Step 2B Recites additional elements that amount to significantly more than the exception? 53

54 Traditional S101 test Step 1 Traditionally, Step 1 would arguably be subject to judicially recognized exceptions and preemption If claim is not directed to a process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, then the claim fails S101. Otherwise, proceed to Step 2 the Mayo Test 54

55 Step 2A Is claim directed to laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas? Directed to means the exception is recited in the claims (i.e., the claim sets forth or describes the exception) If claim is not directed to laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas, then the claims satisfies S101. Otherwise, proceed to Step 2B 55

56 Step 2B Does claim (as a whole) recite additional elements that amount to significantly more than the exception? Additional elements are to be considered both individually and as an ordered combination. Each claim must be evaluated separately (in practice, this guidance is not followed strictly) If claim does not recite additional elements that amount to significantly more than the exception, then the claims fails S

57 Problem - Definition by Example Step 2A: Laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas No definition, so see examples in the case law Step 2B: Additional elements that amount to significantly more than the exception No definition, so see examples in the case law Problem: Case law changes frequently and is biased toward patent ineligibility 57

58 Take Away Examiners rely on the examples so USE them! See July 2015 Update Appendix 1: Examples Align your claim to one of the few eligible example claims and the supporting arguments Distinguish your claim from the many ineligible example claims Some mixing and matching may be successful Stay current on patent eligibility case law and bring to bear when beneficial 58

59 To Patent or Not to Patent S101 law is still poorly defined and evolving USPTO examination under S101 varies widely USPTO examination differs from PTAB and Court analysis Result: A granted patent may receive very different treatment after issuance than it did during examination. 59

60 Subject Matter Known to be at Risk Categories already feeling the Sting Medical diagnostic patents (Mayo Law of Nature) Gene patents (Myriad Natural Phenomena) Software patents (Alice, Bilski Abstract Idea) Business method patents (Alice, Bilski Abstract Idea) 60

61 Surprising USPTO Results Recently rejected as directed to patent ineligible laws of nature or natural phenomena * Method to improve immune response in vaccines Drug for prevention/treatment of dust mite allergy Anti-cancer drug purified from a marine sponge An E. Coli vaccine *Source: Bernard Chao (U. of Denver Sturm College of Law) and Lane Womack (Kilpatrick, Townsend & Stockton L.L.P.) 61

62 Specific Considerations Business objectives Budgetary constraints Detectability/enforceability Ability/willingness to litigate Desire for international protection Reverse-engineering Level of technical detail available from inventors Category of technology Patent ineligible subject matter? 62

63 Technical Example Super Accurate Underwriting System in the Cloud Detectability Single Infringer? Infringer s geographic location Possibility of reverse engineering Level of technical implementation detail available 63

64 Technical Example (cont.) Will the claim pass a a technological arts test for patent eligibility? (Mayer concurrence in Ultramercial III) Can you articulate HOW the claim might pass the Mayo test? 64

65 Summary Select inventions based on whether you can: exclude patent ineligible subject matter or at least, point to elements that are significantly more than a claim to patent ineligible subject matter pass a technological arts test avoid being drawn into risky categories Consider trade secrecy vs. patenting 65

66 Tips on Drafting Applications More technical detail and terminology in description, drawings, and claims Describe/claim how to implement the invention (e.g., how to program it on a computer - SCOTUS questions during Alice appeal) Set the application up to pass the Mayo test or a technological arts test Consider the Technical Effect requirement from the EPO 66

67 More Technical Description and Drawings Provide more technical detail and implementation Don t rely as much on the skilled artisan Avoid a high level of generality Mayo Describe HOW you implement SCOTUS questions in Alice Favor more technological drawings with less emphasis on broadly functional, black box drawings Identify your own inventive concept 67

68 Terminology Avoid certain words in title, specification, drawings, and claims E.g., advertising, business, modeling, presentation of information, market, game, business, payment, commercial Avoid ambiguous terms without more E.g., controller, manager, processor Use concrete technical examples and technically familiar and/or definable terms 68

69 More Technical Claim Language In at least one independent claim Recite claim to exclude patent ineligible subject matter Include a technical inventive concept for the examiner/judge to latch onto Use technical terminology in claims; rely less on being your own lexicographer In dependent claims Provide unequivocally-technical fallback positions Preambles may become more important Direct the claim to your inventive concept Try to prevent the examiner/judge naming the inventive concept 69

70 Consider Adding Means-Plus-Function Claims Means-plus-Function (MPF) Claims A (possible) alternative approach to address S101 issues add explicit MPF claims structural by definition (In re Alappat is still alive.) Caveat: New risks of claims being interpreted as MFP ( nonce words), risking possible indefiniteness. See Williamson v. Citrix Online, LLC (Fed. Cir. 2015) (en banc in relevant part). Reversed strong presumption, which was based on whether the term means is used New Standard whether the words of the claim are understood by person of ordinary skill in the art to have a sufficiently definite meaning as the name for structure Explicitly tie structure to functional claim language in attempt to avoid indefiniteness 70

71 Consider EPO Requirements EPO will not search or examine: PCT applications containing one or more claims relating to the field of business methods filed at US Receiving Office (Annex A of EPO/IB of WIPO Agreement) International Patent Classification G06Q Data processing systems or methods that are specially adapted for managing, promoting or practicing commercial or financial activities 71

72 Business Methods - International Patent Sub-Classifications Specially-adapted Data Processing Systems/Methods Administration and Management (G06Q 10/00) Commerce(G06Q 30/00) Finance(G06Q 40/00) Systems/Methods directed to specific business sector (G06Q 50/00) Systems/Methods specifically adapted... (G06Q 90/00) Other (G06Q 99/00) 72

73 Subject Matter not considered an EPC Art. 52(2) Invention by EPO Scientific or Mathematical Theories Mental Acts; Rules for Playing Games Mere Presentation of Information Computer Programs for Business Methods A further technical effect may avoid these exclusions 73

74 How to Draft for Technical Effect General Rule Intellectual activity and business methods are excluded from patent eligibility unless a technical effect is claimed. A technical effect improves a device or system, for example: Improving operation vs. simply making a decision Increasing speed, reliability, security Improving resource utilization 74

75 How to Draft for Technical Effect Specific suggestions Include a technical effect description in the application At least describe a technical effect that improves a device or system Recite a technical effect in the preamble Recite a technical effect in a claim element 75

76 Technical Effect Example 1 1. A system for allocating memory resources in a computing device, the system comprising: Element A; Element B; and Element C. 76

77 Technical Effect Example 2 2. A system comprising: Element A; Element B; and Element C that allocates the memory resources of the computing device according to the updated resource allocation condition. 77

78 Technical Effect Example 3 Detailed Description The described technology provides improved memory allocation within a computing device. 78

79 Summary Drafting Tips Use the USPTO Guidance and Examples Identify your own inventive concepts Consider the Technical Effect test from EPO technical effect may correlate to inventive concept Avoid risky terminology that invokes patent ineligible subject matter Provide robust technological arts test opportunities more technical detail 79

80 Client Counseling Hypotheticals Charles Bieneman Bejin Bieneman PLC Richard Holzer HolzerIPLaw, PC

81 Hypothetical #1 Algorithm for crunching health insurance statistics and improving their usefulness to underwriters so that insurance companies can maximize profits and the benefits provided Considerations: Heavy in pure algorithm and business method language Detectability for enforcement reasons Section Abstract Idea Protectable as a trade secret Copyright Trademark (Brand the "gold standard" for such data) 81

82 Hypothetical #2 A system for (a) a new user interface for collecting inventory data and (b) a new algorithm for real-time prediction of inventory shortages and surpluses in the future. Considerations: Heavy in business method and data processing language Detectability for enforcement reasons Section Abstract Idea Protectable as a trade secret Copyrights (client and server) Design patent application on UI Trademark (Brand the "gold standard" for such an inventory control system) 82

83 Hypothetical #3 A system for providing promotional offers through a mobile device based on GPS/beacon location information. Considerations: Involves promotional/business method concepts Section Abstract Idea Copyright Trademark Probably not a strong trade secret option either 83

84 Hypothetical #4 A system for providing changes in communication channels used by a mobile device (e.g., LTE to WiFi data only) based on GPS/beacon location information indicating that the device is outside of the user's LTE service area. Considerations: Section Changes the way in which the mobile device functions (focus on technical features/avoid business case) Copyright Trademark Probably not a strong trade secret option 84

85 Hypothetical #5 A system for monitoring (a) moisture sensors in a lawn and flower beds and (b) a Web-based weather service to control timing, duration, and location of home sprinkler systems. Considerations: Section Signaling a home sprinkler control system versus actuating one or more valves in a home sprinkler system (focus on technical features/avoid business case) Copyright Trademark Broad signaling independent claim vs. valve actuating independent/dependent claims? Probably not a strong trade secret option 85

86 Overcoming Sect. 101 Rejections Post-Alice Corp. Leveraging USPTO Guidance and Recent Decisions to Meet Sect.101 Patent Eligibility Requirements Charles Bieneman Bejin Bieneman PLC Richard Holzer HolzerIPLaw, PC