BEFORE THE ENVIRONMENT COURT ENV-2016-AKL- 42, 45 AUCKLAND IN THE MATTER of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA or the Act) AND IN THE MATTER of an appeal under Section 120 of the Act BETWEEN NGA POTIKI A TAMAPAHORE TRUST AND OTHERS Appellants AND BAY OF PLENTY REGIONAL COUNCIL Respondent AND ASTROLABE COMMUNITY TRUST Applicant EVIDENCE OF KEVIN PATRICK TOHIARIKI (5 JANUARY 2017) T L Hovell/Vicki Morrison-Shaw PO Box 1585 Shortland Street AUCKLAND 1140 Solicitor on the record Tama Hovell Tama.Hovell@ahmlaw.nz (09) 304 0424 Contact solicitor Vicki Morrison-Shaw Vicki.Morrison-Shaw@ahmlaw.nz (09) 304 0422
2 INTRODUCTION 1. My name is Kevin Patrick Tohiariki. 2. I am a representative for Te Whanau a Tauwhao ki Otawhwhi. Mandated by our hapu for the following: Purpose (a) Better outcomes for Te Whanau a Tauwhao, a sustainable environment and a healthy empowered community. Te Pae Tawhiti/Vision (b) A Rohe (Hapu area) where the environment is protected and enhanced; Te Whanau a Tauwhao and the wider communities are healthy, prosperous and empowered. Te Kaupapa/Mission (c) To develop relationships in equal partnership with the wider community, under the Treaty of Waitangi, recognising the strength of working together to achieve better outcomes for our communities. Nga Tikanga/Principles: (d) (e) (f) (g) Courageous, committed, proactive and evolving Good faith, mutual respect and understanding Effective management / Kaitiakitanga Effective governance / Rangatiratanga 3. My Whakapapa reveals linkages to a range of Iwi including Te Whanau A Apanui, Te Arawa, Ngati Ranginui and Ngai Te Rangi. All of these linkages firmly and historically connect me to Te Moana Nui a Toi.
3 4. I reside at Otawhiwhi on my ancestral lands embraced by Te Whanau a Tauwhao ki Otawhiwhi: Ko Mauao Hikurangi nga maunga Ko Tauranga te moana Ko Mataatua te waka Ko Tuhua Motiti nga moutere, Ko Rangiwaea te motu Ko Waiau te awa Ko Ngai Te Rangi te Iwi Ko Te Whanau a Tauwhao te hapu Kei Otawhiwhi te marae Te Whanau a Tauwhao 5. There is a long standing relationship that Te Whanau a Tauwhao has with Motiti, Otaiti and Te Moana Nui a Toi. 6. Te Whanau a Tauwhao have whenua on Motiti 7. Following the Ngai Te Rangi arrival and eventual settlement within the Tauranga area there were a number of significant marriages made to enhance the whanaungatanga relationships, mana whenua and mana moana within the Tauranga area. Through this, Te Whanau a Tauwhao has strong links to various hapu and iwi of this area. 8. A significant figure for Tauwhao and Ngai Te Rangi was the paramount chief Hori Tupaea who was both chief of Tauwhao and Ngai Te Rangi. He fought to protect Motiti and the region from Nga Puhi attacks and he was in the land inquiries to recognise Tauwhao interests in Motiti, and was awarded land on trust for the members of Tauwhao in recognition of our occupation. 9. As tangata whenua, we have a tikanga of respect for kaitiakitanga. I am giving this statement under the kaupapa of kaitiakitanga, which is about our responsibilities as tangata whenua, iwi and hapu. It is this enveloped by our values that
4 cements our connection to our rohe and makes us who we are. Engagement 10. Our engagement with the Rena owners has been at the central level with Te Ruanga o Ngai Te Rangi and also another of our Trust s, Te Whanau a Tauwhao o Nga Moutere Trust. As whanau, we all share the concerns from the applications to leave the wreck. The more than five year process to this point has been a hard road for our entities. In order to avoid further costs which were mounting, as well as the other issues involved in this process, these entities made the decision to withdraw from the process. The appeals by the parties still involved allows us of Te Whanau a Tauwhao to have our say and express our concerns with leaving the wreck in our moana. THE COSMOLOGICAL ORIGINS OF OUR MAORI VIEW OF THE WORLD 11. I want to give some background on our cultural values before looking at the effects of leaving the Rena wreck. Why Start With Cosmology? 12. Some readers of explanations of things Maori often find a range of values and concepts that are not fully understood, let alone accepted by the sensibilities of a Eurocentric mindset. Maori move forward into the future secure in the knowledge that the ancient values and concepts of our ancestors remain valid, and continue to support and nurture the wellbeing of generations to come. 13. The essence of Maori culture has ancient beginnings that are continually referenced in contemporary daily life. Pre European contact, Maori were in control of all things concerning the view of the world they occupied. Today the culture of Maori is continuing to be impacted by the effects of colonization, and unfortunately we are continuously required to provide explanation and justification as to why our cultural values should be considered valid.
5 14. The following is a very abbreviated journey through our values to understand our opposition to use the ocean as a dumping ground for things inconvenient, namely the remnants of the Rena wreck, associated debris and toxic materials. To help readers understand we will start at the beginning 15. Io was the supreme god of Maori, the creator of all things in the universe. He had many names, including: Io nui, greater than the other gods; Io matua, the parent; Io matua te kore, the parentless one; and Io matangaro, Io of the hidden face, his face hidden by a veil of secrecy. 16. Ranginui and Papatuanuku Sky Father and Earth Mother 17. The next step in creation after the universe, is creation of the world we live in. Our world s father Ranginui is the sky above us, our world s mother Papatuanuku is the planet we cling to. Rangi and Papa, locked in an eternal embrace produced 70 children or Atua. 18. There are many atua, and they occupy many levels. The most important are the departmental atua representing divisions of phenomena observable in the natural world of Maori. The atua are personifications of these phenomena. 19. There are many more that have specific roles and connections with various waka, iwi, hapu and whanau. It is not difficult to see that there are a myriad of viewpoints relative to Maori perceptions depending on one s connection to various atua. Notwithstanding that, there are some fundamental values and concepts common to all Maori perceptions. Specifically, mauri, mana, tapu/noa, kaitiakitanga and whakapapa. 20. In the context of Whakapapa Humans are the product of the cosmos, the stars and the earth over aeons of time. 21. Maori cultural norms hold that humans ultimately have a whakapapa that connects them through their tupuna, to atua, to Papatuanuku and Ranginui.
6 22. Put in its simplest terms Maori have a genealogical connection to the earth. With this connection comes a duty of care and guardianship Kaitiakitanga. Mana Atua 23. Mana has its origin in the attributes of the atua. These attributes are both physical and metaphysical. 24. Mana is often reduced to single word meanings such as power, prestige, or authority. This is only a part of the truth of its meaning, as the single words do not carry context and holistic coverage. As the Ocean is the subject of this document, it is appropriate to look at Mana from the perspective of Tangaroa, Atua of the Oceans and Seas and all within. 25. Maori Culture has always observed nature holistically. All things on earth are related, Tangaroa (Oceans) is the brother of Tawhirimatea, (the winds and elements of the atmosphere), and Ruaumoko, (volcanoes and earthquakes) is the youngest (unborn brother) still residing in the interior of Papatuanuku (Earth Mother). As brothers there are connections. Papatuanuku is a system, each of the atua is a system. And every one of those systems has a multitude of systems, and they are all related, as revealed in their whakapapa. 26. However, more than current and emerging scientific thinking, Maori view these Earth Systems as living they have a Mauri, and Mauri must be nurtured protected and nourished. They also possess Wairua (Spirit). 27. So when a Maori observes the ocean it is never simply a thing of convenience for wilful disposal of unwanted polluting stuff. 28. It is a living thing with many attributes, to which we have a deep and ancient connection. It is the Mana of the ocean that we see.
7 29. Here is a short list of the oceans attributes to help illustrate the concept of Mana: Just a very tiny amount of the physical and tangible attributes: 30. There are fish of thousands of species, animals from seals, to whales to penguins, dolphins, crayfish and shrimps, plankton, turtles, algae, seaweed, food webs, and a multitude of various ecosystems and food webs, abundance of living things, ocean currents and upwelling of nutrients, jellyfish and seahorses, wave action and ocean travel This list completed is really very large. Some of the metaphysical and intangible attributes: 31. Awe, beauty, danger, fear, fun, greatness, vastness, exhilaration, adventure, loneliness, desperation, contemplation, wellbeing, safety, spirit, pathway, navigation, enablement, joy, frustration, life and more. 32. The oceans contain all of the attributes listed and inferred above, Maori see these Physical and Spiritual (metaphysical) attributes, as the Mana of Tangaroa. 33. It is then easy to see the origins of all Mana, it starts with any of the many Atua... for man it starts with Tane and/or Tumatauenga, depending on the perspectives and traditions of particular iwi hapu and whanau. 34. Maori also see a duty of care to protect those parts in their sphere of control and influence. This duty is Kaitiakitanga. Tapu: What Is It? 35. Tapu, like Mana is also an often misunderstood concept, they are however directly related concepts, and one affects the other. In practice these concepts can be very complex with variation across the many iwi, hapu, and whanau. However the fundamentals are common to all.
8 36. Tapu firstly is a metaphysical or intellectual and spiritual concept, often described in a single word; sacred and for some, belonging to the supernatural. Once again it is more than that and is very wide ranging and holistic. 37. Conceptually, Tapu is the time and space set aside for the Mana of the Atua to flow into the future. For example, all of the attributes (illustrated above) of Tangaroa both physical and metaphysical (spiritual) need to flourish and regenerate. 38. Mauri (that quintessential spark of life) is the enabler of regeneration. Whakapapa therefore is the record of anything generated or regenerated through time. 39. As Tapu is the space into the future for the Mana of the Atua to flow into and occupy it is quite simple to understand that; perspective only, makes the differentiation, they ultimately are the same thing. Mana inexorably will arrive in the space of Tapu, and Tapu is always that latent energised expectation of the potential of Mana. 40. Instantly one can see that Tapu is a concept that is readily termed sacred, it is also a concept that has inherent power and control over life, people and their actions, and it is a concept to be controlled and shaped by a few select people in Maoridom they are always in three classes of chieftainship; Tohunga, Ariki, and Rangatira. 41. An example of the control and shaping of Tapu is the Rahui, a ritualised imposition of restrictions, often put in place for conservation of environmental and culturally significant resources, such as the protection of fishing grounds, or the protection of shellfish beds. 42. Tapu is often restrictive in nature and is deliberately so for the stewardship of the benefits resulting from Mana Atua. 43. These concepts are very culturally significant to Maori, in the past no daily activity was too far from the enhancement of Mana and Tapu. Today Maori still operate within these confines.
9 44. They are as valid as some of the Christian commandments,. For Maori, the punishment for transgression was delivered in this life, if not immediately. 45. Noa, is the converse of Tapu, it is the profane, ordinary, relaxed, unrestricted, not special, and not set aside space of everyday existence. People and objects can often fluctuate through states of Tapu and Noa, sometimes for natural events, sometimes for other purposes. How is This Cosmological Account Relevant? 46. Our view of the world (Te Ao Maori) and its natural order is not wrong, it is based on thousands of years of accumulated intergenerational observation and knowledge. It does differ in many ways to the Eurocentric view in force today, our view is holistic, and it is increasingly being accepted as a more valid approach in western earth science as a system of systems. When that is understood our expressions of what we consider the correct ways (tikanga) to engage with nature is more easily understood too. 47. It is necessary to explain the impact if leaving remnants of the wreck, debris and toxic materials of the Rena in terms of our cultural view. The impact is explained next, and will be expressed in our values explained above. 48. Maatai Tuarangi (Cosmology) explains how we view the world. I think it is relevant for the reader to understand the depth, the breadth, complexity and the holistic qualities of our values. They are not simple stand-alone one word concepts, but are interlinked through concepts such as Mauri, Mana, Tapu, Whakapapa and Kaitiakitanga. Contamination from a Maori Cultural Perspective 49. The view of the local Maori is that any remnants of the Rena and its cargo should not be left to remain in the ocean. Wreckage, debris and toxic materials do not belong in that environment as a matter of convenience. It is damaging.
10 (a) (b) (c) (d) It is harmful to the course of nature It is harmful to natural resources It is harmful to people It is offensive to our culture 50. What are the most notable negative effects of leaving wreckage, debris and toxic materials in the ocean? (a) (b) (c) (d) It negatively affects Mauri, life forces are put out of balance It affects Mana, the attributes of Tangaroa's ocean (Mana Atua) are abused, the Mana Moana and Mana Whenua of Te Whanau a Tauwhao is negatively impacted It affects Tapu, that space that is set aside and reserved for the ocean to flourish is reduced It affects Kaitiakitanga, the ocean is not nurtured appropriately, and cannot be when those that hold mana whenua and mana moana are over ridden by a process that allows significant Maori values to be cast aside. Granting resource consent to leave the Wreckage of the Rena, debris and toxic materials on Otaiti leaves us no options to effectively practice our duty of kaitiakitanga. The result is a detrimental effect on our wellbeing: 51. The first and immediately obvious detrimental effect is environmental and the impacts on us as Te Whanaua a Tauwhao. 52. Secondly, traditional harvesting of ocean resources is affected, the abundance of only a few decades ago is depleted, thus negatively modifying Maori social practices and economic capability.
11 53. Finally, cultural practices become limited, ignored, trampled An example: and destroyed over time. 54. The mana of our oceanside dwelling and seafaring hapu is inextricably linked to its resource base, the ocean. Society gatherings such as funerals (tangihanga), were catered for by the resources immediately at hand from the ocean. Abundant and diverse seafood (kai moana) were always presented to visitors (manuhiri), and our hapu became renowned for hospitality (manaakitanga). 55. As the resource fades due to pollution (from Rena wreckage, debris and toxic materials), the rich culture supporting the resource also fades. Guardianship (kaitiakitanga) of cultural practices and the environment becomes increasingly difficult. Typically, if a resource was depleted, the offending objects/actions would be removed/terminated and a tapu extension (rahui) would be put in place to ensure a recovery. These controls were exercised by Maori leadership, it was applied to all peoples and was ultimately for the benefit of all. 56. Leaving the remnants of the Rena and its cargo in the ocean has a broad ranging effect, it is not only injurious to the ocean, but destructive of cultural heritage, and those unique cultural practices of protection and control have been removed from us. Our views have been disregarded, our significant ability of guardianship of natural things bypassed, and our view of nurturing the future found to be inconvenient. 57. This need not be so, there are alternatives such as removal of the Rena wreckage and all that came with her. SPECIFICALLY: 58. Other submitters (both to the Environment Court and to the Waitangi Tribunal) have provided extensive historical data regarding the whakapapa and establishment of Te Whanau a Tauwhao's Mana Moana and Mana Whenua in the islands
12 around Tauranga Moana. It is well accepted and It need not be repeated in too much depth here. 59. We give this evidence to seek to remove the Rena wreck from Otaiti and Te Moana Nui a Toi on behalf of our hapu and the wider hapu and iwi of this rohe. I understand that there may be some constraints on what the Court can order. If only the bow can be removed, then we seek that the bow be removed. This will clearly leave less for us to have to deal with as part of our kaitiaki responsibilities. Recommendations 60. We are concerned about the contaminants remaining on the wreck. 61. We are also concerned that leaving the wreck on Otaiti and In Te Moana Nui a Toi will leave a mamae on the reef and in our moana forever. It will leave a burden for us to clean up in order to restore the mauri and tapu of Tangaroa and maintain our inherited duties rights as a hapu to this area. 62. It will be passed on to our future generations and we tautoko the kaupapa to remove the bow of the wreck from Otaiti. Naku nei, Kevin Tohiariki January 2017