Planning Your Wireless Transportation Infrastructure Presented By: Jeremy Hiebert
Agenda Agenda o Basic RF Theory o Wireless Technology Options o Antennas 101 o Designing a Wireless Network o Questions
Key Wireless Terms Key Terms o Broadband or Industrial Wireless o Frequency o Decibels o LoS (line of sight) o Effective Bandwidth o Fresnel Zone Clearance o EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power o Wi Fi, WiMAX, Proprietary Wireless o Antennas o Multipath o MIMO
Wireless Data Fundamentals Wireless Fundamentals o o o o o Wireless is a method of communication that uses radio waves to transmit/receive data between devices Radio Waves travel at the Speed of Light Lower Frequencies = Less Signal Loss Higher Frequencies = Greater Signal Loss Instead of saying cycles per second we use the term Hertz to define frequencies 900 000 000 cycles per second = 900MHz 5 000 000 000 cycles per second = 5GHz
The Decibel The decibel is a ratio, used to measure quantity power o +3dB gain represents a doubling of power o 3dB loss represents a ½ of power o +10dB gain the power is 10 times o 10dB loss the power is one tenth Watts to dbm conversion examples: o 30dBm = 1Watt o 36dBm = 4 Watts o 51dBm = 128 Watts
Antennas 101 What is an Antenna o o Antennas do not amplify, they simply focus radio energy. A common analogy is to compare an antenna to a sprinkler at the end of a hose. There is only so much water coming out of the hose but we can spread the water out or focus it to throw the water farther in a specific direction. Antenna Gain o o o Refers to the ability of the antenna to focus scattered radio RF waves into a narrower useful plane. Gain is expressed in decibels (dbi). High gain antennas generate narrow beams and will usually result in better reception for far away locations.
Antennas Typical Specifications Omni Yagi Panel/Dish Sector Frequency 900MHz, 2.4GHz 900MHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 4.9/5.8GHz 2.4GHz 4.9/5.8GHz 4.9/5.8GHz Gain 6dB 11dBi 15dBi 23dBi or greater 17dBi Polarity Vertical Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Beamwidth 10 Vertical 55 Vertical 10 Vertical 10 Vertical 360 Horizontal 55 Horizontal 10 Horizontal 90 Horizontal
Fresnel Zone The Fresnel Zone is the football shape area around the visual line of sight that radio waves spread out into after they leave the antenna. Intuicom recommends a 80% Fresnel clearance for all locations.
Frequency Options ISM & UNII Bands Band Freq. Range Bandwidth Max Radio TX Power Max EIRP ISM 900 902 928 MHz 26 MHz 30dBm +36 dbm ISM 2400 2400 2483.5 MHz 83.5 MHz 30dBm +36 dbm (PtMP or PtP) UNII 1 Indoor Only UNII 2 Low Power 5150 5250 MHz 100 MHz 16dBm +22dBm (PtMP or PtP) 5250 5350 MHz 100 MHz 23dBm +29dBm (PtMP or PtP) UNII 3 / ISM Outdoor 5725 5850 MHz 100 MHz 29dBm (PtMP) +35dBm Access Point (PtMP) +52dBm Remote Station (PtP) +52dBm AP and Remote
4.9GHz Public Safety Band 50 MHz Wide 4.94 GHz 4.99 GHz Agency must obtain a license (no charge) prior to deployment o Go to FCC website (http://www.fcc.gov/uls) o Required Information: Latitude and longitude of the sites The height in Mean Sea Level (MSL) of the sites Height of any mounting structures Know the height above average terrain (HAAT) Location of airports
Multipath Multipath o Waves that travel along different paths can cause interference with the waves travelling on the direct line of sight. A worst case example occurs when waves travelling along different paths end up completely out of phase and cancel each other.
Industrial Hardware Wireless Standards Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Technology o 900MHz & 2.4GHz o Serial and Ethernet capabilities o RF Data Rates Serial: 170 Kbps @ 108dBm Ethernet: 1 Mbps @ 100dBm o Radio Transmit Specifications Up to 30dBm o 6 30 VDC Input Power Requirements o External Antenna Ports Coax Cables Required Intuicom Communicator II
Broadband Hardware Wireless Standards Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) o 2.4, 4.9 & 5.8GHz Frequencies o IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n (Wi Fi) o Proprietary Protocols o IEEE 802.16 (Wi MAX) o RF Data Rate Ethernet: Up to 300Mbps o Radio Transmit Specifications 18 28dBm Output Power o PoE Compliant (IEEE 802.3af/at) o Integrated and Stand Alone Options Intuicom Broadband Ethernet Wireless
RF Data Rate vs. RSSI Typical Wireless Broadband Specifications o Data Rate Minimum RSSI o 1.2Mbps 94dBm o 11Mbps 88dBm o 18Mbps 87dBm o 24Mbps 84dBm o 36Mbps 80dBm o 54Mbps 73dBm o 300Mbps 63dBm **High data rates demand stronger radio signals!
Wireless Network Topologies Point to Point o Connection between two locations. o Directional antennas at both locations. o **Highest Bandwidth Point to Multipoint o Connect multiple remote locations to central site. o Omni or Sector antenna at base. Directional antenna at remotes. o **Ad hoc Architecture Mode (Base<>Station only) Mesh o All nodes are connected to each other. o Omni style antennas at all sites. o **Self Healing but Shorter Range
Designing a Wireless Network? Minimum Questions o Data Format (Ethernet, Serial, Contact Closure) o Bandwidth Requirements o Available Frequencies o Network Topology o Terrain (Line of Sight) o Latency Requirements o Noise and Interference o Traffic Application Specifics Controller Model Central Software Closed Loop
Wireless Link Budgets Wireless Path Analysis
Topographic Maps Wireless Path Analysis
Google Earth Wireless Path Analysis
On-Site Wireless Site Survey Site Survey improves overall network success o Will minimize deployment issues o Help identify issues prior to installation (repeaters, tower heights, cable, antennas)
Wireless Equipment List Wireless Equipment List o Professional Site Surveys and Path Analysis Reports produce detailed wireless equipment lists Brock Corridor Number Intersection Nitro 58 Nitro AP5858 S Nitro AP5858 P FIP4 AMK P Nitro PoE 1 CAB 0102NN 1 Brock/King 1 1 1 2 Brock/Wellington 1 1 1 3 Brock/Bagot 1 1 1 4 Brock/Montreal 1 1 1 5 Brock/Clergy 1 2 1 2 6 Brock/Barrie 1 1 1 7 Brock/Division 1 2 1 2 TOTAL 5 1 1 9 7 4
Result>> Stable Central Management Network Wireless Broadband Communication Network
Thank you Intuicom Inc. Boulder, CO 80301 Phone: 303 449 4330 Fax: 303 449 4346 www.intuicom.com