Fresh from the boat: Great Duck Island habitat monitoring Robert Szewczyk Joe Polastre Alan Mainwaring June 18, 2003
Outline Application overview System & node evolution Status & preliminary evaluations Conclusions
Great Duck Island Petrel monitoring Goal: build ecological models for breeding preferences of Leach s Storm Petrel Burrow (nest) occupancy during incubation Differences in the micro-climates of active vs. inactive burrows Environmental conditions during 7 month breeding season Inconspicuous Operation Reduce the observer effect Sensor Network Lifetime, size, quantity requirements Environmental conditions Data As much as possible in the power budget Predictable operation Confidence in collected readings Unattended, off-the-grid operation
System structure Sensor Node Patch Network Sensor Patch Gateway Transit Network Client Data Browsing and Processing Basestation Base-Remote Link Internet Data Service
System implementation IR Burrow Camera #1 IR Burrow Camera #5 IR Burrow Camera #2 Sensor Patch IR Burrow Camera #6 Satellite router Web power strip WWW power strip IR Burrow Camera #3 ) IR Burrow Camera #4 IR Burrow Camera #7 IR Burrow Camera #8 4-port VPN router and 16-port Ethernet switch DB IBM laptop #1 Power over LAN Midspan Power over LAN midspan DB IBM laptop #2 Northern WAP Wireless bridgeethernet switch 110VAC service Burrow Camera Configuration Axis 2130 PTZ South Mica2-EPRB#2 Mica2-EPRB#2 Southern WAP Wireless bridge 916 MHz 12V PoL 12VDC, 0.9A Active Splitter network Axis 2401 Video Server
Node architecture advances Problems observed in previous deployment Size motes were too large to fit in many burrows Packaging did not provide adequate protection for electronics or proper conditions for sensors Reliability last retreat talk; high rate of node loss, lack of scientifically meaningful environmental data Power consumption boost converter a minimal return at a high price New generation of motes to address most of these concerns Platform based on mica2dot Primarily calibrated, digital sensors Multiple application-specific packaging, power, and sensing options
Mote evolution
Miniature weather station Sensor suite Sensirion humidity + temperature sensor Intersema pressure + temperature sensor TAOS total solar radiation sensor Hamamatsu PAR sensor Radiation sensors measure both direct and diffuse radiation Power supply SAFT LiS02 battery, ~1 Ah @ 2.8V Packaging HDPE tube with coated sensor boards on both ends of the tube Additional PVC skirt to provide extra shade and protection against the rain
Burrow occupancy detector Sensor suite Sensirion humidity + temperature sensor Melexis passive IR sensor + conditioning circuitry Power supply GreatBatch lithium thionyl chloride 1 Ah battery Maxim 5V boost converter for Melexis circuitry Packaging Sealed HDPE tube, emphasis on small size
Software architecture advances Bi-directional communication with low-power listenting.1% duty cycle Parameter adjustment and query Sample rate changes, sensor status queries Improved power management scheme Fine granularity through StdControl interface 20 ua sleep mode Multihop deployment planned for July What it isn t: GSK Emphasis on simplicity and reliability, rather than generality Compatible with most GSK server-side interfaces
Application status Sensor network 26 burrow motes deployed 12 weather station motes deployed (+2 for monitoring the insides of the base station case)» Another 14 are awaiting deployment within days Redundant database setup online 2 base stations logging packets to 2 database servers Replication to Berkeley Verification infrastructure Overview cameras in place Burrow cameras temporarily offline, wireless bridge problem Video logging still needs to be synchronized with the mote data service
Burrow motes: deployment x 106 206 201 226 202 230 219 227 221 229 Repeater 212 204 220 208 222 210 209 214 215 203 228 217 213 207 216 5.6027 5.6028 5.6029 5.603 5.6031 5.6032 5.6033 5.6034 x 10 5
Burrow motes: link performance x 106 34 69 85 87 57 52 85 90 66 Repeater 86 96 86 61 88 96 94 9797 87 85 90 81 85 96 5.6027 5.6028 5.6029 5.603 5.6031 5.6032 5.6033 5.6034 x 10 5
Burrow motes: sample data 50 45 40 209 210 221 202 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 06/15 06/16 06/16 06/17 06/17 06/18 06/18
Burrow motes: sample data 120 100 209 210 221 202 80 60 40 20 0 06/15 06/16 06/16 06/17 06/17 06/18 06/18
Burrow motes: sample data 20 15 10 209 210 221 202 5 0-5 -10-15 -20 06/15 06/16 06/16 06/17 06/17 06/18 06/18
Weather stations: deployment x 106 124 121 128 125 Repeater 103 123 129 101 126 122 127 102 108 5.6027 5.6028 5.6029 5.603 5.6031 5.6032 5.6033 5.6034 x 10 5
Weather stations: link performance x 106 82 87 91 90 Repeater 90 74 37 91 86 88 46 87 90 5.6027 5.6028 5.6029 5.603 5.6031 5.6032 5.6033 5.6034 x 10 5
Weather stations: sample data 120 100 101 102 103 105 80 60 40 20 0 06/08 06/10 06/12 06/14 06/16 06/18 06/20
Weather stations: sample data 50 45 40 101 102 103 105 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 06/08 06/10 06/12 06/14 06/16 06/18 06/20
Weather stations: sample data 3.5 4 x 1010 3 101 102 103 105 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 06/08 06/10 06/12 06/14 06/16 06/18 06/20
Weather stations: sample data 4 3.5 3 101 102 103 105 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 06/08 06/10 06/12 06/14 06/16 06/18 06/20
Packaging evaluation We observed what happens to motes when packaging fails Battery venting, H2SO3 corroding the entire mote Need to assemble the package correctly we failed to create proper indication os a good seal Majority of packages survived severe weather! Still awaiting evaluation whether the package creates an environment suitable for sensing Convective heating, etc.
Conclusions Next generation of environmental sensor networks Smaller, better, more robust Application specific sensor suites vs. kitchen sink Infrastructure matters Redundancy at every level Remote administration and rebooting Data verification is key! More analysis to come Biology studies based on the system Compare notes with James Reserve system