Barrier-Immune Radio Communication {BIRC} for Demand Response.

Barrier-Immune Radio Communication {BIRC} for Demand Response. Demand Response Enabling Technology Development {DR ETD} Project Workshop. June 11, 2007 Francis Rubinstein Rish Ghatikar Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory http://www.lbl.gov/ Peter Haugen Ken Masica Carlos Kique Romero Farid Dowla Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory http://www.llnl.gov/

Presentation Overview LBNL BIRC Collaboration, Concept, Research Goals & DR strategies.» BI Radio Technologies, Analysis, Study/Test-bed, & Application. LLNL Rish Ghatikar & Francis Rubinstein Electromagnetic {EM} Modeling Using Ray-Tracing» Sample Building Results Ben Fasenfest & Kique Romero 2

LBNL & LLNL BIRC Collaboration LBNL s expertise Energy Technologies Building Science DRRC & DR Systems LLNL s expertise Military Applications Wireless Technologies Expertise combined w/ modeling tools to find best frequency, power combination, data-rate, & expected coverage & reliability. 3

BIRC DR Research & Concept. DR Overview & Idea. Research DR-enabling RF technologies Purpose: Demand Response Target: Controls & Communications wn/ Existing Commercial Buildings Goal: Wireless Technology Benchmarking, Low Point Density Goal: Factor 10 Improvement, Scalable DR 4

Present Scenario SensorNets» Under development by various vendors.» Hardwired back-bone required connects SensorNet groups.» Mesh communications for general-purpose controls & monitoring.» Low cost, Low power» Vendors: ZigBee Alliance, Dust Networks, Z-Wave, etc. SensorNet limitations» RF waves are effected by materials in their proximity & interference.» Absorption, refection or multi-path interference, EMI/RFI» Building construction materials are barriers to RF communications.» Steel, concrete, floors, walls, tinted window glass, etc. The transition >> 5

BIRC Need for Demand Response. The DR problem from limitations!» Mesh of SensorNets form multiple paths. Roof-top Units» Within LOS with each other for minimal RF barriers Lighting» High point-density. HVAC RF barriers block DR load shed targets. Un-utilized DR Loads 6

BIRC & Present DR Scenario(s). Ethernet/SensorNet hybrid architecture» Walls & Floors are RF barriers.» Wired/Ethernet backbone connects groups of SensorNets. Expensive, IT & facility bureaucracy, no DR scalability. 7

BIRC Research & RF Strategies. The problem with present RF strategies» No pure wireless technology and/or solutions proven for DR.» Lack of it can jeopardize the financial viability of large-scale DR deployment. Specific research goals» Conduct research into wireless technologies that:» Can communicate through walls and floors.» Can be bolted-on to new/existing commercial buildings of any type.» Are compatible with legacy systems & integrate building systems. Energy management systems (EMS), Networking, electrical conduits space, etc become inconsequential. The transition >> 8

Ideal BIRC Scenarios. Pure wireless w/ BIRC/SensorNet hybrid architecture.» Obviate Ethernet & communicate through barriers to gateways.» Gateways convert BIRC & SensorNet radio signals.» SensorNets to communicate with the DR load shed devices. 9

Ideal BIRC Scenarios. Pure wireless architecture w/ BIRC devices.» Completely obviate Ethernet & SensorNet groups.» Communicates through walls & floors Low point-density, economical, scalable, and large coverage 10

Study Promising BI Radio Technologies Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) 802.15.3 @ 3.1 10.6 GHz» Fundamentally different than most existing RF technologies.» Example: AM, FM, UHF, VHF, 900MHz, Bluetooth (15.1), ZigBee (15.4), 802.11x, short-wave, long-wave, spread spectrum, etc.» Pulses ~ one nanosecond are simultaneously used to transmit digital signals.» Example: Home-video broadcast» 2002 FCC approves UWB for civilian use. We think, Hybrid-Systems to be most effective!» Study standard industrial, scientific, medical (ISM) system of RF bands.» BIRC Platform as underlying transport mechanism for SensorNets. 11

Wireless Technologies for Study XTend RS-232/RS-485 RF Modem {ISM 900 MHz} XBee-PRO Zigbee/802.15.4 RS-232 RF Modem {ISM 2.4 GHz} http://www.maxstream.net/products/xtend/rf-modem-rs232.php Dust Networks SmartMesh- XD 802.15.4 {2.4 GHz} http://www.maxstream.net/products/xbee/xbee-pro-pkg-r-modem-zigbee.php Ultra Wide Band {UWB} {3.1-10.6 GHz} http://www.dustnetworks.com/products/smartmesh-xd.shtml http://www-eng.llnl.gov/uwb_comm/uwb_comm_fatq.html 12

Technology & IEEE Protocols & Standards Available data communication standards comparison IEEE Standard WLAN Bluetooth Dust Nets UWB Zigbee 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.15.1 802.15.4 802.15.3a 802.15.4 Operational Frequency 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 3.1-10.6 GHz 2.4 GHz {900 MHz} Maximum Data Rate 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 1 Mbps 250 Kbps >100 Mbps 250 Kbps {115 Kbps} Maximum Range 100 meters 100 meters 100 meters 10 meters 100 meters 10 meters 50 meters {900 Met} Source: http://www-eng.llnl.gov/uwb_comm/uwb_comm_fatq.html#q8 Dust Networks:http://www.dustnetworks.com/docs/PM2130.pdf Other factors» Power Combinations & Energy Needs» Security/Encryption Standards & Reliability» Data Collision Risks» Technology Benchmarking Life-Cycle-Costs, Optimal Solution for End-Uses 13

BIRC Test-Bed: Molecular Foundry Dedicated to LBNL March 24, 2006» Six+1-story, 94,500 Sq. Ft. steel and glass building. 14

BIRC Building DR Application Concepts Replace existing wired DR. LBNL s CLIR or DRAS Software- Client as interface. N G Battery Memery RJ-45 L1 L2 L3 N G L Copyright 2007 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rights reserved. 15

DR Building DR Application Concepts Possible wireless solution Economically viable Scalable Wide-scale participation Wireless Transmitter with Wireless Receiver with Dry Contact Input Contact Output 1 FU 6 KHz CLIR Relay Board 11 10 8 7 5 4 2 EMCS Loads Justified with > distance & barriers Copyright 2007 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Project Deliverables Define communication metrics for use in lab & field tests using portable fixtures.» Evaluation and comparison of RF technologies.» Software simulations to refine field tests and to analyze & generalize the results. Public demonstrations Report» Scheduled completion by December 2007. 17

Presentation Overview LBNL BIRC Collaboration, Concept, Research Goals & DR strategies.» BI Radio Technologies, Analysis, Study/Test-bed, & Application. LLNL Rish Ghatikar & Francis Rubinstein Electromagnetic {EM} Modeling Using Ray-Tracing» Sample Building Results Ben Fasenfest & Kique Romero 18

Modeling the Problem LLNL expertise combined with commercial modeling tools to find best frequency and power combination, as well as determine the expected coverage and reliability 19

EM Modeling Tools Electromagnetic Modeling Tools can model the RF Environment, Antenna Patterns, and RF paths.»ray Tracing / EM propagation software» Powerful tool for modeling the effects of buildings on the propagation of electromagnetic waves.» Can be used to predict how the locations of transmitters and receivers within an urban area affect the signal strength.» Reduces the need for extensive on-site measurements. 20

Prediction & Verification of Test Results RF Path Loss, Spectral Response, and the effects of nonstationary Interference Sources can all be Predicted in advance or used to verify test results 21

Exterior Coverage Map Wireless InSite used to model coverage over an exterior area at the lab 22

Early Building Modeling Wideband radar propagation through simple one story structure Pulse reflection characteristics show good agreement between WI and EMSolve 23

Full-Size Building Simulation EMSolve FDTD was used to model a 5000 sq. ft. two story building using LLNL s Zeus supercomputer. The simulation required 12 hours on 384 processors to model one transmit propagating through the 1.6 billion cell mesh. 24

Next Step: Molecular Foundry Molecular Foundry blueprints available Use conversion software to go from CAD drawings to Wireless InSite model Map coverage areas for different products and placements 25

LBNL & LLNL BIRC Project Team Francis Rubinstein {LBNL PI} FMRubinstein@lbl.gov. Peter Haugen {LLNL PI} Haugen2@llnl.gov. Rish Ghatikar GGhatikar@lbl.gov. Kique Romero Romero29@llnl.gov. Ken Masica Masica@llnl.gov. Farid Dowla {LLNL} Dowla1@llnl.gov. Ben Fasenfest Fasenfest1@llnl.gov 26