Seat No.: Enrolment No. Date: 4/05/202 BE SEM-VIII Examination May 202 Subject code: 80 Subject Name: Data Communication & Networking. Attempt all questions. Time: 0.30 am 0.00 pm Total Marks: 70 Q. (a) List the Classification of network in detail according to the area covered. Also explain each classification of network in detail. (b) Draw and Explain the OSI reference model for network. Also gives its application and critiques. Q.2 (a) What is mobile telephone system? Explain basic concept of the mobile telephone system. Also explain basic structure of mobile telephone systems. (b) Draw and explain the TCP/IP model used for the networks. Also explain the critiques of TCP/IP model (b) What is the Public Switched Telephone System? Also explain details of PSTN system. Q.3 (a) List the Data Link Layer design issues. What is framing? List all methods used for framing and explain any two methods used for framing in detail. (b) List the elementary Data Link Protocol used in network. And explain any two of them in details. Q.3 (a) What is congestion control? Why it is required? List all policies used for the congestion control. Explain any two policies used for the congestion control in detail. (b) What is Quality of Service? What is its significance? List the techniques available to improve Quality of Service and explain any two of them in detail. Q.4 (a) Properly Explain the channel allocation problem. Also explain its solution in detail. (b) List the Multiple access protocols used for the wireless network and explain any two of them in detail. Q.4 (a) What are the issues available in transport layer list them all and explain each issue in short. (b) What are the elements of transport protocol? Explain them all in short. Q.5 (a) What is Domain Name System? Explain Recourse records and Name server for the Domain Name System (b) What is World Wide Web? Draw and Explain architectural overview of
the World Wide Web. Q.5 (a) What is cryptography? Explain Symmetric Key Algorithms in detail. (b) What is Digital Signature? List the methods used for Digital Signature and explain them in detail. ************* 2
Seat No.: Enrolment No. Date: 08/05/202 BE SEM-VIII Examination May 202 Subject code: 802 Subject Name: Fundamentals of Image Processing. Attempt all questions. Time: 0.30 am 0.00 pm Total Marks: 70 Q. (a) What is contrast stretching? Explain any one contrast stretching function with help of graph and its pseudo code for implementation (b) Draw and explain structure of human eye and discuss human vision system Q.2 (a) Answer the following questions [] List different types of image file formats [2] What is simultaneous contrast? [3] How much storage capacity required to store image with size of 024x768 and 256 gray levels [4] Write any 3x3 mask for low pass filtering of an image [5] What type of filter is most effective for Gaussian noise? [6] What is wavelet? How wavelet transform differs from Fourier transform? [7] Why Sobel edge detection is preferred over Prewitt edge detection? (b) What is histogram? Explain histogram equalization algorithm. Write pseudo code or Matlab code for calculation of histogram and histogram equalization (b) Explain basic concepts of image sampling and quantization. Discuss spatial and gray level resolutions. Q.3 (a) Discuss steps of image filtering in frequency domain. Discuss 2D discrete Fourier transform with help of equations. (b) What are the frequency domain filters available to sharpen the image? Discuss any one practical image sharpening filter with mathematical description. Q.3 (a) Explain basic principle of homomorphic filtering. Draw and explain implementation block diagram of homomorphic filtering (b) Explain arithmetic coding procedure with appropriate example. What type of redundancy is removed by the arithmetic coding? Q.4 (a) What is the difference between degradation and noise? Explain image degradation and restoration model. (b) Explain 2D wavelet transform for digital image processing with help of block diagram Q.4 (a) What is redundancy? What are the different types of redundancy available
(b) in the digital image? Explain inter-pixel redundancy What is first order and second order derivatives of an image? Why second order derivative is not much preferred for edge detection? How Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) solves problem of second order derivative for edge detection? Q.5 (a) What is the purpose of Hough transform? Write steps of Hough transform for XY plane. What problem occurs in Hough transform in XY Plane for vertical line? (b) Explain dilation and erosion morphological operations Q.5 (a) Explain thinning and thickening operations on the digital image. (b) Explain RGB color model. What is the HEX code for pure RED color in 24 bit representation? How RGB to CMY conversion is done? ************* 2
Seat No.: Enrolment No. B.E. - SEMESTER VIII EXAMINATION OCTOBER 202 Subject Code: 802 Date: 25/0/202 Subject Name: Fundamental of Image Processing Time: 02.30pm - 05.00pm Total Marks: 70. Attempt any five questions. Q. (a) Explain sampling, quantization and bit-planes of gray scale images with examples. (b) Sketch a piece-wise linear input-output characteristic with the corner points (0, 0), (00, 30), (200, 230), and (255, 255). Determine the output for the following input. 20 40 60 80 00 20 40 60 200 Image I: Q. (b). Q.2 (a) Explain implementation of Laplacian operator in 2D space and in 2D spectrum. State an application of Laplacian. (b) Segment the following image into two regions, clearly depicting the boundary based on the histogram. 3 2 0 8 7 2 3 8 7 2 2 8 7 7 7 7 8 8 6 6 6 6 5 Image II: Q.2 (b) (b) Explain motivation and implementation of homomorphic filter approach for image enhancement. Q.3 (a) Explain extension of D DFT to 2D DFT. Sketch a typical MxN point DFT to depict low and high frequencies. (b) Explain Butterworth low-pass and high-pass frequency responses and their implementation in 2D spectral domain. Q.3 (a) Explain 2D wavelet analysis structure. Derive 2-level wavelet analysis of the following image with the subband filters h 0 [n]={,} and h [n]={,-}. 4 5 3 2 5 6 4 3 2 4 2 2 3 2 3 Image III: Q.3 (a) and Q.3 (b). (b) Derive Huffman code for encoding the gray-levels in
Image III given above and the compression ratio for the same. Q.4 (a) Explain each of the three characteristics of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) model. (b) Explain RGB and CMY color models. Derive a CMY equivalent of a 24-bits RGB vector (55, 00, 65). Q.4 (a) Derive the relation between the reduction in noise and the number of observations K in an averaging method where K degraded image observations due to an additive noise with zero mean and a constant variance are averaged. Q.4 (b) Explain color complements in RGB and HSI color spaces. Derive the color complement of RGB vector (0.5, 0., 0.2) on the elementary color scales of [0, ]. Q.5 (a) Explain Erosion, Dilation, Opening and Closing. Give appropriate morphological operations on a 2-pixel thick H, depicted in the following image for (i) removing the horizontal segment of H, (ii) removing the vertical segments of H, and (iii) thinning of H to -pixel. Image IV: Q.5 (a). (b) Segment the following image into two regions based on the edge-orientations derived through a gradient operator clearly depicting the boundary. 27 27 27 27 27 25 25 25 25 25 23 23 30 33 36 2 2 33 36 39 9 9 36 39 42 Image V: Q.5 (b). Q.5 (a) Explain a linear image-degradation model, an inverse restoration filter and its limitations. (b) Give a morphological approach to detect 3x3 size patches of white color in a color image in RGB space. ************* 2
Seat No.: Enrolment No. BE - SEMESTER VIII EXAMINATION SUMMER 203 Subject Code: 802 Date: 09/05/203 Subject Name: Fundamentals of Image Processing Time: 0:30 am TO 0:00 pm Total Marks: 70. Attempt all questions. Q. (a) Explain basic processes involved in generation of digital image. Explain different digital image file formats (b) Explain basic difference between point processing and mask processing. Generating negative image is point process or mask process? Explain Pseudo code for the generation of negative image for 256 gray level digital image. Q.2 (a) Consider that text is written using black ink on a paper of bad quality having so many light yellow dots and wrinkles on it. We want to scan the paper and improve appearance of text material written on it. Show suitable image processing method and Pseudo code for the same. (b) Consider that image is corrupted by salt and pepper noise. Suggest better method to remove salt and pepper noise from the image. Explain that method and write Matlab/Scilab code for the same. (b) Consider that image is corrupted by Gaussian noise. Suggest suitable method to minimize Gaussian noise from the image. Explain that method and write Matlab/Scilab code for the same. Q.3 (a) Explain importance of histogram in image processing. Explain Pseudo code to calculate histogram. Explain histogram equalization. (b) What is wavelet? Explain how wavelet transform is used to decompose image with help of block diagram Q.3 (a) Explain basic steps for filtering of image in frequency domain. What are the filter mask used for low pass filtering and high pass filtering? (b) Explain spatial filtering process. Write MATLAB code for convolution of 3x3 filter mask with image of size MxN. Write 3x3 mask for low pass filtering and high pass filtering. Q.4 (a) Discuss reasons for the degradation of digital image. Explain image degradation-restoration model with equations in Spatial and frequency domain. (b) Explain RGB and YCbCr color models. Discuss transformation from RGB to YCbCr. Q.4 (a) Explain different noise probability density functions using mathematical expressions and graphs. (b) Explain region growing by pixel aggregation method. Q.5 (a) What is segmentation? List segmentation approaches. Explain use of gradient operators to find out discontinuities.
(b) What is importance of Hough transform in image processing. Write steps of Hough transform for XY plane. Explain problem of Hough transform in XY plane for vertical line. Q.5 (a) What is morphology? Discuss two basic morphological operations Erosion and Dilation. Write two applications of Erosion and Dilation (b) What are lossless compression techniques? Explain Huffman encoding with suitable example. ************* 2
Seat No.: Enrolment No. Date: 08/05/202 BE SEM-VIII Examination May 202 Subject code: 803 Subject Name: RADAR & NAVIGATIONAL AIDS (D.E.-II). Attempt all questions. Time: 0.30 am 0.00 pm Total Marks: 70 Q. (a) From first principles, derive the fundamental form of radar range equation. State the various parameters that influence the radar range performance. Considering noise as the chief factor limiting the receiver sensitivity, obtain the modified form of radar equation taking the effect of thermal noise. (b) In a pulse radar, (i) Transmitter power = 500 KW (ii) Radar Range = 200 miles (iii) Wavelength = 0.7 cm (iv) Effective area =5 sq m. (v) Directivity of antenna = 0.5 (vi) Radar cross section =sq m. Find the value of minimum weak signal that can be detected by radar unambiguously. (c) What is the peak power of a radar pulse if the pulse width is µsec, the PRF is 500Hz and the average power is 500Watts? What is the duty cycle? Calculate the unambiguous range in nautical miles. Q.2 (a) (i) Define the following : (a) Radar cross section (b) Multiple time around echoes (c ) Land clutter (d) Electronic navigation (e) Duplexer (f) surveillance radar (ii) What is the use of delay line cancellor? Obtain the frequency response of a single delay line cancellor (b) (b) (i) Loop input circuits minimize the antenna effect in loop direction finder. Justify (ii) Compare Adcock and loop antenna for direction finding. How the former eliminates the polarization errors? Sketch different forms of Adcock antenna. (i) Draw the block diagram of pulse radar and explain its operation describing the function of all modules. (ii) How multiple frequency CW radar can be used to measure the range of a moving target? Q.3 (a) What is Doppler effect. Explain in detail the block diagram of a CW radar and show how the Doppler frequency is measured. Where is this radar used? With a CW transmit frequency of 3GHz, calculate the Doppler frequency seen by a stationary radar when the target radial velocity is 90km/hr. 04 03 03 04
(b) Explain the working of a VHF automatic direction finder. How remote indication of the bearing can be obtained? Q.3 (a) How FMCW radar overcomes the shortcomings of Doppler CW radar? Draw the block diagram of FMCW radar and derive the expression for the radial velocity and the range of the moving target when the transmitted signal is modulated by the triangular waveform. If the beat frequency measured is 600 Hz, determine the range of the target. The frequency is modulated at the rate of 30KHz over a range of.5 KHz (b) What is an MTI radar? How can moving objects be recognized on an A Scope? Draw the block diagram of an MTI radar with Power Amplifier transmitter and explain its operation? What is the need for Coho and Stalo? Q.4 (a) Explain the principle of working of LAN A. Discuss the sequence of transmission and reception of pulses. How absolute delay τ is measured? (b) Draw the block diagram of a radio compass receiver and explain the function of each element with necessary equations and waveforms. Q.4 (a) Derive an expression for the emf induced in a loop antenna by an electromagnetic wave incident at an angle Ө with the plane of the loop antenna. Explain how the arrangement is used for determining the bearing of the transmitting station. How sense finding is done? (b) What is V.O.R? Explain its principle with necessary waveforms and operation of the V ground equipment. Q.5 (a) For a Decca Navigation system explain the following: (i) The basic principle of operation (ii) Frequencies of master and Slave Stations (iii) Lane and Zone (iv) Normal and Lane identification Transmission. (b) What is DME? Explain AIR borne DME interrogator with modes of operation. Q.5 (a) What is the need for ILS at the airport? Explain the localizer and glide slope systems of ILS with radiation pattern of antennas in each case. (b) What is meant by blind speed with reference to the MTI radar? Obtain an expression for the blind speed in terms of PRF. How is staggered PRF used to extend the first blind speed? An MTI radar is operating at 6 GHz with a pulse period of 0.5 msec. Find its unambiguous range and fifth blind speed. *****************
Seat No.: Enrolment No. B.E. - SEMESTER VIII EXAMINATION OCTOBER 202 Subject Code: 803 Date: 25/0/202 Subject Name: Radar Navigational and Aids Time: 02.30pm - 05.00pm Total Marks: 70. Attempt any five questions. Q- Answer the following: 4 a Briefly explain the basic principle of radar. 3 b Write and explain the three radar range equations. 4 c Maximum range of the radar is inversely proportional to the square-root of 4 wavelength, Justify. d What are the main types of navigation aids? 3 Q-2 a What is radar cross section? Differentiate between rayleigh, mie and optical 7 regions. b Explain the block diagram of MTI radar with neat sketch in detail. 7 b Distinguish scanning and tracking. Explain any one method of tracking in 7 detail. Q-3 a What is a multiple-time-around echoes and how it is related to radar s PRF? 7 Considering three targets at different distances, explain a method of distinguishing MTA echoes from unambiguous echoes, using A scope. b Define receiver noise. Explain radar range equation in terms of receiver noise figure, bandwidth and other related parameters. For radar receiver having NF of 4dB with IF bandwidth of 3MHz, find minimum detectable 7 power. Q-3 a Define blind speed and calculate two lowest blind speed for MTI radar 5 operating at 5GHz with PRF of KHz. b Explain the radar set with appropriate block diagram 5 c What is Doppler Effect? List advantages of pulse Doppler radar over CW 4 radar. Q-4 a Distinguish between COHO and STALO. 3 b Explain the principle and operation of FM-CW radar in brief. 5 c Write a short note on Sea clutter. 6 Q-4 a Briefly discuss the features of TACAN. 4 b Explain automatic direction finder through a block diagram 5 c Explain Global Positioning system. 5 Q-5 a What is DME? Explain the operation of DME inside the aircraft. 7 b Write short note on Instrument landing system. 7 Q-5 a Why loop antennas are used in direction finding? Derive an expression for induced output voltage of loop antenna having N turns. b Briefly describe the DECCA receiver with neat sketch. 7 7 **********
Seat No.: Enrolment No. BE - SEMESTER VIII EXAMINATION SUMMER 203 Subject Code: 803 Date: 09/05/203 Subject Name: Radar and Navigational Aids Time: 0:30 am TO 0:00 pm Total Marks: 70. Attempt all questions. Q. (a) Range estimation using basic RADAR equation may be lagging by 50%, How we can improve the accuracy of estimation of RADAR range? Justify your answer by considering various factors affecting the radar Range in brief. (b) What is the peal power of radar whose average power is 200 W, Pulse width is µ Sec, and pulse repetition frequency is 000Hz? What is the Range (nmi)of this ground based air surveillance radar if it has to detect a target of 2m 2,When it operate on the S-band frequency of 2.9Ghz, With rectangular shaped antenna having 5m wide and 2.7m height antenna aperture efficiency is 0.6 and minimum detectable signal Smin is equal to 0-2? Q.2 (a) How Loop antenna can be used for direction finding? What is the problem of direction ambiguity? How can we solve this problem? (b) What do you mean by Doppler velocity? Prove that it depends on target s radial velocity, derive the relation between Doppler velocity and Blind velocity and show that Doppler filters can t see the target if it is moving with blind velocity. (b) What is the difference between MTD and MTI? With the help of necessary block diagram Explain the working of Moving target detector. Q.3 (a) What is the reason for very high scanning speed of Phased array antenna compared to parabolic reflector antenna? How the steering mechanism works in linear phase array? Configure Digital Phase shifter with four bit diode switch line length with /6 Quantization which gives 35 phase shift. (b) Derive a RADAR equation for detection of rain. Q.3 (a) How RCS is modeled? What scenarios are address by Swerling Case-I to Case-IV? (b) How the severity of clutter disturbance is addressed by Space time adaptive signal processing(stap) in case of an Air born RADAR? Q.4 (a) Why FMCW is dominated by pulsed Doppler RADAR as time progress since WW-II? (b) What is V? Explain its working Q.4 (a) For air surveillance radar Explain how Tracking is done(tws)? (b) Explain working of Microwave landing system. Q.5 (a) How we can use RADAR for imaging? Explain working of SAR? (b) Explain working of modern GPS system. Q.5 (a) Write short notes on Doppler Navigation. (b) Explain working of the LAN system. *************
Seat No.: Enrolment No. Date: 2/05/202 BE SEM-VIII Examination May 202 Subject code: 804 Subject Name: Advanced Microprocessors. Attempt all questions. Time: 0.30 am 0.00 pm Total Marks: 70 Q. (a) Distinguish between real mode and protected mode in microprocessor 8086. Also explain real mode in detail. (b) Write an 8086 program to find out the largest number from an array of 6-bit numbers stored sequentially in the memory locations starting at offset 0500H in the segment 2000H. Also draw the flowchart for the above program. Q.2 (a) Explain the internal architecture of 8086 microprocessor. (b) Explain data movement instructions in detail. (b) Write short note on assembler directives. Q.3 (a) It is required to interface two chips of 32K*8 ROM and four chips of 32K*8 RAM with 8086 according to the following map:- ROM and 2 : F0000H FFFFFH RAM and 2 : D0000H DFFFFH RAM 3 and 4 : E0000H EFFFFH Show the implementation of this memory system. (b) Write short note on basic I/O interface. Q.3 (a) Draw block diagram of microprocessor 8086 and describe basic features of 8086. (b) Write short note on 80286. Q.4 (a) Explain bus timings in microprocessor 8086. (b) What is interrupt? Explain interrupt vectors and vector table in detail. Q.4 Write short notes: 4 (a) 80386 microprocessor (b) 80486 microprocessor Q.5 (a) Write short notes on hardware interrupts in microprocessor 8086. (b) (i) Explain operation of real mode interrupt. (ii) Explain following interrupt instructions: 04 03 () BOUND (2) INTO (3) INT (4) INT 3 (5) IRET Q.5 (a) Draw Pentium system architecture and describe the five stage pipeline mechanism. (b) Describe in detail the differences between Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 and Core 2 microprocessors.
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Seat No.: Enrolment No. B.E. - SEMESTER VIII EXAMINATION OCTOBER 202 Subject Code: 804 Date: 29/0/202 Subject Name: Advanced Microprocessors Time: 02.30pm - 05.00pm Total Marks: 70. Attempt any five questions. Q. (a) Discuss the internal architecture of 8086 microprocessor. Compare 8086 and 8088 microprocessors in terms of their architecture and pin configuration. (b) (i)what are advantages of memory segmentation in 8086? (ii)discuss the real mode addressing. (iii)if CS=3499H & IP=2500H in 8086 find logical address, physical address, lower & upper ranges of code segment. Q.2 (a) Explain the following instructions (i)movs (ii)into (iii)shl (iv)loope Explain the following directives (i)even (ii)db(iii)equ (b) With the help of suitable block diagram explain how 8086 behaves in maximum mode. Draw the write cycle timing diagram for maximum mode. (b) What do you understand by absolute decoding?how is a word accessed in 8086? Q.3 (a) Write an assembly language program in 8086 to arrange a given array of numbers in ascending order. (b) Write an assembly language program in 8086 to reverse a string Q.3 (a) What are hardware features of 80286 microprocessors? Explain following instructions (i)bound (ii)leave (iii)ins (b) Write an assembly language program in 8086 to generate Fibonacci series. Q.4 (a) Describe in detail with suitable formats how linear address is converted into physical address in reference to 80386 microprocessor. (b) Write an assembly language program in 8086 to subtract two 32 bit numbers. Q.4 (a) What are the various ways of segment privilege level protection in 80386 microprocessor? Explain each field of descriptor table. Q.4 (b) What is the purpose of interrupt and how an interrupt request is executed? What are the interrupt flag bits and how does an interrupt vector is stored in an IVT? Q.5 (a) (i) List the special features of Pentium processors (ii)how memory system is arranged in Pentium & Pentium Pro microprocessors? (b) Explain the function of following pins (i)ignne (ii)ads (iii)lock (iv)reset (v)smi (vi)ferr (vii)a20 Q.5 (a) What is virtual mode addressing? What are the steps taken in moving to protected mode from real mode? (b) Discuss the difference between 80486SX & 80486DX. Explain EFLAG register of 80486. *************
Seat No.: Enrolment No. BE - SEMESTER VIII EXAMINATION SUMMER 203 Subject Code: 804 Date: 3/05/203 Subject Name: Advanced Microprocessors Time: 0:30 am TO 0:00 pm Total Marks: 70. Attempt all questions. Q. (a) What is the role of BIU and queue inside 8086? If DS=2000, CS=000 and IP = 000 then what will be physical address of instruction. (b) Why the memory of 8086 divided into odd and even bank? Explain the process of accessing a word starting at odd and even address. Q.2 (a) Write five addressing mode with example of its physical address generation. (b) Write following 8086 instruction description (i) IRET (ii) RCL AX,CL (iii) LOOPE (iv) SCASB and directives description of (i) G (ii) DT (iii) PTR (b) Write assembly language program using 8086 instruction to multiply two arrays of 6 bit numbers and store result in data segment. Write suitable comments. Q.3 (a) What is the difference between minimum and maximum mode of 8086 and which pin changes their function in maximum mode with respect to minimum mode explain any three signals. (b) Design interface of 8086 in minimum mode with 4 Kbyte ROM and 8 Kbyte RAM, end address of ROM is FFFFF h while RAM starting address is 00000 h. Q.3 (a) Design an interface between 8086 and input port to read the status of switch sw to sw 8 and output port with 8086.Display number of key pressed at 7-segment display through output port. The input port address is 08h and output port address is 0Ah. Write program for that. (b) Explain block diagram of clock generator 8284 in brief. Q.4 (a) Explain following interrupt type, type 0,, 2 and where starting address of ISR of their interrupt are stored in IVT. (b) Explain how 8086 hardware interrupts INTR handled and responded and what happen if two or more interrupt occur at same time. Q.4 (a) Explain 8086 block diagram and also list out 80286 additional features in brief. Q.4 (b) What is descriptor table? How descriptor is used to access memory location explain with example. Q.5 (a) Explain memory paging mechanism in 80386. (b) Write types of descriptors and draw and explain segment descriptor format. Q.5 (a) Write basic features of 80486 and Pentium processor. (b) What is Program Invisible Registers explain its uses. *************