CIGRE/CIRED/UIE JWG C4.110 Voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations Joint Workshop on Voltage Quality Monitoring Brussels, 18 November 2009 Math Bollen History Nine meetings: April 2006 January 2009 Final report approved and will be available for free from CIGRE Scope of the working group Move voltage-dip immunity a step further Recommendations to the stakeholders October 2009: UIE WG2 takes over the dissemination of the results
A voltage dip 6.5 6 Voltage [kv] 5.5 5 4.5 duration 4 Residual voltage 3.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time [Cycles] In a three-phase system Type I Type II Type III 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 Voltage [pu] 0.8 0.7 Voltage [pu] 0.8 0.7 Voltage [pu] 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0 2 4 6 8 Time [Cycles] 0.4 0 2 4 6 8 Time [Cycles] 0.4 0 2 4 6 8 Time [Cycles]
Voltage dip Voltage Sudden drop in voltage Time Immunity of equipment Electrical equipment stops functioning Equipment immunity time Time
Immunity of the process Process paramater Permitted range Process stops or has to be stopped Process immunity time Time Global voltage-dip statistics 1000 measurement locations Canada, Scotland, Portugal, South Afrika, Australia, Spain, USA, Japan, New Zealand All data in the same database Presented as a contour chart, percentile and dip type.
Contour chart 25 dips/year 10 dips/year 9 Dip type 5/yr 5/yr 5/yr 0,1s 1s 0,1s 1s 0,1s 1s Type I dip in one phase Type II dip in two phases Type III dip in three phases
Percentile of the sites Type I, 50% site 5/yr Type I, 75% site Type I, 90% site 25/yr 5/yr Type I, 95% site Different classes of equipment Immunity requirement for Type I and Type II Class C Class D Class A Class B
Supply performance Process performance requirement Process immunity time Process immunity requirement Equipment performance requirement Equipment selection or selection of other mitigation methods
The different stakeholders Equipment manufacturers Industrial installations Domestic and commercial customers Network operators Standard-setting organisations Regulators Researchers Educators Manufacturers Include dips as early as possible in the design of equipment Represent equipment immunity through a voltage-tolerance curve Classification of equipment based on its immunity against voltage dips.
Industrial installations Method for improving immunity of the process by choice of equipment Mapping the underlying immunity of the process An economic evaluation is important Network operators Provide information to customers about the expected number of dips Present this in the form of a contour chart or something similar Distinguish between Type I, II and III dips Improvements in the network are also possible
Standard-setting organisations Include type III in immunity requirements Performance during test should be defined better Classification of equipment based on its immunity against voltage dips Distinguishing between Type I, II and III Recommendations to network operators on how to report on dip performance Methods for dip segmentation and characterization. Regulators A framework for responsibility-sharing between customers and network One or more responsibility-sharing curves Data on economic consequences of immunity requirements Requirements on network operators to inform their customers Presentation of the results
Researchers Chapter on Need for further work How do multiple dips impact equipment? What is the typical immunity of a welldesigned installation? What is the typical performance of a welldesigned power system? Economics of voltage-dip immunity Voltage-dip characterization.. and much more Educators Package the results from this working group for the different stakeholders Explain the messages and spread them
Conclusions Main contributions from JWG C4.110 Process immunity time Global voltage-dip database Presentation of the results from large surveys Checklist of voltage-dip characteristics Type I, II, III and segmentation Importance of economics Thanks! 24