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UNIT I DC MACHINES Three phase circuits, a review. Construction of DC machines Theory of operation of DC generators Characteristics of DC generators Operating principle of DC motors Types of DC motors and their characteristics Speed control of DC motors Applications. PART A Q.No. Questions BTL Domain Level 1. List the types of DC Motors. Give any difference between them. 2. Name the different methods of excitation of generator? 3. Quote (i) Faraday s law of Electro magnetic Induction (ii) Lenz Law. 4. Define the terms (i) Electric Motor (ii) Electric Generator. 5. Tell the different techniques used for the speed control of DC Series Motor? 6. Examine the main elements of a DC Machine? 7. Express the formula for the armature torque produced by the motor for DC Series Motor and DC Shunt Motor. 8. Summarize the different characteristics of DC Generator. 9. Predict the formulae for the voltage equation of a DC Motor. 10. Discuss the formulae for the generated emf of a DC Generator. 11. A 200V DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.06Ω and series field resistance 0f 0.04Ω. If the motor input is 20kW, Calculate the back emf of the motor and power developed in armature. 12. A DC motor operates from a 240V supply. The armature resistance is 0.2Ω. Solve and obtain the back emf when the armature current is 50A. 13. A 6 pole wave connected armature has 300 conductors and produces the flux per pole 0.02 Weber. The Generated emf is 600 Volts. Discover the speed of the Generator

14. Point out how the star connected system is differentiated with delta systems. 15. In speed control of DC Shunt Motor analyze how the armature control method is differentiated from field control method. 16. Classify the different method of speed control of DC Shunt motor? 17. Summarize the following terms (i) Commutator (ii) Brushes and Bearing (iii) Magnetic Frame (iv) Pole Core of DC Machine. 18. Explain the significance of back e.m.f in Motor? 19. Compose any two applications of DC Shunt Motor and Series Motor. 20. Develop the open circuit characteristics of DC Generator. PART B 1. (i)with neat diagram describe the construction and working of DC Generator. (7) (ii) Examine the theory and principle of operation of a DC Generator. (6) 2. Quote the following characteristics of DC Generator and explain each (i) Open Circuit Characteristics (i) Internal Characteristics (iii) External Characteristics. (13) 3. (i) Describe the speed control of DC series motor by flux control technique. (7) (ii) Explain the Ward Leonard Method for the speed control of DC Motor. (6) 4. (i) A separately excited Dc generator running at 1000rpm supplied 110A at 220V to a resistive load. If the load resistance remains constant, what will the load current if the speed is reduced to 800rpm? Armature resistance is 0.02Ω. Field current is unaltered. Assume a voltage drop of 1V per brush. Ignore the effect of armature reaction. (7) (ii) Briefly explain the load characteristics of different types DC Generator (i) DC Series Generator (ii) DC Shunt Generator (iii) DC Compound Generator. (6)

5. A 250 V Shunt motor takes the total current of 20 A. The shunt field and armature resistances of 200 Ω and 0.3 ohm respectively. Estimate (i) Value of back emf (ii) Gross mechanical power in armature. (13) 6. The armature of a 6-pole, 600 rpm lap wound generator has 90 slots. If each coil has 4-turns. Estimate the flux per pole required to generate emf of 288 Volts. (13) 7. Estimate the emf generated by 4-pole wave wound generator having 65 slots with 12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.02 Weber. (13) 8. How the DC Motor can be classified? Illustrate the following types of motors (i) DC Series Motor (ii) DC Shunt Motor (iii) DC Compound Motor. And also write the voltage equation and also applications of each. (13) 9. (i) Demonstrate the principle of operation of DC Motor. And also explain (i) Faraday s law of Electro Magnetic Induction (ii) Fleming s Left Hand Rule (iii) Force Equation (iv) Back emf. (13) 10. Differentiate the following methods for the speed control of DC Motor (i) Armature Control Method (7) (ii) Field Control Method. (6) 11. With a neat sketch, explain the construction and working of DC Motor and also explain each parts. (13) 12. In three phase circuit analyze how the star connection is differentiated with the delta connection and explain with suitable diagram. (13) 13. (i) Evaluate the emf equation of DC generator. (7) (ii)summarize from the first principle an expression for the torque developed in DC motor. (6) 14. Compose the following characteristics (i) Speed versus Torque (ii) Torque versus Current (iii) Speed versus Current for the following motors such as, DC Series Motor, DC Shunt Motor, DC Compound Motor. (13)

PART C 1. Create the circuit for the speed control of DC Series and Shunt Motor and also sketch the output plot for (i) Flux Control Method (ii) Armature Control Method (iii) Voltage Control Method. (15) 2. In detail explain about the classification of DC generator with necessary circuit diagram. Arrive at voltage and current relationship for each type (15) UNIT II TRANSFORMERS Introduction Single phase transformer construction and principle of operation EMF equation of transformer Transformer no-load phasor diagram Transformer on-load phasor diagram Equivalent circuit of transformer Regulation of transformer Transformer losses and efficiency All day efficiency auto transformers. PART A Q.No. Questions BTL Level Domain 1. List out any four applications of transformers. 2. Define regulation in a transformer. 3. Quote the term Efficiency of a transformer. 4. Describe the voltage transformation ratio equation for (i) Step up Transformer (ii) Step down Transformer. 5. Examine how the Efficiency is distinguished with the All Day Efficiency of a transformer. 6. Identify the reason for transformer is rated in kva instead of kw? 7. What is meant by transformer? With suitable diagram give the different elements of single phase transformer. 8. Distinguish between core and shell type transformer.

9. A 1Φ auto transformer has a voltage ratio 320V:250V and supplies a load of 20kV at 250V. Assuming an ideal transformer, estimate the current in each section of winding (primary and secondary) and the current in the common part of the windings. 10. Differentiate an ideal transformer with a practical transformer. 11. Sketch and show the no load phasor diagram of a transformer. 12. Classify the different types of transformer. 13. Illustrate the terms (i) Primary winding (ii) Secondary winding (iii) Laminated core (iv) leakage flux. 14. Point out the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer? 15. Analyze how the auto transformer is distinguished with ordinary transformer? 16. Differentiate the following losses occurs in transformer (i) Core or Iron Loss (ii) Copper Loss. 17. Summarize the advantages and applications of auto transformer? 18. Explain the term transformer? How the Faraday s law of Electromagnetic induction is applicable. 19. Create the equivalent circuit of a transformer. 20. Formulate the formula for the emf equation of a transformer. PART B 1. Draw the basic circuit diagram for single phase transformer and also describe the principle, construction, working of it. (13) 2. (i)draw the basic circuit diagram for single phase transformer and also describe the types. (7) (ii) The Primary and secondary voltages of a 25KVA power transformer are 2200V and 220V respectively. The transformer has 56 turns in the secondary. Calculate the number of turns in the primary. (6) 3. (i) Derive and examine EMF Equation of transformer and express each terms. (6) (ii) In core type transformer, the no load voltage rate of 5000/250 V and frequency 50 Hz. Calculate number of turn in each winding and the flux is about 0.05 Weber. (7)

4. A 100kVA, 3300 V/240 V, 50 HZ the single phase transformer has 990 turns on the primary. Identify the number of turns on secondary and the approximate value of primary and secondary full load currents. (13) 5. With necessary vector diagrams, discuss about transformer on no-load and loaded conditions. (13) 6. Describe the principle of operation of a transformer. Draw the vector diagram to represent the transformer a load at UPF, Lagging and Leading power factor. (13) 7. Summarize the following terms (i) Transformer losses and efficiency. (6) (ii) Explain the working of auto transformer. (7) 8. Draw the approximate equivalent circuit of Single Phase Transformer and also analyze the various parameters. (13) 9. (i) From first principles, derive the emf equation of a transformer. Also show that the voltage induced per turn is the same, whether it is primary or secondary. (6) (ii) A single phase transformer with a ratio of 6.6 kv / 415V takes a noload current of 0.75 A at 0.22 p.f. If the secondary supplies a current of 120 A at 0.8 p.f. Estimate the total current taken by the primary. (7) 10. (i) A 20kVA1φ transformer designed for 2000/200V has the following constant: R1=2.5Ω, X1=8Ω, R2= 0.04Ω and X2=0.07Ω. Calculate the approximate value of the secondary terminal voltage and % regulation at full load and 0.8 p.f. lagging when primary applied voltage is 2000V. (6) (ii) Calculate all day efficiency of a transformer having maximum efficiency of 98% at 15kVA at unity power and loaded as follows: 12 hours 2kW at 0.5 p.f. lag 6 hours 12kW at 0.8p.f. lag 6 hours at no load (7) 11. A 400 kva transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.5Ω and a secondary winding resistance of 0.001Ω. The iron loss is 2.5 kw and the primary and secondary voltages are 5 kv and 320 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.85, Point out the efficiency of the transformer(i) on full load and (ii) on half load. (13)

12. What is meant by auto transformer? Explain the principle, construction, working of a auto transformer. And also explain (i) Step up auto transformer (ii) Step down auto transformer. (13) 13. (i) Evaluate the expression for the equivalent circuit of the single phase transformer. (6) (ii)consider A 1100/110V, 22kVA 1φ transformer has primary resistance and reactance 2Ω and 5Ω respectively. The secondary resistance and reactance are 0.02Ω and 0.045Ω respectively. Calculate (1) Equivalent resistance and reactance of secondary referred to primary. (2) Total resistance and reactance referred to primary. (3) Equivalent resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary. (4) Total resistance and reactance referred to secondary. (5) Total copper loss. (7) 14. Compose the following terms (i) Losses occurs in a transformer (8) (ii) Condition for maximum efficiency. (5) PART C 1. In Single Phase Transformer (i) Deduce the EMF Equation of Transformer. (ii) Conduct the experiment how the transformer can be operated with on load and no load with suitable phasor diagram. (15) 2. Create the circuit for autotransformer for (i) Step up transformer (ii) Step down transformer. And also explain the construction, principle and working of it. And also write the merits and demerits of it. (15) UNIT III INDUCTION MACHINES AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Principle of operation of three phase induction motors Construction Types - Equivalent circuit Construction of single phase induction motors Types of single phase induction motors Double revolving field theory starting methods -Principles of alternator Construction details Types Equation of induced EMF Voltage regulation. Methods of starting of synchronous motors Torque equation V curves Synchronous motors. PART A Q.No. Questions BTL Level Domain 1. List the characteristic features of synchronous motor. 2. Tell the principle and operation of 3ϕ induction motor. 3. Name the different types of alternators.

4. Define the following terms (i) Synchronous speed (ii)slip (iii) Frequency of rotor current of an induction motor. 5. Quote the term voltage regulation of an alternator. 6. Describe double field revolving theory. 7. Differentiate slip ring with squirrel cage type rotor in 3-phase induction motor. 8. Give any three types of 1Φ induction motors based on method of starting. 9. Summarize causes of faulty starting of a synchronous motor? 10. Express the relationship between speed and frequency. 11. A 3Φ 2pole motor is to have a synchronous speed of 6000 rev/min. Solve and find the frequency of the supply voltage. 12. A 3Φ 4 pole motor is to have a synchronous speed of 2500 rpm. Calculate the frequency of the supply voltage. 13. Sketch and explain the torque-speed curve of three phase induction motor. 14. Illustrate V curves of a synchronous motor. 15. Infer- 1Φ induction motors are not self-starting 16. Estimate the speed at which a 6 pole alternator is to be driven to obtain the frequency of emf induced to be 50Hz. 17. Support induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed 18. Recommend the starting methods of synchronous motors? 19. Formulate the emf equation of an alternator. 20. Develop the equivalent circuit of 3Φ induction motor. PART B 1. Quote Double revolving field theory how it is applicable for a Single phase Induction Motor. (13) 2. With neat sketch, tell the principle, construction, working with the different types of a three phase alternator. (13)

3. Identify why the 1Φ motor is not self starting and explain the types of 1Φ Induction motors. (13) 4. Sketch the Equivalent circuit diagram for a three phase Induction Motor and at any slip. And also examine the (i) Equivalent circuit of the rotor (ii) Transformer Equivalent circuit for the Induction Motor. (13) 5. (i) Give the constructional details of rotor of both salient pole and cylindrical rotor synchronous machines. (6) (ii) Describe the working principle of synchronous motor and also explain any two methods of starting synchronous motor. (7) 6. Summarize the following methods: (i) EMF method of finding regulation of an alternator. (6) (ii) MMF method of determining regulation of an alternator. (7) 7. In synchronous Motor distinguish the following terms (i) Torque Equation (6) (ii) V-Curve Characteristics. (7) 8. (i) A 6 pole, 3Φ 50 Hz induction motor develops a maximum torque of 30Nm at 960 rpm. Solve and find the torque exerted by the motor at 5% slip. The motor resistance per phase is 0.6Ω. (6) (ii) Derive the emf equation of an alternator. Examine the effect of winding factor on the induced emf. (7) 9. A 500kVA, 3.3kV, 3Φ star connected alternator is found to give a short circuit current of 290A at normal field current. Its effective winding resistance per phase is 0.7Ω. Calculate the full load of voltage regulation by EMF method for 0.8pf lagging.(13) 10. (i) Explain double field revolving theory of single phase Induction Motor. (6) (ii) Explain the working of split phase capacitor start motor. (7) 11. In synchronous motor point out the following term (i) Torque Equation (6) (ii) V-Curve Characteristics. (7) 12. Analyze the construction and working principle of 3Φ induction motors? Mention the advantages and disadvantages of it. (13)

13. Summarize the following types of alternator (i) Salient pole type (ii) Non-salient pole type. (13) 14. Compose short notes on the following: (i) Torque developed by an induction motor. (6) (ii) Making 1Φ induction motor self starting. (7) PART C 1. Judge and explain the following types of Three phase Induction Motor with suitable diagram (i) Squirrel Cage Type Induction Motor (ii) Phase wound or Split phase Induction Motor. (15) 2. Create the starting method circuit for Single phase Induction Motor (i) Split phase Induction Motor (ii) Capacitor Start Type Induction Motor (iii) Shaded Pole type Induction Motor. And also draw the circuit for Torque versus Speed characteristic. Mention the applications of it. (15) UNIT IV BASICS OF MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement Errors in Measurement -Classification of Transducers Variable resistive Strain guage, thermistor, RTD Transducer -Variable Capacitive Transducer -Capacitor Microphone-Piezo Electric Transducer Variable Inductive transducer LVDT, RVDT PART A Q.No. Questions BTL Level Domain 1. What is a transducer? Classify transducers different types. 2. Express the term piezo electric effect? 3. Define the term accuracy and precision. 4. Compare the features of resistance thermometer with thermistor. 5. Quote rite the need of calibration. 6. Explain the active and passive transducers? 7. Demonstrate the term errors in measurement.

8. Express any one method to increase the sensitivity of capacitive transducer. 9. Illustrate the broad classification of transducers. 10. List any 4-dynamic characteristics of measurement system. 11. Quote the term precision and resolution. 12. Relate the important merits and limitations of thermistors. 13. Discuss the principle of Piezo-resistive sensor. 14. Draw and explain the equivalent circuit for LVDT. 15. Point out the criteria for the transducer selection for different applications. 16. Create the expression and factors deciding gauge factor of strain gauge. 17. What is meant by Potentio meter? Formulate the formula for linear and angular potentio meter. 18. Tell any 4-static analysis of measurement system. 19. Summarise the term piezo electric effect? List any 4-materials produce Piezo electric effect. 20. Describe the following static characteristics of measurement system (i) Range ability (ii) Span (iii) Static Sensitivity (iv) Static Error. PART B 1. Define the following static characteristics: 1. Static sensitivity 2. Linearity 3. Precision 4. Accuracy 5.Threshold (13) 2. (i) Analyze the construction and principle, working of a LVDT. How the magnitude and direction of the displacement of core of LVDT detected? (13)

3. Illustrate the working and construction of RTD. Describe the materials used for RTD along with their properties and also write the advantages, disadvantages of it. (13) 4. (i) Compare the different error in measurement system. (6) (ii)explain the causes and methods to minimize different types of errors. (7) 5. Distinguish the working of the following sentences. (i) Strain Gauge (6) (ii) Thermistor (7) 6. Summarize the operation of (i) Capacitor Microphone (6) (ii) Piezo Electric Transducer (7) 7. (i) List the merits, demerits and typical applications for capacitive transducer. (6) (ii) Describe the functioning of capacitor micro phone. (7) 8. (i) Examine the operation, Equivalent circuit and transfer function for LVDT. (6) (ii) And also identify the merits, demerits and applications of LVDT. (7) 9. What is meant by piezo resistive effect? Formulate the expression for gauge factor. And also explain the different types of strain gauges. (13) 10. Differentiate the following types of systematic error (i) Instrumental error (ii) Environmental Error (iii) Parallax Error. (13) 11. Classify the following types of transducer with an example (i) Active and Passive Transducer (ii) Primary and Secondary Transducer (iii) Analog and Digital Transducer (iv) Transducer and Inverse Transducer. (13) 12. What is meant by Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement System? Quote and explain the following dynamic characteristics (i) Speed of Response (ii) Measurement lag (iii) Fidelity (iv) Dynamic Error. (13)

13. Analyze the following types of Capacitive Transducer (i) Parallel Plate type capacitor (ii) Cylindrical type capacitor (iii) Angular displacement type capacitive transducer (iv)capacitor Micro Phone. (13) 14. What is Piezo electric effect? Obtain the expression for output voltage and equivalent circuit of Piezo electric crystal. And point out the advantages, disadvantages and application it. (13) PART C 1. Judge and Explain the following resistive transducers (i) Strain Gauge (ii) RTD (iii) Thermistor. (15) 2. Create the circuit and explain the following instruments (i) Capacitor Microphone for Sound measurement. (ii) LVDT for Linear displacement measurement. (iii) RVDT for Angular displacement measurement. (15) UNIT V ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS DVM, DMM Storage Oscilloscope. Comparison of Analog and Digital Modes of operation, Application of measurement system, Errors. Measurement of R, L and C, Wheatstone, Kelvin, Maxwell, Anderson, Schering and Wien bridges Measurement of Inductance, Capacitance, Effective resistance at high frequency, Q-Meter. PART A Q.No. Questions BTL Level Domain 1. Compare analog and digital instruments. 2. Point out the advantages and disadvantages of Anderson bridge. 3. Discuss the working of the Q -Meter. 4. Define storage oscilloscope? Mention the different types of storage oscilloscope. 5. List the various detectors used for AC bridges. 6. Formulate the resolution of Analog to Digital Converter? 7. Demonstrate the block diagram of digital storage CRO. 8. What is meant by Digital Millimeter? Summarize the advantages of DVM.

9. Conclude which bridge is used for the measurement of Low, Medium and High value resistance. 10. What is meant by analog and digital instruments? Give example for each. 11. Name any four different types of Digital Voltmeter. 12. Draw and illustrate the block diagram of successive approximation type Digital Volt Meter. 13. What is meant by bridges? Discuss which types of inputs and outputs connected with the bridges. 14. Point out the advantages of Digital voltmeter compare with analog voltmeter. 15. Draw and show the block diagram of Ramp type Digital Volt Meter. 16. Identify the merits and demerits of Wheat Stone Bridge. 17. Quote any 4-types of AC Bridges and the quantity being measured. 18. What is the use of schering bridge? Express the formula for unknown value of capacitance. 19. What is meant by Q-Meter? And also draw the circuit diagram for Q-Meter and formulate the formula for Q-factor. 20. Tell any 4-applications of Q-Meter. PART B 1. With neat diagram examine the following types of storage oscilloscope (i) Analog storage oscilloscope (ii) Digital storage oscilloscope. (13) 2. With neat diagram describe the construction and working of Wien s bridge for capacitance measurement. (13) 3. Explain the construction and working of Digital Multi Meter with all self diagnostic features. (13) 4. Classify the working of (i) Ramp type Digital voltmeter (ii) Dual Slope integrating type Digital Voltmeter. (13) 5. (i)express how the Schering bridge can be used for the measurement of capacitance explain it. (7) (ii)derive the bridge balance equation of Schering Bridge. How it

can be used to measure the value of capacitance express it. (6) 6. Quote the following bridges (i)low value resistance can be measured by Kelvin s double Bridge (ii) Medium value resistance can be measured by Wheat Stone Bridge. (13) 7. How the analog instrument is distinguished with digital instruments explain it. (13) 8. Illustrate with the block diagram and explain the following types of Digital Voltmeter (i) Successive Approximation type DVM (7) (ii) Potentiometric type DVM. (6) 9. Draw the block diagram of Digital Multi Meter. How it can be used for the measurement of (i) DC Voltage (ii) AC Voltage (iii) DC Current (iv) AC Current (v) Resistance and also Point out the advantages of it. (13) 10. Summarize how Wheat stone bridge can be used to measure the Medium value resistance and also explain with suitable circuit diagram. (13) 11. How experiment was conducted by Anderson bridge for measuring the value of Self inductance of the coil. (13) 12. Create the circuit diagram of Wein s bridge. How it can be used to measure the value of frequency explain it. (13) 13. What is meant by Q-factor of the coil? Draw the circuit diagram of Q-meter. How it can be used to measure the value of Q-factor of the coil explain it. List any 4-applications of Q-Meter. (13) 14. Draw the block diagram and contrast the following types of Digital Voltmeter (i) Successive Approximation Type (6) (ii) Potentio metric type DVM. (7) PART C 1. Evaluate the circuit for (i) Ramp Type DVM (ii) Successive Approximation type DVM (iii) Digital Multi Meter(DMM). (15) 2. Design the circuit for the following bridges with mathematical expression for (i) Schering Bridge (ii) Wien s Bridge (iii) Wheat Stone Bridge. (15)