Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation

Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are coorganized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. E. Information and Communication Security Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series B: Physics and Biophysics

Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation Edited by Jim Byrnes Prometheus Inc., Newport, RI, USA ABC Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division

Preface The chapters in this volume were presented at the July August 2008 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation. The conference was held at the beautiful Il Ciocco resort near Lucca, in the glorious Tuscany region of northern Italy. For the ninth time we gathered at this idyllic spot to explore and extend the reciprocity between mathematics and engineering. The dynamic interaction between world-renowned scientists from the usually disparate communities of pure mathematicians and applied scientists which occurred at our eight previous ASI s continued at this meeting. The detection and neutralization of unexploded ordnance (UXO) has been of major concern for very many decades; at least since the First World war. UXO continues to be the subject of intensive research in many fields of science, including mathematics, signal processing (mainly radar and sonar) and chemistry. While today s headlines emphasize the mayhem resulting from the placement of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), humanitarian landmine clearing continues to draw significant global attention as well. In many countries of the world, landmines threaten the population and hinder reconstruction and fast, efficient utilization of large areas of the mined land in the aftermath of military conflicts. Current estimate state that there are about 110 million unexploded mines in more than 60 countries, and that roughly 30,000 people per year, a large percentage of whom are innocent civilians, are killed or maimed globally. Moreover, the injury rate among those searching for and attempting to disarm mines, even outside war zones, is as high as one casualty per 100 mines. The combination of basic ideas in mathematics, radar, sonar, and chemistry with ongoing improvements in hardware and computation, as well as very new advances in multisensor data fusion, offers the promise of more sophisticated and accurate UXO detection and identification capabilities than currently exist. Coupled with the dramatic rise in the need for surveillance in innumerable aspects of our daily lives, brought about by hostile acts deemed unimaginable only a few short years ago, the time was ripe for scientists in these usually diverse fields to join together in a concerted effort to combat both the new brands of terrorism and the long-standing v

vi Preface existence of UXOs throughout the world. We envisage this ASI as one important step. To encompass the diverse nature of the subject and the varied backgrounds of the participants, the ASI involved two broadly defined but interrelated areas: Mathematical, computer science, chemical and signal processing technologies for automatic detection and identification Robotic and other methods for safe neutralization and removal of UXOs A deep understanding of these topics and of their interdependency, is clearly crucial to meet the challenges resulting from both the widespread existence of UXOs and the increasing sophistication of those who wish to do us harm. The authors whose works appear in this volume include many of the world s leading experts in these areas. The ASI brought together world leaders from academia, Government and industry, with extensive multidisciplinary backgrounds evidenced by their research and participation in numerous workshops and conferences. This created and interactive forum for initiating new and intensifying existing efforts aimed at furthering the required interdisciplinary approach to the automatic identification and mitigation of UXOs. The forum provided opportunities for young scientists and engineers to learn more about these problem areas, and the vital role played by new mathematical and scientific insights, from recognized experts in this crucial and growing area of both pure and applied science. The talks and following chapters were designed to address an audience consisting of a broad spectrum of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians involved in these fields. Participants had the opportunity to interact with those individuals who have been on the forefront of the ongoing intense work in UXO detection and mitigation, to learn firsthand the details and subtleties of this important and existing area, and to hear these experts discuss in accessible terms their contribution and ideas for future research. This volume offers these insights to those unable to attend. The cooperation of many individuals and organizations was required in order to make the conference the success that it was. First and foremost I wish to thank NATO, and especially Dr. F. Pedrazzini and his most able assistant, Ms. Alison Trapp, for the initial grant and subsequent help. Very generous financial support was also received from: Office of the U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Environment, Safety and Occupational Health), Mr. Tad Davis, Mr. Hermann Spitzer and Mr. Bob Lavelle U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Drs. Tony Tether and Bob Leheny U.S. Army Research office, Dr. Russ Harmon U.S. Office of Naval Research, Dr. Tom Swean and Mr. Brian Almquist U.S. Office of Naval Research Global, Mr. Dave Marquis U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Technical Center Office, Drs. Rodney Roberston, Bob McMillan and Pete Kirkland Prometheus Inc.

Preface vii This additional support is gratefully acknowledged. For their assistance in obtaining very substantial U.S. Department of Defense funding. I sincerely thank the Rhode Island Congressional Delegation: Congressman Patrick Kennedy Congressman Jim Langevin Senator Jack Reed Senator Sheldon Whitehouse In this regard I especially thank Mr. Dan Murphy of Congressman Kennedy s office, who arranged for this invaluable Congressional support. I note that United States Government support does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the United States Government and no official endorsement should be inferred. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my assistants Marcia Byrnes and Seda Vural for their invaluable aid. Finally, my heartful thanks to the Il Ciocco staff, especially Bruno Giannasi, for offering an ideal setting, not to mention the magnificent meals, that promoted the productive interaction between the participants of the conferences. All of the above, the speakers, and the remaining conferees, made it possible for our Advanced Study Institute, and this volume, to fulfill the stated NATO objectives of disseminating advanced knowledge and fostering international scientific contacts. Il Ciocco, Italy August 4, 2008 Jim Byrnes

Contents Wavelet Decomposition of Measures: Application to Multifractal Analysis of Images... 1 Patrice Abry, Stéphane Jaffard, Stéphane Roux, Béatrice Vedel and Herwig Wendt Volatile Compounds Detection by IR Acousto-Optic Detectors... 21 Arnaldo D Amico, Corrado Di Natale, Fabio Lo Castro, Sergio Iarossi, Alexandro Catini and Eugenio Martinelli Knowledge Based Diversity Processing... 61 Christopher John Baker and Hugh Duncan Griffiths Ground Penetrating Radar for Buried Landmine and IED Detection... 89 David J. Daniels Overview of Statistical Tests for Unexploded Ordnance Detection... 113 Hakan Deliç Low Frequency Radar for Buried Target Detection... 125 Hugh Griffiths and Alastair McAslan UXO Signal Multi Sensor Detection and Estimation... 141 Chr. Kabakchiev, V. Behar, B. Vassileva, D. Angelova, K. Aleksiev, V. Kyovtorov, I. Garvanov, L. Doukovska and P. Daskalov Advanced Multifunctional Sensor Systems... 165 Lena Klasén Applications of Luminescence to Fingerprints and Trace Explosives Detection... 189 Ismail Mekkaoui Alaoui Electromagnetic Methods for UXO Discrimination... 197 Kevin O Neill and Juan Pablo Fernández ix

x Contents Some Advances in UWB GPR... 223 Gennadiy Pochanin Operational Research Approach to Decision Making... 235 Oleg Pokrovsky Recent Advances in Space-Variant Deblurring and Image Stabilization.. 259 Michal Šorel, Filip Šroubek and Jan Flusser UXO Detection Techniques Using Sonar and Radar... 273 Edmund J. Sullivan Subject Index...283