EE2210 Laboratory Project 1 Fall 2013 Function Generator and Oscilloscope For students to become more familiar with oscilloscopes and function generators. Pre laboratory Work Read the TDS 210 Oscilloscope User s Manual and the CFG253 Function Generator User s Manual. 1) Waveform demonstration a) Connect the function generator output (MAIN) to channel 1 of the oscilloscope. b) Set the output of the function generator to produce a symmetrical triangle waveform with no dc offset and observe the voltage output waveform with the oscilloscope. c) Adjust the oscilloscope so the waveform can conveniently fit into the display window while you change the frequency and the magnitude of the waveform from the function generator. d) Press the Measure button on the oscilloscope and use the buttons next to the screen to select the measurements that display the peak to peak voltage and the frequency of channel 1 (for each of the following measurements). i) Open a Word document to record observations and images (1) Be sure to caption all images and tables. (2) Be sure to label all other data for easy identification. ii) Open up the program Wintek32 on the desktop of the computer. This program allows the image from the oscilloscope to be copied to clipboard (or a file if you choose). Press the HARDCOPY button on the oscilloscope. When the image finishes downloading, paste the image in the Word document. Right click on the image and select Insert Caption. Caption the image. (Remember to save your document frequently.) e) Change the output of the function generator to produce a symmetrical Square waveform with no dc offset and observe the voltage output waveform with the oscilloscope. i) Use Wintek32 to download the image of the waveform to the Word document. f) Set the output of the function generator to produce a symmetrical sine waveform with no dc offset and observe the voltage output waveform with the oscilloscope. i) Use Wintek32 to download the image of the waveform to the Word document. g) Create a dc offset to one of the three symmetrical waveforms using the function generator and observe the differences with the oscilloscope. i) Use Wintek32 to download the image of the waveform to the Word document. 2) Waveform Measurement with the Oscilloscope a) Set the frequency dial on the generator to 1kHz. Adjust the generator output level and the oscilloscope sensitivity and sweep period to produce a convenient display on the oscilloscope (Show only several cycles). i) Use Wintek32 to download the image of the waveform to the Word document. b) Measure the period and the peak to peak of the sine waveform by using the scope Measure button. i) Record the values in the Word document. c) Adjust the function generator so the magnitude of the waveform is 5V. d) Measure the period and the magnitude of the sine waveform by using the time cursors and the voltage cursors from the oscilloscope. i) Record the values in the Word document. e) Change the function generator frequency to 10kHz and the magnitude to 10V, then measure and verify the frequency and magnitude again. i) Record the values in the Word document. 1 of 2
EE2210 Laboratory Project 1 Fall 2013 Function Generator and Oscilloscope Multi Meter Frequency Limitations f) Connect the function generator to a 50Ωload resistor. i) Use a coaxial cable with a BNC connector on one end (to mate with the connector on the function generator) and clip leads on the other (to connect to the load). ii) Use another, similar cable to connect the oscilloscope to the resistor. g) Set the function generator to produce a symmetrical 100 Hz sine wave with no dc offset and adjust the generator output level to 10V peak to peak voltage. i) How does the magnitude of the output voltage change with the addition of the resistor? Why? (Answer in the Word document.) ii) Record the amplitude with and without the resistor. h) Measure the ac voltage across the resistor with your DMM. i) Record the value in the Word document. i) Increase the function generator frequency until the voltage across the resistor measured by your DMM is less than one tenth the value as the 100 Hz case. i) Record this frequency value as flimit. Sample enough DMM voltage readings by varying the function generator frequency between 100Hz and flimit. j) Plot the DMM voltage vs. frequency curve using Excel. i) Put the Excel graph in the Word document. 3) b a) Submit the pdf to the dropbox in D2L (each student must submit). b) No further report is necessary for this project. P.S. It is advisable to have the instructor or the laboratory assistant look over your documents for obvious errors prior to submitting to the dropbox. 2 of 2
EE2210 Laboratory Project 2 Fall 2013 Impedance The purpose of this laboratory is to investigate the impedance components and the effect of wiring on a circuit. In this project you are going to be analyzing the impedance of several components. To do the measurements, you will be using the NI ELVIS station s impedance analyzer. The switch for the ELVIS station is in the back of the station. Turn the station on. The switch for the prototyping board will need to be powered also. The switch is on the left side of the front of the ELVIS station. Once the station is powered, start NI ELVIS under the National Instruments menu of the start menu. Click on the impedance analyzer. Part I You will be analyzing the impedance of three capacitors, two inductors, and two resistors. To analyze a component insert it in the prototyping board between the CURRENT HI and CURRENT LO inputs. Try to use the small board in the lower left directly for these measurements. Part II 1. Set the frequency of the impedance analyzer to 100Hz. 2. Record the impedance of the component. 3. Repeat step two at frequencies of 500Hz, 1000Hz, 3000Hz, 5000Hz, 10000Hz, and 20000Hz. 4. Select the next component and repeat steps 1 3 until all the components have been analyzed. Now you will analyze the effect of wiring on the impedance for the two resistors. 1. Place a resistor in the prototyping board on the farthest right hand side of the board. 2. Connect to the CURRENT HI and CURRENT LO inputs using two long (at least 30cm) wires. 3. Record the impedance of the component at frequencies of 100Hz, 500Hz, 1000Hz, 3000Hz, 5000Hz, 10000Hz, and 20000Hz. 4. Repeat for the second resistor. 5. Replace the two long wires with a series of parallel jumpers (use at least four pairs of jumpers). 6. Record the impedance of the resistor at frequencies of 100Hz, 500Hz, 1000Hz, 3000Hz, 5000Hz, 10000Hz, and 20000Hz. 7. Repeat for the second resistor. A report, following the report guidelines for the course, is required. In the report, discuss the impedance of the various components. Do the properties of the components perform as expected? Why or why not? What effect might this have had on previous or future laboratory projects? Discuss the effect of varying the frequency of the test signal on each of the components. Discuss the effect wiring has on the value of the impedance. All measured data must be included in the report. At least one of the measurements done for this lab must be demonstrated to the instructor or the PAL for the course. Be prepared to answer any questions regarding the circuits, and the measurements made in this laboratory project. 1 of 1
EE2210 Laboratory Project 3 Fall 2013 Operational Amplifiers To investigate the performance of standard operational amplifier circuits. Pre Lab Design the following op amp circuits. I. An inverting configuration with a gain of 10V/V. Figure 1. Inverting op amp configuration. II. III. A non inverting configuration with a gain of 11 V/V. A non inverting configuration with a gain of 1 V/V. Construct each of the circuits that you designed. For each of the tests, capture enough images of the measurements from the oscilloscope to support your data (a baseline measurement and any measurements that vary significantly from the baseline). Apply a 0.2V sinusoid (peak) as the input to each of the circuits. Measure the output of the circuit with a 1k load resistor for input frequencies of 1kHz, 10kHz, 100kHz, 1MHz, and 10MHz. With the input frequency set to 10kHz, measure the output for load resistors of 100, 1 k, 10 k, and 1M. There are several combinations of resistors that result in the same gain. For the inverting opamp configuration, increase the order of magnitude of the feedback and input resistors over three decades of values. Observe any change that occurs for the output waveform. Download images of the measurements from the oscilloscope if a change in the output waveform is observed. Discuss the measured results and the expected results. Compare the measured results to calculated results for and ideal operational amplifier. Strict adherence to the guidelines for lab reports is a must. All measured data must be included in the report. At least one of the measurements done for this lab must be demonstrated to the instructor or PAL. Be prepared to answer any questions regarding the circuits, and the measurements made in this lab. 1 of 1
EE2210 Project 4 Fall 2013 Step Response of RL and RC Circuits To investigate the step response of first order circuits. 1. Construct the circuit A below using R=10k and C=1 F. Apply a 2V peak to peak 600Hz square wave to the circuit and observe the input and output waveforms using an oscilloscope. Download the waveforms from the oscilloscope. Increase and decrease the input frequency by a factor of 10 and observe any changes at the output. 2. Construct the circuit B below using R=10 and L=820 H. Apply a 2V peak to peak 70kHz square wave to the circuit and observe the input and output waveforms using an oscilloscope. Download the waveforms from the oscilloscope. Increase and decrease the input frequency by a factor of 10 and observe any changes at the output. 3. Observe circuits with varied values of R, C and L. 4. Engage in recreation with some circuits of your own design and observe their behavior. A profound discussion of the changing shapes of the signals, and how the theory that we have learned applies to the real circuit, must be written. Strict adherence to the guidelines for lab reports is a must. All measured data must be included in the report. At least one of the measurements done for this lab must be demonstrated to the instructor. Be prepared to answer any questions regarding the circuits, and the measurements made in this lab. 1 of 1
EE2210 Mutual Inductance Fall 2013 The purpose of this laboratory is to learn how to measure mutual inductance. Pre laboratory Work Specifications 1. Test frequency f o : choose a test frequency that is appropriate for your combination of R and L. 2. Input signal amplitude: 10 ~ 20V peak to peak. 3. Resistor value: 1k. Test procedure development 1. Assume that the two inductors will be placed close enough together on the breadboard to experience mutual inductance. 2. Determine an equation for the output voltage with respect to the input voltage based upon an unknown mutual inductance. Develop a procedure to measure the mutual inductance in the laboratory. You must clearly describe each step of the test procedure. Build the circuit on your breadboard. Place the inductors as close together as possible. Measurements 1. Measure and record the values of the resistor and inductors. 2. Choose an initial input frequency between 5KHz and 20Khz. 3. Use the test procedure you developed in the prelaboratory analysis to measure the mutual inductance. 4. Increase the frequency of the input, recording voltages across the inductors at several different frequencies (at least two points per decade of frequency) until the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage drops (collect enough data to clearly show the maximum voltage transferred). 5. Determine the frequency at which the maximum voltage ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage occurs. 6. Increase the spacing between the inductors and repeat your measurements. The mutual inductance should decrease. 7. Calculate the coupling coefficients that correspond to the mutual inductances measured in the preceding steps. A report, according the report guidelines for this course is required for this lab. Include all measured data. Be sure to include a quantitative discussion of the theoretical vs. measured data. Explain the development and implementation of your test procedure. Use equations to explain the theory behind the test procedure. Discuss how frequency affected the measurements and explain why. Discuss the effect separation of the inductors had on the measurements. At least one of the measurements done for this lab must be demonstrated to the instructor or the PAL for the course. Be prepared to answer any questions regarding the circuits, and the measurements made in this lab. 1 of 1
EE2210 Transfer Characteristics Fall 2013 The purpose of this laboratory is to investigate the frequency response of a circuit consisting of a single resistor and a single energy storage device in terms of the amplitude and phase shift of the output. Pre laboratory Work Read about the TDS 210 oscilloscope and the 33210A function generator in the ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LABORATORY MANUAL. For the circuits below, use a spreadsheet to plot the phase shift and the amplitude of V o as a function of frequency for 10Hz f 100kHz. Use enough data points to obtain a smooth graph. (This will be two or three points per decade.) Measure and record the actual resistance of the resistor. Construct circuit A as shown above. Use the function generator as the signal supply. Connect channel one of the oscilloscope across the input. Connect channel two of the oscilloscope across the load. Beginning with a frequency of 10Hz for the input signal, record the amplitude of the output signal, and the phase shift of the output relative to the input. To determine the phase shift, you will need to determine the time difference between the maximum of the input signal and the maximum of the output signal. To do this use the cursor function on the oscilloscope. In order to determine the phase shift, use the following equation: 0 f t 360 In any region where the amplitude and phase are changing more rapidly, be sure to take data at smaller intervals of frequency. Repeat for circuits B, C, and D. A report, according the report guidelines for this course is required for this lab. Be sure to include a quantitative discussion of the theoretical vs. measured data. At a minimum discuss the following: How are the resistive capacitive and resistive inductive circuits similar? How do they differ? From the data determine the actual values of the capacitor and the inductor. 1 of 2
EE2210 Transfer Characteristics Fall 2013 At least one of the measurements done for this lab must be demonstrated to the instructor or the PAL for the course. Be prepared to answer any questions regarding the circuits, and the measurements made in this lab. 2 of 2
EE2210 Resonance Fall 2013 The purpose of this laboratory is to investigate the frequency response of resonant circuits. Pre-laboratory Work For the circuit below, determine the resonant frequency, the quality factor, and the half-power frequency for R=100Ω, L=33mH, and C=22nF. Repeat for R=1000Ω, L=33mH, and C=22nF. Part 1 Figure 1 shows the series resonant circuit for the laboratory. Construct circuit as shown above using R=1kΩ, L=33mH, and C=22nF. Attach channel 1 of the oscilloscope and the output of the function generator to v in. Attach channel 2 of the oscilloscope to measure v o. (Note: for ease of use it is better to connect the oscilloscope and function generator to wires rather than the leads of components. This allows for changes to easily be made to the circuit and reduces the occurrence of components being pulled from the board.) Set the amplitude of the function generator to 1Vpeak-to-peak. Beginning with a frequency of 100Hz for the input signal, record the amplitude of the input and output signal, and the phase shift of the output relative to the input. For improved accuracy adjust the SEC/DIV on the oscilloscope so that the minimum number of complete cycles is displayed and adjust the VOLTS/DIV so that the signals fill the screen without going off the display. To determine the phase shift, you will need to determine the time difference between the maximum of the input signal and the maximum of the output signal. To do this use the time cursor function on the oscilloscope. In order to determine the phase shift, use the following equation: 0 f t 360 (1) Vary the frequency of the input from 100Hz to 100kHz. In any region where the amplitude and phase are changing more rapidly, be sure to take data at smaller intervals of frequency. Experimentally determine the resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies. Once ω o has been determined experimentally, set the frequency of the function generator to ω o. At this point measure the amplitude of v 2 as shown in the circuit diagram. 1 of 2
EE2210 Resonance Fall 2013 Part 2 Replace the 1kΩ resistor with a 100Ω resistor. Record the amplitude and phase of the input and output as in Part 1 from a frequency of 1kHz to 50kHz. Experimentally determine the resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies. Once ω o has been determined experimentally, set the frequency of the function generator to ω o. At this point measure the amplitude of v 2 as shown in the circuit diagram. A report, according the report guidelines for this course is required for this lab. Include all data measured in the laboratory. Be sure to include a quantitative discussion of the theoretical vs. measured data including the amplitude and the phase angle. At a minimum: 1) discuss the quality factor and its influence on the circuit s behavior, 2) discuss the value of the voltage v 2 with respect to the input voltage and KVL, and 3) discuss how and why resonant circuit behavior differs from simple RC or RL circuits. At least one of the measurements done for this lab must be demonstrated to the instructor or the PAL for the course. Be prepared to answer any questions regarding the circuits, and the measurements made in this lab. 2 of 2