VCSEL-powered and polarization-maintaining fiber-optic grating vector rotation sensor

VCSEL-powered and polarization-maintaining fiber-optic grating vector rotation sensor Tuan Guo, 1,* Fu Liu, 1 Fa Du, 1 Zhaochuan Zhang, 1 Chunjie Li, 2 Bai-Ou Guan, 1 Jacques Albert 3 1 Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China 2 Suzhou Institute of Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China 3 Department of Electronics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada * tuanguo@jnu.edu.cn Abstract: A compact fiber-optic vector rotation sensor in which a short section of polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber stub containing a straight fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is spliced to another single mode fiber without any lateral offset is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Due to the intrinsic birefringence of the PM fiber, two well-defined resonances (i.e. orthogonally polarized FBG core modes) with wavelength separation of 0.5 nm have been achieved in reflection, and they exhibit a high sensitivity to fiber rotation. Both the orientation and the angle of rotation can be determined unambiguously via simple power detection of the relative amplitudes of the orthogonal core reflections. Meanwhile, instead of using a broadband source (BBS), the sensor is powered by a commercial vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with the laser wavelength matched to the PM-FBG core modes, which enables the sensor to work at much higher power levels (~15 db better than BBS). This improves the signal-tonoise ratio considerably (~50 db), and makes a demodulation filter unnecessary. Vector rotation measurement with a sensitivity of 0.09 db/deg has been achieved via cost-effective single detector real time power measurement, and the unwanted power fluctuations and temperature perturbations can be effectively referenced out. 2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.2370) Fiber optics sensors; (060.0060) Fiber optics and optical communications. References and links 1. T. R. Woliński, D. Budaszewski, A. W. Domański, S. Ertman, G. Goleniewski, and M. Wydmański, Optical fiber rotation sensor for application in oil refinery and high electromagnetic noise environment, Proc. SPIE 6616, 66161U 66164U, 66161U-5 (2007). 2. O. Frazão, C. Jesus, J. M. Baptista, J. L. Santos, and P. Roy, Fiber-optic interferometric torsion sensor based on a two-lp-mode operation in birefringent fiber, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(17), 1277 1279 (2009). 3. J. Ju, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, Two-mode operation in highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2472 2474 (2004). 4. W. Jin, Z. Wang, and J. Ju, Two-mode photonic crystal fibers, Opt. Express 13(6), 2082 2088 (2005). 5. L. A. Wang, C. Y. Lin, and G. W. Chern, A torsion sensor made of a cormgated long period fibre grating, Meas. Sci. Technol. 12(7), 793 799 (2001). 6. Y. J. Rao, T. Zhu, and Q. J. Mo, Highly sensitive fiber-optic torsion sensor based on an ultra-long-period fiber grating, Opt. Commun. 266(1), 187 190 (2006). 7. B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, S. Y. Huang, and H. J. Shaw, Use of highly elliptical core fibers for two-mode fiber devices, Opt. Lett. 12(9), 729 731 (1987). 8. K. A. Murphy, M. S. Miller, A. M. Vengsarkar, and R. O. Claus, Elliptical-core two-mode optical-fiber sensor implementation methods, J. Lightwave Technol. 8(11), 1688 1696 (1990). 9. Y. L. Lo, B. R. Chue, and S. H. Xu, Fiber torsion sensor demodulated by a high-birefringence fiber Bragg grating, Opt. Commun. 230(4-6), 287 295 (2004). 10. Z. Wang, J. Ju, and W. Jin, Properties of elliptical-core two-mode fiber, Opt. Express 13(11), 4350 4357 (2005). 11. W. Yiping, M. Wang, and X. Huang, In fiber Bragg grating twist sensor based on analysis of polarization dependent loss, Opt. Express 21(10), 11913 11920 (2013). 12. C. J. Chang-Hasnain, Tunable VCSEL, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(6), 978 987 (2000). (C) 2013 OSA 12 August 2013 Vol. 21, No. 16 DOI:10.1364/OE.21.019097 OPTICS EXPRESS 19097

13. Y. H. Huang, T. Guo, C. Lu, and H. Y. Tam, VCSEL-based tilted fiber grating vibration sensing system, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(16), 1235 1237 (2010). 14. S. Ura, S. Shoda, K. Nishio, and Y. Awatsuji, In-line rotation sensor based on VCSEL behavior under polarization-rotating optical feedback, Opt. Express 19(24), 23683 23688 (2011). 15. L. Dejan and D. Denis, In-line, fiber-optic polarimetric twist/torsion sensor, Opt. Lett. 38(9), 1494 1496 (2013). 16. R. M. Silva, M. S. Ferreira, and O. Frazão, Temperature independent torsion sensor using a high-birefringent Sagnac loop interferometer, Opt. Commun. 285(6), 1167 1170 (2012). 1. Introduction Structural health monitoring is a critical issue in various engineering applications, especially for large civil structures. Among many parameters to be considered, torsion is one of the key measurements for monitoring structures [1]. For more than two decades, fiber-optic torsion sensors have attracted considerable interest for their unique properties. More recently, all fiber sensors have been demonstrated to achieve more compact and stable torsion measurements. In these sensors, the recovery of the torsion signal information is accomplished by the detection of the strain-induced polarimetric modulations of the transmission light. For example, by using a photonic crystal fiber (two large asymmetric holes adjacent to the core fiber), one can get the two separate interferometers (along x- and y- direction) and achieve the torsion information by fast Fourier transform [2 4]. Meanwhile, long-period fiber gratings (LPGs) based in-fiber grating torsion sensors have also been proposed, such as using a corrugated LPG configuration [5] or an ultra-lpg inscribed by CO 2 laser exposure [6]. However, the expensive cost of photonic crystal fiber and the strong strain-temperature cross sensitivity of LPGs limit such sensors for in field applications. Meanwhile, for all torsion sensors mentioned above, erbium amplified spontaneous emission broadband sources (BBSs) or tunable laser based swept wavelength systems are used to interrogate the system. In the former case the spectral power density is low and results in a small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while conventional tunable lasers do not suffer this limitation but tend to be quite expensive and are typically limited to 1 khz sweep rates. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact fiber-optic vector torsion sensing configuration, in which a polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PM- FBG) fiber stub containing a normal straight FBG is spliced to another single-mode fiber without any lateral offset. The intrinsic birefringence of the PM fiber makes the grating reflect two well defined core resonances separated in wavelength [7 11]. These two core resonances correspond to orthogonal polarizations and show high sensitivity but inverse intensity response to fiber rotation. Both the orientation and the angle of rotation can be determined unambiguously via simple power detection of the relative amplitudes of the orthogonal core reflections. In order to achieve power detection of two reflections that are separated spectrally, a commercial vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) was used to power the sensor, with 10 khz continuous wavelength tuning over 2 nm just covering the two core resonances. This enables the sensor to return a much higher power level and better SNR at low cost and high repetition rate [12 14]. Finally, the rotation sensor has very low intrinsic sensitivity to temperature and axial strain variations (shift both resonances together but with no intensity variation), immune to intensity fluctuations from the light source and the optical path (normalized power output). The sensor is small in size (work in reflection), can be fabricated reproducibly as it is made up of a normal straight grating with no offset splicing. Finally the real time interrogation system require is very cost-effective as it requires only a power meter without narrow band spectral filter, making it a good candidate for in field torsion measurement. 2. Vector rotation sensing system As shown in the Fig. 1, the torsion sensor configuration we propose here is based on a FBG (6 mm) inscribed in a PM fiber stub (12 mm). The grating is fabricated with a uniform phase mask using a pulsed KrF excimer laser. The PMF stub was spliced back to a 1 m long piece (C) 2013 OSA 12 August 2013 Vol. 21, No. 16 DOI:10.1364/OE.21.019097 OPTICS EXPRESS 19098

of single-mode fiber (SMF) using a commercial fusion splicer. Rotation is applied on the upstream side of the SMF-PMF splicing point (indicated by red crossing lines in Fig. 1). The operation principle of the proposed sensor can be explained by the difference in the behavior of the E-field vector between the linear-polarized input light (controlled by the upstream polarizer and PC) and the principal axis orientation of the downstream PMF, to which the above two parts are connected by a standard SMF (exposed to twist around its longitudinal axe). In detail, when linearly polarized (LP) light is excited and launched into SMF, the input LP E-field spatial orientation is maintained throughout the entire SMF section, regardless of SMF twist around its longitudinal axis. This is because the moderate axial twisting of fully circularly symmetric fiber (i.e. SMF) does not influence or break the circular geometry or material symmetry of the fiber s core to the extent that could effectively turn the spatial E-field s orientation [15,16]. Thus, twisting of the SMF does not change the spatial orientation of the E-field. However, the downstream PM-FBG assembly, which freely rotates together with the SMF, acts as a polarization sensitive mirror (i.e. polarization analyzer). Therefore, rotation/twist of SMF thus causes rotation of PM-FBG s principal axis orientation relative to the input LP E-field orientation, while the standard SMF only performs a low-loss interconnection and does not rotate the E-field vector. This allows for a simple and straightforward measure of torsion. Instead of using a BBS as light source, a high-speed continuous wavelength tunable VCSEL is utilized to launch light into the sensing fiber through a 3 db coupler. The sensor reflection is measured by a power meter connected to an oscilloscope (or a data acquisition card). As the VCSEL wavelength is swept, the spectral positions of the two reflected peaks corresponding to the two eigenpolarizations of the PM-FBG occur at two different times and their separate amplitudes can be measured. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of orthogonal-polarimetric vector rotation sensing system (Media 1). 3. VCSEL characteristics The tuning characteristics of VCSEL are determined by the modulation of its driving current. Figure 2 gives a detailed observation on the effect of the driving current (corresponding to current amplitude (a) and repetition rate (b)) on the VCSEL s tuning spectra (a continuous VCSEL tuning recorded at the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) using maximum hold mode). The VCSEL wavelength tuning range increases with the amplitude rise of the driving current (2.5~8.0 ma) and decreases with the increase of the tuning speed (1~100 KHz), as shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), respectively. Combining the two methods, the laser wavelength of VCSEL can be flexibly tuned over 2 nm. The slight peak power variations (especially for the repetition rate tuning in Fig. 2(b)) are due to the temperature dominated refractive index modulation in VCSEL s resonator. When the VCSEL tunes with a very high speed, the input scanning current drops before the cavity temperature rises to its steady-state value for which the power is maximum. This narrows the tuning range. Figure 2(a) shows a better approach for wavelength tuning by modulating the amplitude of bias current. A smooth wavelength tuning without the unwanted power fluctuations is achieved. Meanwhile, the (C) 2013 OSA 12 August 2013 Vol. 21, No. 16 DOI:10.1364/OE.21.019097 OPTICS EXPRESS 19099

potential slight power fluctuation (versus wavelength) should not matter since we use the normalized intensity ratio of the two PM-FBG core modes for rotation measurement. The VCSEL turning Fig. 2. Spectral tuning characteristics of VCSEL versus driving currents with different (a) amplitude (with fixed repetition rate of 10 khz) and (b) repetition rate (with fixed bias current of 4.5 ma). Fig. 3. Spectral tuning characteristics of VCSEL versus driving signals: (a) saw-tooth, (b) triangle and (c) sine wave. bandwidth can be further broadened up to 3~4 nm if we decrease the repetition rate of driving current to 1 Hz or even lower (depending on the interrogation response time needed). This enables the PM-FBG sensor to have more free spectral room to tolerate environmental temperature changes (up to tens of degrees Celsius). The spectral tuning characteristics of VCSEL are also influenced by its driving signal. As shown in Fig. 3, three types of driving current signals (with fixed 10 khz and 2.5 ma), including (a) saw-tooth wave, (b) triangle wave and (c) sine wave are studied for comparison. Obviously, the saw-tooth wave driving signal provides a much smooth spectral tuning over the whole bandwidth together with a stable maximum power level, as shown in Fig. 3(a). -20-30 VCSEL tuning spectra VCSEL powered PM-FBG BBS powered PM-FBG Intensity (dbm) -40-50 -60 48.5dB 15.2dB 27.5dB -70-80 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 Wavelength (nm) Fig. 4. PM-FBG reflections powered by BBS (black line) and VCSEL (red line), respectively. The dashed blue line shows the VCSEL tuning spectra recorded by the OSA maximum hold mode. (C) 2013 OSA 12 August 2013 Vol. 21, No. 16 DOI:10.1364/OE.21.019097 OPTICS EXPRESS 19100

The special advantages of VCSEL we explore here are that the high-speed (10 khz) continuous wavelength tuning (over a maximum range of 2 nm) of laser output perfectly covers the two PM-FBG core modes, as shown in Fig. 4. The VCSEL used here is a commercial product from RayCan with a nominal wavelength of 1547.45 nm, threshold current of 2 ma and typical output power of 0.5 mw. The driving signal is a saw-tooth wave with a frequency of 10 khz and amplitude of 2.5 ma (bias current 4.5 ma). With this light source, the reflected power of the PM-FBG core modes are at a much higher power level with 15 db improvement over using a BBS and an optical SNR of 48.5 db is achieved. 4. Experimental results and discussions Initial alignment of the system shown in Fig. 1 is performed simply by measuring the power reflected when the fiber is kept straight and the input polarization rotated by the polarization controller. For illustration, we show in Fig. 5 measurements of the system obtained with an OSA and BBS for various angles of the rotator. We define the twist angle to be 45 when both reflected resonances have the same peak intensity. Clearly, the spectral response of each orthogonal-polarimetric PM-FBG core modes occurs at angles of 0 and 90 respectively. Power (uw) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Y-polar X-polar 0 o 45 o 90 o 0.0 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 Wavelength (nm) Fig. 5. Measured optical reflected spectra of the system for typical values of the rotator angles. Fig. 6. Spectral response (a) of orthogonal-polarimetric PM-FBG core-modes versus rotation over 0 to 90, and (b) individual peak intensities extracted from the spectra of (a). For the torsion sensor characterization, we set the initial polarization state at 0 and then twist the sensor probe by using the fiber rotator. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) present the reflection spectral response (again recorded by OSA for illustrative purposes) and the individual peak powers of the two orthogonal resonances of the PM-FBG. A symmetrical polarization dependent spectral and power response has been experimentally achieved, in which both polarization modes present a sinusoidal response over 90 to 90 rotation modulation but with π/2 phase delay relative to each other. (C) 2013 OSA 12 August 2013 Vol. 21, No. 16 DOI:10.1364/OE.21.019097 OPTICS EXPRESS 19101

din / d(angle) Normalized Intensity of IN 0.0 4 0.0 2 0.0 0-0.0 2 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5 D e riv a tio n S in e fittin g -8 0-6 0-4 0-2 0 0 A n g le (d e g re e ) Counter clockwise 0-90 D e riv a tio n S in e fittin g 0 20 40 60 80 A n g le (d e g re e ) Clockwise 0 IN=(Px-Py)/(Px+Py) Fit line -1.0-90 -60-30 0 30 60 90 Angle (degree) Fig. 7. Normalized intensity of the orthogonal-polarimetric PM-FBG for direction-recognized rotation measurement. The top two figures (colored in green & gray) present the rotation directions and sensitivities. Figure 7 shows actual response of the VCSEL-driven system using the normalized intensity ratio I =( P P ) / ( P P ) of the orthogonal-polarimetric modes extracted from N x y x y the real time oscilloscope data. The top part of Fig. 7 also shows the first order derivative of the normalized intensity plots and the corresponding fit lines. By using both normalized intensity and the first derivative data (set the origination of x- or y-polar as zero twist degree, as shown in Fig. 5), the rotation direction and the sensitivity are identified unambiguously (hence the name vector rotation sensor ), with the green shaded regions corresponding to counter clockwise twist (minus value) and the gray regions to clockwise (plus value).the average sensitivity of the torsion is 0.09 db/deg. Finally, apart from the temperature sensitivity associated with the spectral shift of the FBG there might be a temperature-dependent polarization rotation in the SMF section of the twisted fiber, but based on the results shown in Ref. 15 this effect should be negligible (i.e. less than 1 degree of rotation) for temperature variations of a few tens of degrees Celsius, and twist angles up to 90 degrees. 5. Conclusion A compact VCSEL-based PM-FBG fiber-optic polarimetric torsion sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The high-speed continuous wavelength tunable VCSEL and single photodetector coupled to a real-time data acquisition system enable the high SNR measurement of a closely spaced pair of reflections that correspond orthogonal modes of the PM fiber. We have shown that both the twist angle and direction of the rotation over a range of 90 to + 90 degrees can be accurately detected by comparing the normalized reflected powers of the two modes. This interrogation system effectively eliminates the potential light source power fluctuations while maintaining very low intrinsic sensitivity to temperature and axial strain as long as the two reflected peaks remain within the VCSEL spectral window. Compact size, low cost, good reproducibility, high sensitivity and SNR make the proposed PM-FBG sensor a good candidate for in-field torsion measurement. Acknowledgments This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61205080, No. 61235005), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China (No. S2011010001631, No. S2012010008385), Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20114401120006), Pearl River Scholar for Distinguished Young Scientist (No. 2011J2200014). J. Albert is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canada Research Chairs Program. 90 (C) 2013 OSA 12 August 2013 Vol. 21, No. 16 DOI:10.1364/OE.21.019097 OPTICS EXPRESS 19102