25 th Annual INCOSE International Symposium (IS2015) Seattle, WA, July 13 July 16, 2015 Implementing Model Semantics and a (MB)SE Ontology in Civil Engineering & Construction Sector Henrik Balslev Systems Engineering A/S - Denmark www.syseng.dk / hb@syseng.dk / M: +45 21 68 48 67 Copyright 2014-2015 by Henrik Balslev. Published and used by INCOSE with permission. Abstract. In the period from 2010-2015, the Danish Building Construction Sector has implemented basic parts of Systems Engineering as the new common language in the building construction sector. The project is anchored in the public and EU supported cuneco project. www.cuneco.dk develops the common basis for digitalized cooperation in construction, operation and maintenance to increase efficiency and productivity through enhanced exchange of information. To allow maximum simplicity yet unlimited flexibility, systems and their constituents are first classified and then identified individually to be used consistently over the lifecycle of the component, suitable for IT support. The system-of-systems principle is a fundamental approach to achieve unambiguous identification based on the Reference Designation System principles as defined in ISO/IEC 81346 standard series, which originally is designed for modelling and labeling of any kind of industrial plant. Currently, the Danish result is used to update some parts of the 81346 standard series, and thereby introducing Systems Engineering to the building construction sector. Definitions The following definitions apply for this paper: semantics the meaning of words, phrases or systems ontology a list of concepts and categories in a subject area that shows the relationships between them taxonomy the scientific process of classifying things (= arranging them into groups) [Source: Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary, 8th edition]
Background The Danish Building Sector occupies approx. 25,000 people, of which 3,500 people are directly involved in design and civil engineering. New partners and setups among different architects, consulting engineers, contractors (including subcontractors) and building owners with very different background on each project characterize the environment. On top of this, the development of BIM (Building Information Models) is increasing very fast, setting new demands for digital exchange of information among the parties in any project. As the setup of projects is always unique, common rules and principles are required to support a common understanding and ways of working for the sector to become increasingly efficient. This challenge was already foreseen in 2004, where this author along with some colleagues proposed to see the objects as constituents of systems, and proposed to identify the systems of any building to enable a common language among the different disciplines. Other countries (like the USA or UK) typically have enumerative classification system, with long lists of occurrences of objects combined with various properties. Consequently, their classification system becomes very large and complex to handle, and never complete, as this is not possible. For the Danish building sector, we wanted a much more simple yet flexible method, to allow all kinds of combinations of objects, still with an unambiguous way of identifying the systems and their constituents. Aided by the principles described in the industrial standard ISO/IEC 81346 series (also known as RDS - Reference Designation System) the team launched a prototype of Systems awareness in 2006, called DBK2006 (Danish Building Classification 2006), based only on part-of relations of systems and their constituents. The DBK2006 prototype was not received enthusiastically, but the group learned much from the experience. Most people recognized the systems approach quickly, however the lack of IT support for the method combined with the new and different way of thinking (compared with other countries ways of operating in enumerative classification systems) and a numbering principle that was not used consistently over the lifecycle of the component, made DBK2006 a very limited success. However, the system-of-systems thinking was accepted generally, despite the fact that it was completely different from what other countries were doing. Introducing a common language in the building construction sector General As described in Background, the DBK2006 became to serve as a prototype of how to design a common language among various participants. Due to lack of IT support in the various tools and due to various issues that were not optimal, the Danish Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Affairs launched a new program in 2009 to establish a
method which supported the exchange of digital information among parties in the building construction area in Denmark. The Danish association for buildings - information - productiveness and corporation bips won the competition and established a project group cuneco. The name 'cuneco' is inspired by the word 'kuneco' which means 'community' in the international language Esperanto. The official task is to develop the common basis for digitalized cooperation in construction, operation and maintenance to increase efficiency and productivity through enhanced exchange of information. The development of the common basis has been carried out in the period 2010-2013, with finalization in 2015. The know-how and results from the DBK2006 project was serving as fundamentals for the result from cuneco, called cuneco classification system (CCS), though the result is much more than just a classification system. The CCS system has 5 central results, where the approach of systems is seen as a key essential for the other 4 results to work properly. Subsequently CCS is about handling any building and its constituents as system-of-systems with constituents (called components). This paper describes focuses on the mechanism of systems applied in the sector in general, along with the techniques applied as fundamentals for the results. Requirements A few rules were set for the development of CCS. Among these where; 1.) Based on international principles (ISO & IEC), if applicable. 2.) Made in such a way that IT tools can implement and support it. 3.) Be life-cycle stable (same code for an object throughout its lifecycle). 4.) Not to be actor specific (e.g. not just for engineers, but also for architects, contractors, quantity surveyors etc.) 5.) Simple to use on small projects, yet strong and flexible enough for large and complex projects. 6.) Easy to understand and implement throughout the branch. It was also required, that results of the project should go out for public hearing and for everyone to comment, as the project would have huge impact on all people in the branch. It was not a requirement as such to implement Systems Engineering as the way of acting, but based on the positive feedback we had on this specific topic from DBK2006, it was more or less esoteric to continue with a system awareness approach in the project. Application of international standards ISO 12006-2 is considered the basis for development of classification system within building construction.
The first edition of this standard originates from 2001, ad needed a major update to fit todays design world, based on it-tools and systems thinking. Cuneco took the opportunity to propose an update to ISO, which was accepted. ISO 12006-2 has therefore been in process of updating in period 2012-2013, and are out for commenting FDIS (Final Draft International Standard) today (2014). This author has held the position of convenor of the expert team. Among a long range of improvements, the following topics are emphasized: 1.) Acceptance of system awareness in general is applied. 2.) Clear distinguish between part-of relations (system-of-systems) and type-of relations (classification). 3.) A clear understanding of how part-of relations and type-of relations can be combined to an unambiguous identifier for systems and their constituents. 4.) A clear road-map of construction elements (systems) and how they form spaces. Subsequently the new edition of ISO 12006-2 (2015) supports - among others - also the CCS result. Classification hierarchy Subclasses are types of a superordinate class. Composition hierarchy Subordinates are parts of a superordinate whole. Class Element Insulation Whole Wall system Ventilation system Subclass wall roof floor wall batts duct insulation Part stud insulation plate fan insulation ventilator Figure 1. Illustration of a classification hierarchy and a composition hierarchy [ISO 12006-2, figure 2] The basic and well known principles of relations (part-of relation, type-of relation and associative relation) are defined in ISO 704, which subsequently became a normative reference in ISO 12006-2. Rules for creating classification systems in general is described in ISO 22274, which was published during the revision work of ISO 12006-2, and adapted during the finalization of standard, as a general rule of creating classes not described in the standard. ISO 22274 also became a normative reference in ISO 12006-2. Rules of designation of systems and their constituents are given in the ISO/IEC 81346 standard series, also abbreviated as RDS : Reference Designation System: 81346-1 describes the basic rules of structuring (by part-of relations or the system-of-systems approach) an creation of reference designations based on three aspects: The functional aspect (prefix = ), the location aspect (prefix - ) and location (prefix + ). The standard originates from 1974, and has been revised four times, expanding the areas of application stepwise during the revisions. Latest edition, which now is a double logo standard between ISO and IEC, is from 2009.
81346-2 is a classification system (based on type-of relations) with classes and letter codes to determine the classes. It also originates from 1974, and is currently under its fifth revision due to the results created in CCS. Application of reference designations (RDS) Rules from 81346 series part 1 are combined with letter codes from part 2 to create an unambiguous identifier of any object (an object is a system or its constituents). The identifier is defined as a reference designation, identifying a system, a component or system-of-systems and their constituents. As the classification system described in part 2 (2009 edition) already contained 2/3 of the objects of interest in the building construction industry, cuneco carried out a verification of the existing classes and added the missing 1/3 part, mainly objects belonging to the civil engineering and architectural systems. The result is approximate 510 classes of objects based on the inherent function of the object of interest which is now to become international standard. As the classification theme is based on the inherent function (i.e. what the object does by itself, and not what it is used for), a three letter classification code which is 100% life cycle stable is achieved. The letter code is used for instant recognition for humans, and for pre-coding of object libraries in IT systems. No miscellaneous or other classes are applied in the classification system, as it is considered to be complete. Within the 81346 series, a new part 12 has been proposed by Germany based on former DIN 6779. Denmark has contributed to the new part 12, which contains the systems identified in the building construction sector. The systems are divided into 16 functional systems and 69 technical systems in total. The flexibility of CCS is based on instant and unambiguous recognition of any system or constituent by a simple letter code based on classification (type-of relations). The flexibility is created by allowing any system-of-systems combination of these letter codes handled in part-of relations to create an unambiguous identification of object(s). In comparison with other national classification systems, the CCS system has only one entry class ( a door is a door ) - which then has many properties, whereas other systems have several codes for a door (for example Omniclass has 211 optional codes for a door). However, as the principles for classification is based on two different principles - faceted by CCS versus enumerative e.g. by Omniclass, the principles are not in conflict and can live alongside and supplement each other. Some examples of the new international letter codes for systems and their constituents in the building environment are given below:
Figure 2. Classification of a door (class QQC ). May be regarded as an independent component or as a part of a larger whole (a system). Figure 3. Classification of a stair case (class AF ), considered to be a technical system.
NOTE: The exact definition of class AF is: technical construction system of layers which establish a stepwise link between two or more levels [ISO 81346-12, CD 2015] Figure 4. Classification of a cable tray (class UBA ), considered to be a component of a system The spine in CCS is the reference designation system (81346 / RDS), which allows projects to address any system and its constituents unambiguously. Below some examples from 81346-12 is given. Object (system) Stairway construction no. 1 Door no. 5 Wall system no. 1. Wall construction no. 1. Wall system no. 1. Wall construction no. 3. Door no. 2 Reference designation -AF01 -QQC5 -B1.AD1 -B1.AD3.QQC2
Ventilation system no. 1. Ventilation plant no. 4. Ventilation system no. 2. Ventilation plant no. 3. Filter system no. 1. Pressure switch no. 21 Electrical system no. 2. Power supply system no. 1. Lighting system no. 2. Switch no. 6 Access control system no. 4. Card reader no. 3 =J1.HF4 =J2.HF3.KC1.BPB21 =K1.HG1.HH2.SFA6 =KL4.BZC3 Figure 5. Illustration of various reference designations [ISO 81346-12, CD version 2015] NOTE: Codes are indicative and may be subject to change! Conclusion Aided by basic systems engineering methods, mainly the system-of-systems approach combined with rules for creation of international classification and unambiguous identification, and by important support from a range of IT vendors, the CCS systems is to become the new international standard for the building construction area. As the basic mechanism of the common language originates from industrial systems, installations and equipment as given in the ISO/IEC 81346 standard series (RDS), the principles adopted by the Danish building sector is regarded as a general model semantics for a wide range of industries since 1996. The unambiguous identification by RDS (the reference designation) is designed to create links among various models of the systems which are designed and engineered by a wide range of actors, and thereby creating both a common language among humans and various computer systems. The CCS result can be seen as simple yet very strong and flexible: The simplicity is based on recognition of systems (objects) organized in type-of relations in the classification system. Classes (the objects) from the classification system can subsequently be combined in any way needed in part-of relations (equivalent to systems-of-systems) - see figure 1. No fixed rule applies in the part-of relations, which means that any system-of-systems-of-systems etc. can be organized as desired to reflect the designed system of interest. RDS (and thereby CCS) provides a lifecycle stable code based on classification. This enables pre-coding of objects in object libraries, easy letter coding which is recognizable for humans and computer systems, and an object oriented approach to the complexity of building construction organized in part-of relations. CCS is the spine for the common language among all disciplines in the building sector. It is creating an inter-disciplinary understanding of systems and their constituents across actors and IT-platforms in the building sector in Denmark.
References ISO 12006-2 (2014 FDIS edition) Building construction - Organization of information about construction works - Part 2: Framework for classification. ISO/IEC 81346-1: (2009): Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products - structuring principles and reference designations - Part 1: Basic rules ISO/IEC 81346-2 (2009): Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products - structuring principles and reference designations - Part 2: Classifications of objects and code for classes. NOTE: Under revision. CD version is to be launched in May 2015. ISO/IEC 81346-12 (CD version 2015): Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products - structuring principles and reference designations - Part 12: Construction works. NOTE: Under revision. CD version is launched in January 2015 for international review and comments. ISO 704 (2009): Terminology work - Principles and methods ISO 22274 (2013): Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systems Balslev, Henrik (2014): Reference Designation System for Coding System Objects, INCOSE Insight Volume 17, April 2014. Article. Balslev, Henrik, & Danish Standards Association (2009): A Guide to Reference Designations Preparation of TAG Numbers, Letter Codes, Modularization and Interfaces between Systems. Danish Standards Association, DS Handbook 166. Board of INCOSE Denmark (2013), Common language to ensure more effective development of new products, See www.incose.dk (News). Video introductions on YouTube: cuneco classification system explained in 3 minutes! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdkuxb-xxeq The cuneco classification system https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pw3n9umadl4
Biography Henrik Balslev, Systems Engineering Denmark ApS Born 1965. 1988 Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen 1989-2010 Consulting Engineer. Head of Department, Business development, Head of large & complex projects. 1998 - Present. International Standardization (ISO & IEC). Co-author of several international standards with relations to Systems Engineering and documentation. 2010 - Present. Independent consultant Specialist in Systems Engineering. 2013 - Present. President INCOSE Denmark. With a strong technical profile and a personal dedication to create a common language among all technical disciplines, Henrik Balslev is a lead designer of implementing systems awareness in various industries like technical plants, machinery and building design. He is a specialist in system-of-systems, system integration and implementation of Systems Engineering for economic and technical benefits. Henrik Balslev enables the bridge between practical engineering disciplines and the theory and rules anchored in International Standards (ISO & IEC), some of them of which he acts as the convenor. He is recognized as an international expert in Reference Designation Systems (RDS) in accordance with ISO/IEC 81346 standard series, which supports SE and design of system-of-systems. Holding the position of trust as the President of INCOSE Denmark, he has a personal dedication to promote systems engineering as an essential tool to Danish engineers and industries, and to promote the Danish profile in the International network of Systems Engineering. See www.syseng.dk and www.81346.com for more information and free downloads.