DEFINITIONS OF SOME LIFE TABLE FUNCTIONS FERTILITY: The term fertility refers to the frequency with which births occur within groups or subgroups of humans who are of an age to procreate. As applied to the results rather than the ability to procreate, the words fertility and infertility are used to denote, respectively, that procreation has or has not taken place. BIRTH (OR LIVE BIRTH): Live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from the body of the mother, regardless of the duration of the pregnancy, of a conception product which, after that separation, breathes or shows any other sign of life, such as heartbeat, pulsations of the umbilical cord or movements of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut, and whether or not the placenta has been removed. Every product of birth which meets these conditions is deemed to be a live-born child (WHO, International Classification of Diseases, Vol. I, 1975 Revision). DEATH: Generally speaking, death is deemed to have occurred when all signs of life disappear permanently at any point in time after a person s birth, with no possibility of resuscitation (United Nations, Handbook of Vital Statistics Methods, series F, No. 7, April 1955). CRUDE BIRTH RATE: This is the ratio between the average number of births per year during a given period and the average population in the period. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE: This is the average number of children that would be born to each woman in a hypothetical cohort of women who during their reproductive life bore children in accordance with the age-specific fertility rates of the period under study and were not exposed to mortality risks from birth until the end of their reproductive period. AGE-SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE: Women s age-specific fertility rates are defined as the ratio between births to women of a given age (or age group) and the average number of woman of that age (or age group) during a year or given period. This measure is also generalized as the ratio between births to women of a given age (or age group) and the time lived by the women of that age (or age group) in a given period. GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE: This is the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman in a hypothetical cohort of women who during their reproductive life bore children in accordance with the age-specific fertility rates of the period under study and were not exposed to mortality risks from birth until the end of their reproductive period. NET REPRODUCTION RATE: This is the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman in a hypothetical cohort of women who during their reproductive life bore children in accordance with the age-specific fertility rates and were exposed to the mortality rates of the period under study. 131
CRUDE MORTALITY RATE: This is the ratio between the average annual number of deaths during a given period and the average population in the same period. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH: This is the average number of years that would be lived by a new-born child of a hypothetical cohort whose members were exposed during their lifetimes to the mortality rates by age of the period under study. INFANT MORTALITY RATE: This is the probability of a new-born child dying before completing one year of life. In practice, it is defined as the ratio between the number of children under one dying during a calendar year and the number of births during the same period. NATURAL INCREASE RATE: This is the ratio between the average yearly natural population increase (births minus deaths) during a given period and the average population of the same period. It can also be defined as the difference between crude birth and death rates. MIGRATION RATE: This is the ratio between the average yearly net migration balance (immigrants minus emigrants) during a given period and the average population of the same period. TOTAL INCREASE RATE: This is the ratio between the total average annual population increase (births minus deaths plus immigrants minus emigrants) during a given period and the average population of the same period. It can also be defined as the algebraic sum of the natural increase rate and the migration rate. 132
EXPLANATORY NOTES 1. The information for other Caribbean countries and territories given in tables 1a and 1b come from estimates and projections prepared by the Population Division of the United Nations. 2. The population figures for calendar years 1995 through to 2005 presented in table 1b were obtained by interpolation, using Karup-King 1 multipliers. 3. The projected populations shown in tables 1a and 1b are based on a medium or recommended fertility projection. 4. NOTES AND SOURCES FOR POPULATION ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS BASED ON THE RECOMMENDED HYPOTHESIS. The estimates and projections of total population by sex and age group for each of the 20 Latin American countries for the period 1970-2050 have, in most cases, been prepared in conjunction with national institutions. ARGENTINA Population estimates and projections correspond to those published in Estimaciones y proyecciones de población: Total del país, 1950-2050 (versión revisada) (LC/DEM/R.247), OI series, No. 108, Buenos Aires, National Institute of Statistics and Censuses/Latin American Demographic Centre (INDEC/CELADE), 1995. Most recent sources of information: the 1991 national population and housing census and vital statistics up to 1994. BOLIVIA Population estimates and projections correspond to those published in Bolivia: estimaciones y proyecciones de la población, 1950-2050" (LC/DEM/R.199), OI series, No. 92, La Paz, National Institute of Statistics/Latin American Demographic Centre (INE/CELADE), March 1995. Most recent sources of information: the 1992 national population and housing census and the 1994 national demographic and health survey (DHS). BRAZIL Provisional population estimates and projections were prepared by CELADE in March 1998 on the basis of information provided by the Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute (IBGE). Most recent sources of information: the 1991 National population census, the 1996 population count, vital statistics up to 1993, the national household surveys (PNAD) for 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1996 and the 1996 national demographic and health survey (DHS). CHILE Population estimates and projections correspond to those published in Chile: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población por sexo y edad. Total del país: 1950-2050" (LC/DEM/R.), OI series, No. 97, Santiago, Chile, National Institute of Statistics/ Latin American Demographic Centre (INE/CELADE), 1995. Most recent sources of information: the 1992 national population and housing census and vital statistics up to 1996. 1 H. Shryock, J. Siegel y E. Stockwell (comps.) (1976), The Methods and Materials of Demography, New York, Academic Press. 137
COLOMBIA Population estimates and projections were prepared by the National Bureau of Statistics (DANE) and the National Planning Department (DNP) in collaboration with CELADE in 1998. Most recent sources of information: the 1993 national population and housing census and the 1995 national demographic and health survey (DHS). COSTA RICA Population estimates and projections were prepared in 1991 by the Department of Statistics and Censuses (DGEC) of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Policy and by the Institute of Housing and Urban Development (INUV) in collaboration with CELADE. In December 1995 and March 1998, CELADE made adjustments in consultation with DGEC. Most recent sources of information: vital statistics up to 1992, the 1993 national reproductive health survey and information on arrivals and departures from 1987 to 1996. CUBA Population estimates and projections were prepared by CELADE in December 1995. In September 2000, CELADE made adjustments to the level of infant mortality projections for the period of 1995-2000. Most recent sources of information: vital statistics up to 1999. ECUADOR Population estimates and projections correspond to those published in Ecuador: Estimaciones y proyecciones de la población. Período 1950-2010", Quito, National Development Council (CONADE)/ National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC)/ Latin American Demographic Centre (CELADE)/ United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), March 1993. (The extension up to 2050 was prepared by CELADE). In October 1995, CELADE made slight adjustments to the fertility and infant mortality rates from 2020 onwards in order to conform to criteria established by the Population Division of the United Nations. Most recent sources of information: the 1990 national population census and vital statistics up to 1995. EL SALVADOR Population estimates and projections were prepared by the Department of Statistics and Censuses (DIGESTYC) in collaboration with CELADE in December 1996. Most recent sources of information: the 1992 national population and housing census, vital statistics up to 1993 and the 1993 national family health survey (FESAL). GUATEMALA The population estimates and projections correspond to those published in Guatemala: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población, 1950-2050" (LC/DEM/R.264), OI series, No. 116, Guatemala City, National Institute of Statistics/Latin American Demographic Centre (INE/CELADE), April 1997. Most recent sources of information: the 1994 national population census and vital statistics up to 1993. HAITI Population estimates and projections were prepared in 1991 by the Haitian Institute of Statistics and Information Sciences (IHSI) in collaboration with CELADE. In December 1995 and March 1998, CELADE made adjustments to the projections. Most recent source of information: the 1994-1995 survey on mortality, morbidity and use of services (EMMUS-II). HONDURAS Population estimates and projections were prepared by CELADE in 1992. Most recent sources of information: the 1988 national population census, the 1991-1992 national demographic survey and the 1996 national survey on epidemiology and family health. 138
MEXICO Preliminary population estimates and projections were prepared by CELADE in collaboration with the National Population Council (CONAPO) in June 1994. In November 1995, CELADE made slight adjustments to the fertility rates from 2020 onward to bring them into line with criteria established by the Population Division of the United Nations. Most recent sources of information: the 1990 general population census, the 1995 population count and the 1995 national family planning survey. NICARAGUA Population estimates and projections were prepared by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) in collaboration with CELADE in September 2000. In November 2000, CELADE made slight adjustments to the mortality from 2000. Most recent sources of information: the 1995 national population census, vital statistics up to 1996, the 1992-93 national family health survey and the 1998 Nicaraguan demography and health survey. PANAMA Population estimates and projections were prepared by the Statistics and Census Office and published in Panamá: Proyección de la población total del país por sexo, según grupos de edad: años 1990-2025", Estadística Panameña, Boletín Especial, Panama City, Statistics and Census Office, April 1993. CELADE adopted them in 1993 and extended the series up to 2050. In September 1995, CELADE made slight adjustments to the fertility rates from 2015 onward to bring them into line with criteria established by the Population Division of the United Nations. Most recent sources of information: the 1990 national population census and vital statistics up to 1993. The Canal Zone was included in the projections for Panama as from 1980. PARAGUAY Population estimates and projections were prepared in collaboration with CELADE and correspond to those published in Paraguay: Estimación y proyección de la población total, según sexo y grupos de edad, período 1950-2050", Department of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses (DGEC)/ United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), December 1994. In April 1995, CELADE made slight adjustments to the fertility rates from 2025 onward to bring them into line with criteria established by the Population Division of the United Nations. Most recent sources of information: the 1992 national population census and the 1990 national demographic and health survey. PERU Population estimates and projections correspond to those published in Proyecciones de la población del Perú; 1995-2025" (LC/DEM/R.229), OI series, No. 102, National Institute of Statistics and Information Sciences (INEI)/ United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)/ Latin American Demographic Centre (CELADE), April 1995. The extension up to 2050 was prepared by CELADE. Most recent sources of information: the 1993 national population census, vital statistics up to 1992 and the 1991-1992 demographic and family health survey (DHS). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Population estimates and projections were prepared by the National Statistical Office (ONE) in collaboration with CELADE in September 2000. Most recent source of information: the 1993 population census, vital statistics up to 1995 and the 1996 demographic and health survey. URUGUAY Population estimates and projections correspond to those published in: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población por sexo y edad. Total del país: 1950-2050 (LD/DEM/R.287), OI series, No. 128, Montevideo, National Institute of Statistics / Latin American Demographic Centre - Population Division (INE/CELADE), 1998. Most recent sources of information: the 1996 national population census and vital statistics up to 1996. 139
VENEZUELA Population estimates and projections were prepared by the Central Office of Statistics and Information Sciences (OCEI) in collaboration with CELADE in November 1993. Most recent sources of information: the 1990 national population census and vital statistics up to 1994. 140